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"This volume covers all aspects of the antibiotic discovery and development process through Phase II/III. The contributors, a group of highly experienced individuals in both academics and industry, include chapters on the need for new antibiotic compounds, strategies for screening for new antibiotics, sources of novel synthetic and natural antibiotics, discovery phases of lead development and optimization, and candidate compound nominations into development. Beyond discovery , the handbook will cover all of the studies to prepare for IND submission : phase I (safety and dose ranging), progression to phase II (efficacy), and phase III (capturing desired initial indications). This book walks the reader through all aspects of the process, which has never been done before in a single reference. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and the increasing view that a crisis may be looming in infectious diseases, there are strong signs of renewed emphasis in antibiotic research. The purpose of the handbook is to offer a detailed overview of all aspects of the problem posed by antibiotic discovery and development."

"This book, which is the translated version of a Swedish book, combines a general introduction of a variety of antibiotics with a more in-depth discussion of resistance. The focus on resistance in learning about antibiotics will help future scientists recognize the problem antibiotics resistance poses for medicinal and drug-related fields, and perhaps trigger more research and discoveries to fight antibiotic resistant strains. Current overviews of the topic are included, along with specific discussions on the individual mechanisms (betalactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, etc) used in various antibacterial agents and explanations of how resistances to those develop. Methods for counteracting resistance development in bacteria are discussed as well."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan adanya akumulasi  bakteri sehingga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan tulang. Selama ini  tindakan preventif  periodontitis  banyak menggunakan terapi obat sintetis  sehingga menimbulkan berbagai efek samping. Oleh sebab itu, pemanfaatan dan penggunaan ekstrak etanol Hibiscus sabdariffa  diharapkan dapat memberikan alternatif bahan  preventif periodontitis. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek preventif Hibiscus sabdariffa terhadap periodontitis Metode: Pembuatan model periodontitis pada Mus musculus dilakukan dengan mengikatkan ligature silk thread pada gigi molar kedua, selanjutnya perlakuan diberikan dengan irigasi dengan salin steril Otsu-NS 0.9% (kontrol) dan ekstrak etanol rosela 10% (preventif) agar  terjadi penumpukan plak. Pada hari ke tujuh ligature dilepas diambil sampel selanjutnya  dianalisis dengan Image-J. Hasil: Tidak terjadi perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok perlakuan kontrol dengan ekstrak etanol rosela 10%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela10% tidak menunjukkan adanya efek preventif terhadap kerusakan tulang pada model periodontitis dengan Ligatur Silk Thread.

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ABSTRACTPeridontitis is a disease that is caused by accumulation of bacteria that cause bone destruction. Studies have shown that antibiotic thus one of the most common preventive theraphy for periodontitis however there are side effects in prolonged use, recent studies shown that Hibiscus sabdariffa a well known traditional herbal medicine has a significant effect in retaining anti bacterial  behavior of cells. Therefore, by utilizing and using ethanol extract of  Hibiscus destruction hope to be an alternative way for an effective preventif theraphy. Objective: To analyze  preventive property of Hibiscus sabdariffa for periodontitis in maxillary  posterior region of  Swiss Webster Mouse. Methods: Periodontitis model was induced by ligature silk thread circumferentially on the maxillary second molar gingiva of Swiss Webster mouse using ligature silk thread. Spooling with sterlized saline solution Otsu-NS 0.9% for control and ehthanol extract rosela 10% for preventive theraphy, respectively. After the seventh day sampel was taken and analyze by image-J. Results: Overall bone loss occurred after the injection of Ethanol extract in Hibiscus sabdariffa 10% is 166,5µm 2 compare  with control that is 142µm2 on the site of the Ligature wire. Conclusion: Active anti-inflammation  properties  of ethanol extract in Hibiscus sabdariffa 10%  has not shown some preventive effect for periodontitis preventive theraphy."

"Kayu buta-buta atau Excoecaria agallocha adalah tumbuhan mangrove yang tumbuh di daerah pantai berbatu-batu dan berpasir dengan tinggi mencapai 10-16 m dan diameter batang mencapai. 40 cm. Tanaman ini mengeluarkan getah berwarna putih dan sangat beracun. Racun tanaman ini biasanya dipakai untuk meracuni ikan dan mempunyai aktivitas anti fungal dan anti bakteri. Sebagai obat tradisional kayu buta-buta dipakai sebagai obat luar seperti pengobatan patek, eksim, kurap dan lepra. Getahnya dapat menyebabkan buta pada mata. Penelitian yang pernah dilakukan terhadap tanaman ini adalah akar, kulit, daun dan getahnya. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap ekstrak bunga kayu buta-buta untuk menentukan struktur kimia dan aktivitas anti bakterinya. Isolasi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi bunga kayu buta-buta dengan pelarut etanol (EtOH). Isolat etanol berturut-turut diekstraksi dengan petroleum eter, kloroform dan etil asetat. Senyawa-senyawa yang terdapat pada fraksi petroleum eter dan etil asetat dipisahkan dengan cara kolom kromatografi cepat (flash column chromatography). Fasa diam menggunakan silika gel dan fasa gerak menggunakan campuran kloroform dan metanol dengan menaikkan kepolarannya secara bertahap. Pemurnian dengan cara kristalisasi dan uji aktivitas anti bakteri dilakukan dengan E. coil dan B. subtilis. Uji pendahuluan aktivitas biologi terhadap ekstrak petroleum eter, etil asetat dan etanol dengan A. salina. Hasil uji aktivitas biologi menunjukkan efek positif namun uji anti bakteri memperlihatkan basil negatif. Senyawa yang berhasil diisolasi ditentukan struktur molekulnya melalui pengukuran spektroskopi IR, NMR dan MS. Senyawa yang berhasil diisolasi adalah tarakseron, β- sitosterol dan 3-O- β -glukopiranosil- β -sitosterol. "

"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis oleozon dari minyak zaitun dan kedelai dengan cara ozonasi secara semi-kontinu selama 42 - 84 jam. Ozonasi dilakukan dengan ozonator rancangan sendiri dengan laju alir udara masukan sebesar 200 L/jam dan konsentrasi ozon keluaran sebesar 0,04 - 0,1 g/jam. Kondisi reaksi dijaga pada suhu 15 - 22°C. Kedua jenis oleozon telah dianggap memiliki efikasi sebagai disinfektan bakteri. Pengujian kualitas hasil ozonasi dilakukan dengan metode bilangan iod, bilangan asam, FT-IR, dan pengukuran pH. Staphylococcus aureus digunakan sebagai sampel pengujian kemampuan disinfektan oleozon. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, minyak kedelai terbukti dapat menjadi alternatif oleozon pengganti minyak zaitun. ......In this study, synthesis oleozon was made from olive oil and soybean oil with semi-continue ozonation for 42 - 84 hours. Ozonation done with self-designated ozonator with input air flow rate of 200 L/h and ozone concentration output 0.04 - 0.1 g/hr. The reaction conditions maintained at a temperature of 15-22°C. Both oleozon types has been considered to have efficacy as a disinfectant. Ozonation quality testing results conducted using iodine number, acid number, FT-IR, and pH measurements. Staphylococcus aureus is used as a disinfectant characteristic test sample. Based on this research, soybean oil is proven to be an alternative oleozon to substitute olive oil."

"This book describes antibiotic resistance amongst pathogenic bacteria. It starts with an overview of the erosion of the efficacy of antibiotics by resistance and the decrease in the rate of replacement of redundant compounds. The origins of antibiotic resistance are then described. It is proposed that there is a large bacterial resistome which is a collection of all resistance genes and their precursors in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Ongoing resistance surveillance programs are also discussed, together with the perspective of a clinical microbiologist. The book then turns to specific themes such as the most serious area of resistance in pathogens, namely in Gram-negative organisms. The role of combinations of antibiotics in combating resistance emergence is discussed, particularly in the tuberculosis field, and then the importance of non-multiplying and persistent bacteria which are phenotypically resistant to antibiotics and prolong the duration of therapy of antibiotics which leads to poor compliance and resistance emergence. The role of anti-microbial compounds in textiles is covered, with its potential to exacerbate the spread of resistance. Then, efflux pumps are discussed. The final chapter describes the compounds which are in late stage clinical development, illustrating the paucity of the antibiotic pipeline, especially for Gram-negative bacteria."

"The “always on-hand” pocket guide to the treatment of infectious diseases.- The most important antibiotics and antimycotics :Spectrum – dosage – side-effects- Numerous tables sorted by substances, pathogens, indications- Administration of antibiotics during pregnancy, renal and hepatic insufficiency, dialysis- Including statements on the cost of therapyNumerous tips and troubleshooting guides on topics such as :- Potential mistakes- Therapy failures- Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxisAdjusted to European standards :Up-to-date substances, authorizations, resistances and trade names."