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"This study explores the consumption practices of the landed aristocracy of Georgian England. Focusing on three families and analysing account books, receipted bills, household inventories, diaries, and correspondence, it charts their spending patterns during the so-called consumer revolution of the eighteenth century. Generally examined through the lens of middling families, homes, and motivations, this book explores the ways in which the aristocracy were engaged in this wider transformation of English society. Analysis centres on the goods that the aristocracy purchased, both luxurious and mundane; the extent to which they pursued fashionable modes and goods; the role that family and friends played in shaping notions of taste; the influence of gender on taste and refinement; the geographical reach of provisioning and the networks that lay behind this consumer activity; and the way this all contributed to the construction of the country house. The country house thus emerges as much more than a repository of luxury and splendour: it lay at the heart of complex networks of exchange, sociability, demand, and supply. Exploring these processes and relationships serves to reanimate the country house, making it an active site of consumption rather than simply an expression of power and taste, and drawing it into the mainstream of consumption histories. At the same time, the landed aristocracy are shown to be rounded consumers, driven by values of thrift and restraint as much as extravagant desires, and valuing the old as well as the new, not least as markers of their pedigree and heritance."

"ABSTRAKLev Nikolaevic Tolstoy adalah salah seorang sastrawan besar Rusia pada abad ke-19_ Karya-karyanya sudah banyak yang diterbitkan, dua diantaranya adalah novel Krietserova Sonata dan D'yavol. Kedua novel tersebut dipilih karena dianggap mempunyai keterkaitan antara novel yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Kedua novel tersebut menceritakan bagaimana kehidupan kaum bangsawan di Rusia pada abad ke-19, terutama bagaimana sikap pria bangsawan dalam memperlakukan wanita dan hal tersebut diangakat sebagai permasalahan di dalam tesis ini.Tesis ini menganalisis kedua novel tersebut dengan pendekatan intrinsik dan ekstrinsik melalui tokoh dan penokohan yang ada di dalam kedua novel tersebut. Tokoh Poznishev (Kreitserova Sonata) dan Yevgeny lrtenev (D'yavol) adalah tokoh utama di kedua novel tersebut, sedangkan Liza (Kreitserova Sonata)dan Liza Anneskaya (D'yavol) adalah tokoh bawahan, di samping itu juga terdapat beberapa tokoh lain.Kehidupan kaum bangsawan di Rusia sangat menarik untuk dibahas karena mereka mempunyai aturan-aturan dan norma-norma tersendiri yang pada akhirnya membentengi kehidupan sosial mereka. Latar sosial dan budaya bangsa Rusia turut mewarnai tokoh dan penokohan di dalam kedua novel tersebut. Segi kehidupan kaum wanita di Rusia pada abad ke-19 pada umumnya yang tercermin di dalam kedua novel karya Tolstoy tersebut.Tesis ini terdiri dari lima bab, yaitu Pendahuluan, Latar Belakang Perkembangan Sosial Budaya Bangsa Rusia dan Kaitannya Dengan Kehidupan Kaum Wanita di Rusia pada abad ke-1 9, Lev Nikolaevic Tolstoy dan Wanita, dan Analisis Permasalahan serta Kesimpulan.

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Lev Nikolaevic Tolstoy was the most populer Russian writer in the 19th century. There were so many his works which have already published; two of them were Kreitserova Sonata and D'yavol. Those novels were selected to analysis because both novels had same theme. They told how the Russian aristocracy's life style and how the Russian aristocracy treated the women in 19th century and all of that were created as a problem in this thesis.

To analyse these novels, this thesis are using two approaches, intrinsik and ekstrinsik especially through character and characterization. Poznishev (Kreitserova Sonata) and Yevgeny Irtenev (D'yavol) are the superior characters, and also Liza (Kreitserova Sonata) and Liza Anneskaya (D'yavol) is inferior characters, and still there are many interesting characters. Aristocracy' life style is very interesting to analyze because they had their own rules which has surround their living and also the aristocracy's social background had already attracted to observed, especially the women in Russia in 19th century which were reflected in both Tolstoy's novel.

This thesis have 5 chapter, such as Introduction, Social Background of Russia in 1 9th century which have related with Women in Russia, Lev Tolstoy and women, Analyzed the problem, and Conclusion."

"This book presents a study of the later years of the reign of Philip IV from the perspective of his favourite (valido), don Luis Mendez de Haro, and of the other ministers who played a role in the government of the Spanish Habsburg Monarchy. It offers a positive vision of a period that is often seen as one of failure and decline. Unlike his predecessors, Haro exercised the favour that he enjoyed in a discreet way, acting as a perfect courtier, and honest broker between the king and his aristocratic subjects. Nevertheless, there was still a major problem, because the rulers delegation of his authority to a single nobleman was considered by many to have been incompatible with good kingship, and Philip IV was himself very uneasy about failing in his responsibilities. Haro was thus in a highly insecure situation, and sought to justify his regime by acting as the manager of a prestigious and expensive foreign policy. In this context, the eventual realization of an honourable peace with France in 1659 is shown to have been as much the result of the independent actions of other ministers, like the counts of Penaranda and Fuensaldana, as it was of a royal favourite who had been very reluctantly brought to the negotiating table at the Pyrenees. In the concluding chapters the quite sudden collapse of Spanish European hegemony after Haros death in 1661 is represented as a delayed reaction to the repercussions of a flawed system of government."

"Novel Gadis Pantai mempunyai latar belakang cerita mengenai perbedaan kedudukan antara pribumi dan priyayi. Kehidupan sosial masyarakat dalam novel Gadis Pantai sangat kental dengan pengaruh budaya Jawa. Aspek sosial dan budaya Jawa merupakan unsur ekstrinsik yang dibahas dalam perspektif sosiologi sastra. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif melalui kajian pustaka. Kajian dilakukan dengan menganalisis aspek sosial dan budaya Jawa yang tercermin dalam novel Gadis Pantai yang merupakan unsur ekstrinsik dari novel Gadis Pantai. Makalah ini menjelaskan kontras atau perbedaan-perbedaan kehidupan priyayi dan rakyat pesisir Jawa dilihat dari aspek sosial dan budaya. Penulis berkesimpulan bahwa terdapat kontras yang sangat tajam antara kehidupan priyayi dan rakyat pesisir Jawa serta keberpihakan Pramoedya Ananta Toer sebagai pengarang pada rakyat pesisir Jawa. Hal tersebut terlihat dengan jelas dalam pelukisan Gadis Pantai sebagai rakyat kecil dan perilaku kesewenang-wenangan yang ditunjukkan oleh kaum priyayi dalam novel Gadis Pantai.

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Gadis Pantai novel has background story about the difference level between the native and the aristocracy. The social life of people in Gadis Pantai novel is heavily influenced by Javanese cultural. Social and Javanese cultural aspects are extrinsic elements discussed from sociology literature perspective. The method that used in this study is qualitative method through literary view. This analysis is conducted by analyzing social and Javanese cultural aspects reftected in Gadis Pantai novel which part of extrisic elements in Gadis Pantai novel. This paper explains contrast or differences between aristocracy‟s life and people in Java coastal from the view of social and cultural aspects. The author of this paper concludes that there is a very noticeable contrast between the lives of aristocracy and people in the Java coastal and Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s bias towards people in the Java coastal. That is proved clearly through Gadis Pantai as poor people and arbitrariness shown by the aristocracy."