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"Analyzing Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Management in Bio Farma, LtdKnowledge is very significant for a success of company. Through the creation of knowledge in either internal process or external process of the company will create value, which raise the grade of company out of basis of assets. Knowledge superiority as intangible has been proved in many cases of prominent company in the world recently.

The success of prominent company is enabled and master in organizing knowledge creation continuously. Creating knowledge of company means the ability of it as a whole. To create a new knowledge, spreading it in the company, and appearing in production, service and system.

It, however, has to be admitted that knowledge creation is not easy in practice. Basically it needs process management which is continuously and dynamically, commonly known as knowledge management. Through implementation in many factors backing up knowledge creation in individual level, community and organization wholly, will create synergic relation between knowledge modal as a foundation and innovation as the result.

Because of the important of knowledge, it has pushed the writer to research how knowledge creation practice, especially in a company characterized by knowledge intensive, the process and the decline of which will be very determined by how good knowledge developed in a company. Moreover, a strong control from the customer to the quality of Biofarma, Ltd. products make the company always to control the quality of product.

The strong control is caused that the product of Biofarma, Ltd. is a company that produces serum and vaccine, production that has big risk to the customers. The success of Biofarma in producing knowledge not only will determine the existence of the company but also will save human s from danger diseases.

This research finds how knowledge management and the activity of knowledge creation well done in the company. Knowledge management, according to Nonaka (2000) is enabling condition or requirement that is provided by knowledge creation. According to .Tarn Hidayat Tjakraatmaja (2002), knowledge management is identically to create learning environment. For the company wanting to increase the quality of knowledge creation, creating learning environment is a must.

This research uses knowledge management approach by Nonaka at. Al (2000) who asks requirement; instill knowledge vision manage a conversation mobilize knowledge activist, crate the right connect, and globalize local knowledge. Whereas for the activity of knowledge creation, this work uses model developed by Tuomi (1999) who divides knowledge into five groups of activities; articulation, accumulation, anticipation, apprehension, and action.

This research finds how knowledge management in Biofarma, Ltd., generally, has been running well. Based on, however, the basis of activity that is researched, the intensity of attention is not equal to the domination or the important of activities in knowledge management.

In knowledge creation, however, is found the weak in the basis that the activity of knowledge creation created more in this internal activity or daily activities. According to the result of the research that external activities must be more dominant in knowledge creation then that of internal.

Research can prove that knowledge creation is very involving with how knowledge managed. Like land for the potential of growing plant, knowledge management is life concession for knowledge creation.

Knowing how knowledge management and knowledge creation in the company will be able to identify the weakness that is still there. And knowing what activities or aspect which is very dominant relating to them will be known in which side knowledge management and knowledge creation must be strengthened. Like in Biofarma, Ltd. the activity that must be strengthened is external activities. Knowledge creation should be many More in community of interaction which pass through the restrictions of into and inter organization.

Xiii + 131 pages + 19 table - 18 pictures + 6 appendixes

Bibliography: 42 books, 13-science research journal (1991-2003), and 6 homepages"

"ABSTRAKUntuk membuat suatu portofolio investasi yang efisien, kita dapat melakukan analisis portofolio dengan menggunakan teori modern portofolio oleh Markowitz. Teori portofolio optimal Markowitz adalah teori portofolio modern yang digunakan untuk menganalisa pembentukan dan proporsi kombinasi dari instrument investasi menjadi portofolio yang efisien pada garis efficient frontier. Perhitungan dilakukan berdasarkan teori portofolio optimal Markowitz dan dibantu program solver pada Microsoft Excel menggunakan data triwulan 2004 -2006, kemudian dihasilkan 65 kombinasi dari aktiva produktif PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia pada garis efficient frontier. Dari 65 kombinasi portofolio akan dipilih satu kombinasi portofolio yang paling optimal yang terdiri dari 46,8% kredit yang diberikan (Rp); 27,34% efek-efek (Rp); 7,61% kredit yang diberikan (valas); 7,36% efek-efek (valas) and 10,9% penempatan pada bank lain (valas) dengan return dan deviasi standar 10,8% dan 26,5%.

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ABSTRAK

To perform the investment portfolio efficiently, we could conduct a portfolio analysis which used the theory of modern portfolio by Markowitz. The theory of optimal portfolio by Markowitz is a modern portfolio theory used for analyzing the construction of proportional combinations from some investment instruments to form efficient portfolio points at efficient frontier lines. Based on the application Markowitz?s optimal portfolio theory calculation and assisted by solver program of excel program using data per three month from 2004 through 2006, it had been resulted 65 proportional combination from asset given by BRI financial report at efficient frontier lines. From all 65 portfolio combinations, it will be elected one portfolio, which is the most optimal portfolio combination consists of 46,8% for Loans (Rp); 27,34% for Securities (Rp); 7,61% for Loans (Foreign Currencies); 7,36% for Securities (Foreign Currencies) and 10,9% for Placements with other banks (Foreign Currencies) with both return and standard deviation is 10,8% and 26,5% respectively."

"Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, this Fifth Edition offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool"

"Strategi pemasaran bagi produk-produk rumah sakit di Rumah Sakit Honoris telah dirancang dan dilaksanakan termasuk diantaranya berupa produk perawatan di ruang rawat VIP. Hanya saja dalam perkembangannya pemanfaatan ruang rawat inap VIP yang apabila dilihat dari indikator BOR-nya masih jauh dari memuaskan. Data yang ada menunjukkan bahwa sejak tahun 1998 sampai dengan tahun 2001 BOR ruang rawat inap VIP Rumah Sakit Honoris berkisar antara 30 % - 42 %. Demikian pula dari sisi penghasilan, ruang perawatan VIP belum memberikan kontribusi subsidi silang bagi kelas perawatan dibawahnya. Dalam rangka meningkatkan pemanfaatan ruang rawat inap VIP di kemudian hari, perlu di analisa sejauh mana strategi pemasaran ruang rawat inap VIP selama ini. Hal yang menjadi fokus penelitian adalah salah satu bagian dari pemasaran yaitu bauran pemasarannya (Marketing Mix). Akan di teliti pula bagaimanakah bauran pemasaran rumah sakit kompetitor hingga pada akhirnya akan diajukan saran bagaimanakah kebijakan bauran pemasaran di masa-masa mendatang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Honoris - Tangerang dengan metode Observasi, wawancara terhadap responden serta penelaahan dokumen-dokumen yang ada. Lingkup penelitian adalah menganalisa bauran pemasaran ruang perawatan VIP yang terdiri dari bagaimanakah Produknya, berapa harga yang ditetapkan serta strategi penetapannya, bagaimana place-nya serta bagaimanakah mempromosikannya. Hasil penelitian berupa data-data bauran pemasaran ruang rawat VIP Rumah sakit Honoris serta rumah sakit-rumah sakit kompetitor. Data yang di sajikan terdiri dari fasilitas yang di sediakan di ruang perawatan VIP, fasilitas-fasilitas penunjang perawatan, harga/tarif yang di tetapkan, akses rumah sakit baik akses fisik maupun akses waktu serta upaya-upaya promosi yang telah dilakukan rumah sakit Honoris. Dari pembahasan diperoleh bahwa apabila di bandingkan dengan fasilitas yang disediakan di ruang perawatan VIP rumah sakit-rumah sakit kompetitor maka fasilitas yang disediakan rumah sakit Honoris relatif tidak jauh berbeda, namun walaupun demikian fasilitas yang tersedia di rumah sakit Honoris terkesan mewah. Tarif yang ditetapkan apabila dibadingkan dengan rumah sakit kompetitor masih cukup kompetitif namun apabila dibandingkan kompetitor terdekat terkesan lebih mahal. Dari sisi akses rumah sakit, maka rumah sakit honoris relatif kurang ideal. Sedangkan upaya promosi yang telah dilaksanakan nampaknya perlu lebih di kembangkan lagi. Untuk mengoptimalkan pemasaran ruang perawatan VIP di kemudian hari, maka upaya yang disarankan adalah :

1. Survey mengidentifikasi target pasar yang utama
2. Survey ATP dan WTP pasar sasaran
3. Improvisasi bauran pemasaran seperti :
   • Penawaran produk dalam bentuk paket
   • Pembentukan klinik satelit

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Marketing strategy for services provided by Honoris Hospital has been designed and applied such as VIP treatment rooms. BOR indicated that the utilization of the VIP Treatment rooms during 1998 to 2001 is about 30 % - 42 % which is less than satisfactory. From the financial aspects, the cash from VIP treatment rooms has not been enough to cross subsidies for the lower treatment levels.

In the effort to increase the efficiency of the VIP Treatment rooms occupancy in the future, effectiveness of marketing strategy currently applied needs to be analyze further. The focus of the study is part of marketing which is Marketing Mix. Study also needs to be conducted on the Marketing Mix of the competitor to establish a recommendation for the future Marketing Mix.

The research is held in Honoris Hospital - Tangerang by observation method, interviewing respondents and reviewing document. Scoop of research is to analyze the marketing mix the VIP treatment rooms which include the product, price, place and promotion.

The result contain of the Marketing Mix in Honoris Hospital and its competitors which is consist the facilities, supporting facilities, price, access to the hospital in term of location and time and promotional activities which has been applied.

From the evaluation, facilities provided by competitors is comparative to the treatment rooms in Honoris Hospital, however the facilities in Honoris Hospital looks more luxurious. The pricing is comparative compare to others more ever compare to the nearest competitor is still more expensive. From its location, Honoris Hospital is not quite ideal. The promotional activities could be improved.

To optimize the marketing for VIP treatment rooms in the future, a few recommendations can be applied:

1. Surveying the target Market
2. Surveying Market's Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP)
3. Improving Marketing Mix such as:
   • To offer related treatment in a package
   • Establish of satellite clinics

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"Ikan tongkol adalah jenis ikan beruaya jauh dan merupakan komoditas penting di Indonesia dan dunia. Berdasarkan data tahun 2007 s/d 2016, produksi ikan tongkol di PPN Pekalongan berfluktuasi dengan tren menurun. Hal ini menunjukkan sumberdaya ikan tongkol di Laut Jawa telah mengalami penangkapan berlebihan secara biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis aspek biologi dan ekonomi pemanfaatan ikan tongkol di Laut Jawa yang meliputi tangkapan per upaya penangkapan Catch Per Unit Effort/CPUE, produksi maksimum lestari Maximum Sustainable Yield/MSY, produksi maksimum ekonomi Maximum Economic Yield/MEY, dan produksi keseimbangan akses terbuka Open Access Equilibrium/OAE. Berdasarkan pengolahan dan analisis data, maka dapat diperoleh beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut : 1. Produksi aktual adalah 2.867.53 ton/tahun dengan upaya 2.072,89 trip/tahun. Produksi optimal secara biologi pada MSY adalah 3.218,44 ton/tahun dengan upaya 2.537,10 trip/tahun. Oleh karena itu usaha penangkapan ikan tongkol di Laut Jawa belum mengalami penangkapan berlebihan secara biologi, 2. Usaha penangkapan ikan tongkol dengan kapal purse seine dan mini purse seine telah mengalami penangkapan ikan berlebihan secara ekonomi. 3. Produksi optimal secara ekonomi pada MEY dengan kapal mini purse seine adalah 1.814,01 ton/tahun pada upaya 861,13 trip/tahun. Produksi optimal secara ekonomi pada MEY dengan kapal gillnet adalah 3.182,34 ton/tahun pada upaya 2.268,39 trip/tahun.4. Produksi optimal pada OAE dengan kapal mini purse seine adalah 2.886,46 ton/tahun pada upaya 1.722,27 trip/tahun. Produksi optimal pada OAE dengan kapal gillnet adalah 1.219,08 ton/tahun pada upaya 4.536,78 trip/tahun. 5. Produksi/upaya aktual kapal purse seine dan mini purse seine tidak dapat ditingkatkan ke MSY, karena akan mengalami total kerugian yang lebih besar. Produksi/upaya aktual kapal mini purse seine harus dikurangi ke MEY agar dapat memperoleh total keuntungan yang optimal. Produksi/upaya penangkapan ikan tongkol dengan kapal gillnet masih dapat ditingkatkan ke MSY untuk meningkatkan keuntungan dengan tetap menjaga kelestarian sumberdaya ikan tongkol di Laut Jawa atau ditingkatkan ke MEY untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang optimal.

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Mackerel tuna is higly migratory species and important comodities in Indonesia and the world. Based on data 2007 to 2016, production of Mackerel tuna were fluctuated with the decreasing trend. It is shown that utilization of Mackerel tuna resources in Java Sea have been overfished biologically and economically.

The objective of this research is to analyze biological and economical aspect of Mackerel tuna utilization in Java Sea that covering catch per unit effort CPUE , Maximum Sustainable Yield MSY, Maximum Economic Yield MEY, and Open Access Equilibrium OAE.

Based on data processing and analyzing, it get some conclusions as follow:

1. Actual production is 2.867.53 ton year with fishing effort 2.072,89 trip year. Optimum production biologically on MSY is 3.218,44 ton year with fishing effort 2.537,10 trip year. Therefore Mackerel tuna fishing business in Java Sea have not been overfished biologically.

2. Mackerel tuna fishing business in Java Sea with purse seine vessel and mini purse seine vessel have been overfished economically.

3. Optimum production economically on MEY with mini purse seine vessel is 1.814,01 ton year with fishing effort 861,13 trip year. Optimum production economically on MEY with gillnet vessel is 3.182,34 ton year with fishing effort 2.268,39 trip year.

4. Optimum production on OAE with mini purse seine vessel is 2.886,46 ton year with fishing effort 1.722,27 trip year. Optimum production on OAE with gillnet vessel is 1.219,08 ton year with fishing effort 4.536,78 trip year.

5. Actual production effort of gillnet vessel and mini purse seine vessel can not be increased to MSY, because should get a bigger total loss.

Production fishing effort of mini purse seine vessel should be decreased to MEY so it get optimum total profit. Production fishing effort of Mackerel tuna fishing in Java Sea with gillnet vessel can be increased to MSY for increasing profit with keeping sustainable of Mackerel tuna resources in Java Sea or to MEY for optimum total profit."

"ABSTRACTHeavy metal,mostly present in a ultra trace level, becomes one of the hazardous pollutants due its toxicity, bioaccu mulative, biomagnificative characters. Conducting a micro analysis of these trace level pollutants, sensitive instrument and method are strongly recommended. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer GFAAS offers a solution for the challenge. It uses the principle of light emission obsorption by nascent atom cloud from the metals. The analysis has been developed in three stages of the tube heating programs, i.e drying, ashing and than atomizing element at 3000 oC. Since the injected sample is almost completely atomized, the sensitivity of GFAAS is extremely high and this value is covering up the disadvantages of the other analyses. Therefore, the GFAAS analysis is suitable for ultra trace analysis of ultra trace pollutant like heavy metals in environment."

"Indonesia memiliki beberapa anti tax avoidance rules (peraturan anti penghindaran pajak), salah satunya adalah controlled foreign corporation rules (CFC Rules). CFC Rules adalah peraturan yang digunakan untuk mencegah Wajib Pajak menunda penerimaan penghasilan dari investasi di luar negeri karena memiliki kekuasaan terhadap perusahaan di luar negeri tersebut. Investasi ke luar negeri ini merupakan sebuah ironi, di satu sisi dalam negeri masih sangat membutuhkan investasi sementara di sisi lain investasi dilakukan ke luar negeri dan untuk tujuan penghindaran pajak. Selain itu CFC Rules tidak digunakan secara maksimal karena keterbatasan pengetahuan fiskus dan kelemahan peraturan yang ada serta tidak didukung dengan data dan informasi yang memadai. CFC Rules yang ada tidak pernah mengalami perubahan sejak tahun 1995. CFC Rules merupakan bagian dari kebijakan perpajakan yang tahap formulasinya melalui proses politik yang dipengaruhi oleh pihak internal dan eksternal. CFC Rules ini sesuai dengan justifikasi legal hak pemajakan suatu negara. Selain itu CFC Rules juga merupakan cara yang paling umum dan mungkin yang paling efektif dalam melawan kompetisi perpajakan termasuk penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance). Di dalam CFC Rules terdapat beberapa pembenaran dan pendekatan yang digunakan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis, dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan melalui wawancara dengan key informan dan pengamatan mendalam didukung dengan kuesioner terhadap beberapa responden. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan adalah CFC Rules masih kurang dipahami oleh fiskus di lapangan. Terhadap fiskus yang memahaminya, terdapat kesulitan dalam pelaksanaan, karena lemahnya peraturan yang ada dan tidak tersedianya data/informasi yang diperlukan. Selain itu terdapat kelemahan dalam perbaikan kebijakan, yang dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan memahami masalah terkait dengan CFC Rules, kemauan para pejabat untuk memperbaikinya, dan hambatan dari pihak-pihak yang menentang baik internal maupun eksternal. Bila dibandingkan dengan CFC Rules di Australia dan CFC Rules yang berlaku umum, CFC Rules di Indonesia masih sangat sederhana dan belum disusun secara komphrehensif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah CFC Rules tidak sama untuk masing-masing negara, tetapi disesuaikan dengan peraturan domestik dan pengaruh dari CFC Rules itu sendiri. Lemahnya pelaksanaan CFC Rules di Indonesia terjadi karena lemahnya pengetahuan fiskus, lemahnya pengawasan dari atasan, data/informasi yang diperlukan tidak tersedia, dan lemahnya peraturan yang ada. Upaya-upaya perbaikan yang dilakukan DJP kurang berhasil karena lemahnya kemampuan pengetahuan terkait CFC Rules, tidak adanya keinginan untuk memperbaiki, dan adanya hambatan dari pihak eksternal yang tidak menghendaki adanya perubahan CFC Rules tersebut.

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Indonesia has several anti tax avoidance rules, which one of them is the controlled foreign corporation rules (The CFC Rules). The CFC Rules are rules that are used to combat the tax payers deferred income from investation in foreign country since they have control in it. There is an irony in this foreign investation, in one hand our country still needs investation, in the other hand investation has go out to foreign countries for tax avoidance reason. The CFC Rules are not optimally utilized because of the limitation of tax officers knowledge, rule weakness, and limitated informations and data. The current CFC Rules have never changed since 1995. CFC Rules are part of tax policies which their formulation stages are trigered by political processes that are influenced not only by internal The Indonesian Directorate General of Taxes (The Indonesian DGT) but also by external The Indonesian DGT. The CFC Rules had met legal justification of taxation right in one country. Besides, The CFC Rules are also the most common and effective way to combat tax competition including tax avoidance. The CFC Rules are using several justifications and approaches. This research is a descriptive analysis, with a qualitative approach. This research is supported by literatures study and field study.The collecting data in the field study is conduct by interviewing key informans and depth observations that supported by respondents questionnaires. The results of this research shows that several tax officers do not quite understand about The CFC Rules. Some of the tax officers that understand about The CFC Rules face difficulties in implementation because the rules are weaks and not supported available informations and data. Besides there are weaknesses in policy reformations that are influenced by the ability in problem understanding of The CFC Rules, willingness to reform, and obstacles from who resistance both internally or externally. Compared to Australian CFC Rules and common CFC Rules, The Indonesian CFC Rules are too simple and incomprehensive arranged. That The CFC Rules from a country to other countries are not similar, because The CFC Rules has to be suitable to domestic rules and influence from CFC Rules themselves. The weaknesses of The Indonesian CFC Rules implementations are occured because of the lack of tax officers knowledge, the weakness control from superior, the unavailable data and informations, and the weaknesses of available rules. The reformation efforts conducted by Directorate General of Taxes do not quite succeed because of the lack of knowledge related to CFC Rules, unwillingness to reform, and the obstacles from both internal and ex`ternal factors which do not want CFC Rules is changed."

"This course-based text revisits classic concepts in nonlinear circuit theory from a very much introductory point of view: the presentation is completely self-contained and does not assume any prior knowledge of circuit theory. It is simply assumed that readers have taken a first-year undergraduate course in differential and integral calculus, along with an elementary physics course in classical mechanics and electrodynamics.Further, it discusses topics not typically found in standard textbooks, such as nonlinear operational amplifier circuits, nonlinear chaotic circuits and memristor networks. Each chapter includes a set of illustrative and worked examples, along with end-of-chapter exercises and lab exercises using the QUCS open-source circuit simulator. Solutions and other material are provided on the YouTube channel created for this book by the authors."