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"ABSTRACTTwo laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) arranged in series were used to evaluate bioxidadon and nitrogen removal from a synthetic sewage consisting of acetic acid as the carbon source. Microprocessor based timer were used to control various phases in the SBR?s phases. This paper discusses the result of varying recycle ratio, returned mixed liquor, in bioxidation, denitrification and nitrification process in the modified SBR Generally, as the recycle ratio increased if was found to give a better the removal efficiency in terms of organic carbon and total nitrogen removal. The modified SBR, in general. shows promise as an effective treatment alternative to the conventional activated sludge process."

"ABSTRAKThe study was concerned with the effects of the organic loading as food/microbe (F/M) and nitrogen concentration as BOD5: TN on the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system efficiency and performance with 1:5 diluted-electroplating wastewater (EPWW) solutions. The results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) removal efficiencies were almost the same with the organic loadings of 0.125-0.375 kg BOD5/m3.d. The CN- and Zn2+ loadings of 1.2-2.9 and 1.6-4.0 g/m3.d did not show strong repression effects to the COD and BOD5 removal efficiencies. In addition, the high Zn2+ removal efficiency level of 94-96% was detected. Moreover, the system did not show any difference in Zn2+ and COD removal efficiencies at the BOD5: TN ratios of 100:5-100:10. Urea and (NH4)2SO4 could be used as the nitrogen source of 1:5 diluted-electroplating wastewater solution. The highest COD, BOD5, Zn2+, CN-, Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies of 98.0±0.2, 97.0±0.7, 97.7±0.1, 93.3±1.2, 86.5±1.1 and 80.9±0.5%, respectively, were detected at the BOD5:TN ratio of 100:10 and (NH4)2SO4 was used as the nitrogen source. The system also showed good bio-sludge performance with the Sludge Volume Index (SVI) and Sludge Retention Time (SRT) values of 51±4 mL/g and 29±3 days, respectively."

"Dengan bertambahnya jumlah populasi manusia, maka jumlah sampah juga akan bertambah secara signifikan. Salah satu hasil dari akumulasi sampah dalah formasi dari air lindi di dalam landfiil sampah. Air lindi ini akan menyebabkan masalah lingkungan yang serius jika dibiarkan tidak terolah, karena konsentrasi COD dan TKN tersebut melebihi standar baku mutu lingkungan dalam Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang baku mutu air limbah.. Salah satu cara yang paling efektif adalah menggunakan Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Sequencing Batch Reactor akan mengolah air lindi dengan media lumpur aktif dan teori aerasi dan anoksik dimana dalam penelitian ini, air lindi akan diolah dengan SBR menggunakan waktu kontak 24, 48, dan 72 jam serta menggunakan Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan dari polutan pada air lindi tua. Waktu kontak 24 jam menghasiilkan efisiensi penyisihan COD dan TKN sebesar (29,68 - 43,75)% & (83,33 - 88,59)%, untuk waktu kontak 48 jam adalah (51,94 - 65,63)% & (90,28 - 92,95)%, dan untuk waktu kontak 72 jam adalah (58,75 - 74,69)% dan (93,04 - 95,51)%. Dengan hasil tersebut, yang dapat memenuhi baku mutu Permen LH No. 5 tahun 2014 adalah penggunaan SBR dengan waktu kontak 72 jam.

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With the increase of human population, the number of waste produced will also increase significantly. One of the result of accumulation of waste is the formation of landfill leachate. This leachate will cause serious environmental problems if left unattended, because the concentration of COD and TKN surpasses the standard of waste discharge as mentioned in the Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 about the standard of waste discharge. One of the most effective way to treat this waste is by using the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The SBR will treat the leachate with activated sludge by using the theory of nitrification and denitrification. Whereas in this study the leachate will be treated with the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24, 48, and 72 hours and also using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) to increase the effectivity of pollutant removal in older leachate. The HRT of 24 hours produced the removal efficiency COD and TKN of (29,68 - 43,75)% & (83,33 - 88,59)%, and for HRT of 48 hours (51,94 - 65,63)% & (90,28 - 92,95)%, and for HRT of 72 hours (58,75 - 74,69)% and (93,04 - 95,51)%. The HRT to satisfy PermenLH No.5 Tahun 2014 is 72 hours."

"The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari hidrodinamika dalam reaksi transesterifikasi pada reaktor batch berpengaduk. Parameter hidrodinamika yang didapatkan kemudian digunakan sebagai kriteria kesamaan scale-up. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode computational fluid dynamics CFD dalam studi hidrodinamika fluida pada reaksi transesterifikasi di reaktor batch berpengaduk. Pemodelan reaktor batch berpengaduk untuk reaksi transesterifikasi dikomputasi dengan menggunakan COMSOL Multiphysics. Nilai kecepatan fluida, pola aliran, distribusi tekanan, fraksi volume, kerapatan jumlah partikel, kecepatan relatif, shear rate, diameter butir fasa terdispersi, serta luas bidang antarfasa spesifik a didapatkan. Nilai a pada reaktor skala laboratorium didapatkan sebesar 45120 1/m dan dijadikan sebagai parameter kesamaan scale-up. Dengan ukuran reaktor skala besar sebesar 1,309 m3, diperlukan kondisi operasi kecepatan putar impeller sebesar 285,16 rpm untuk mendapatkan nilai luas bidang antarfasa spesifik a yang sama dengan kriteria kesamaan scale-up.

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ABSTRACTThe purposes of this research is to study the hydrodynamics of transesterification reaction in stirred batch reactor. The obtained hydrodynamics then used as scale up similariy criterion. This research used computational fluid dynamics CFD as method to study the transesterification in stirred batch reactor. By using COMSOL Multiphysics, the modeled transport equation is computed. The hydrodynamics parameters observed are mean velocity field, flow pattern, pressure distribution, volume fraction of dispersed phase, number density of droplet, dispersed phase relative velocity, shear rate, average diameter of dispersed phase droplet, and interfacial area per volume. The simulation results show that the specific interfacial surface area a on laboratorium scale reactor is 45120 1 m and used as scale up similarity criterion. For 1,31 m3 large scale reactor, the rotational speed condition to obtain specific interfacial surface area a is 285,16 rpm to match the scale up similarity criterion."

"The research aims to scale up a small-scale stirred batch reactor to a large-scale stirred batch reactor in order to degum crude palm oil for use as a raw material in biodiesel production. The scale-up is based on the similarity of fluid Reynolds numbers in the two differently sized reactors. To achieve this aim, computational fluid dynamic modeling and simulations of the two reactors were performed. A small-scale palm oil degumming process was carried out in a 250 cc autoclave reactor using a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm. The simulation results of this small reactor yielded a fluid Reynolds number in the range of 5 to 3,482. The large-scale reactor proposed in this research is 1.25 m3 in volume and is equipped with two impellers: a pitched blade impeller and a Rushton turbine impeller. The pitched blade impeller is placed over the Rushton turbine impeller. They are rotated at 100 rpm. Under this setting and operation, the resulting fluid Reynolds number was in the range of 486 to 202,000. This result indicates that the large-scale reactor was able to reproduce the reaction performance obtained in the small-scale reactor."

"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis minyak terozonasi dari minyak bunga matahari dengan reaksi ozonolisis secara semi-kontinu selama 12 – 72 jam. Ozonolisis dilakukan pada tiga variasi tekanan operasi (atmosferik, bertekanan, dan vakum) menggunakan reaktor semi-batch khusus berbahan stainless steel berpengaduk turbin dan berjaket pendingin. Ozonator yang digunakan adalah rancangan sendiri dengan laju alir udara masukan sebesar 540 L/jam dan konsentrasi ozon keluaran sebesar 520 mg/jam. Kondisi reaksi dijaga pada suhu 15-22°C. Pengujian kualitas hasil ozonasi dilakukan dengan metode bilangan asam, bilangan peroksida, bilangan iod, analisis viskositas, dan analisis FT-IR. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kecepatan pengadukan terbaik adalah 150 RPM dengan pola aliran transisi dan tekanan operasi terbaik untuk sintesis minyak terozonasi dari minyak bunga matahari adalah tekanan atmosferik (1 atm).

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In this study, synthesis of ozonated vegetable oil was made ftom sunflower oil with semi-continue ozonolysis for 12 – 72 hours. Ozonolysis was done in three variation of operation pressure (atmospheric, pressurized, and vacuum) by using particular strirred semi-batch reactor from stainless steel with cooling jacket. Ozonator used was self-designed with input air flowrate of 540 L/h and ozone concentration output of 520 mg/h. The reaction condition maintained at temperature of 15-22°C. Minyak terozonasi product testing was done with several methods such as analysis of acidic value, peroxide value, iodin value, viscosity, and FT-IR. Based on this research, the best stirrer speed is 150 RPM and the best pressure condition for minyak terozonasi synthesis from sunflower oil is atmospheric pressure (1 atm)."

"ABSTRAK Sodium alginat (Alginat) adalah salah satu matriks yang dapat digunakan untuk imobilisasi sel dengan metode penjebakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh konsentrasi alginat dan konsentrasi sel, terhadap sintesis enzim α-amilase Bacillus sp. Th4. Penelitian ini juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi alginat dan sel yang optimum bagi sintesis enzim α-amilase Bacillus sp. Th4. Untuk itu telah diuji coba konsentrasi alginat antara 2--6%, dan konsentrasi sel antara 5--25% dengan 5 macam kombinasi menggunakan Central Composite Experimental Design (CCED). Sintesis enzim α-amilase diukur dengan metode Virolle et al. yang dimodifikasi. Aktivitas enzim α-amilase dinyatakan dalam unit/ml, kemudian dikonversikan terhadap aktivitas enzim α-amilase standar. Hasil pengujian statistik dengan menggunakan analisis regresi menunjukkan ada pengaruh linier, pengaruh kuadratik, dan pengaruh interaksi antara konsentrasi alginat dan sel terhadap sintesis enzim α-amilase. Berdasarkan perhitungan menggunakan kalkulus sederhana,sintesis enzim α-amilase optimum dapat tercapai jika konsentrasi alginat 2,980 % (b/v) dan konsentrasi sel Bacillus sp. Th4 20,278 % (b/v)."

"ABSTRAKStyrene Acrylic adalah sebuah produk kimia yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku adhesive, coating dan cat. Untuk memproduksi Styrene Acrylic diperlukan sebuah reaktor yang berfungsi sebagai wadah dimana reaksi antar bahan-bahan dasar Styrene Acrylic terjadi. Reaksi yang terjadi dalam reaktor harus terkendali agar dapat mengikuti resep formula yang sudah ditentukan. Salah satu faktor yang utama yang harus dikendalikan adalah suhu dalam reaktor. Suhu dalam reaktor harus sesuai dengan formula yang telah ditetapkan agar kualitas dari produk sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Toleransi eror suhu dalam reactor hanya diperbolehkan sebesar 5?C. Selain untuk menjaga kualitas produk, pengendalian suhu reaktor juga berdampak pada alasan kemanan pabrik. Reaksi kimia dan proses produksi Styrene Acrylic memiliki sifat yang nonlinear, sehingga diperlukan pengendali yang dapat mengendalikan sistem nonlinear dengan toleransi eror yang kecil. Fuzzy logic diharapkan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pengendalian suhu reaktor, sehingga suhu reaktor dapat mengikuti trajektori suhu yang didapat dari resep formula yang mana ditentukan sebagai setpoint.Skripsi ini membahas tentang pemodelan dan desain pengendali yang baik untuk model proses Styrene Acrylic plant. Proses ini dimodelkan dengan metode matematis yang diterapkan menggunakan C-Mex. lalu di simulasikan menggunakan Simulink Matlab yang digunakan untuk mendesain pengendali PID konvensional dan fuzzy logic. Pengendali PID di-tuning menggunakan metode Ziegler Nichols yang mana performanya akan dibandingkan dengan performa pengendali fuzzy logic yang didesain dengan 9 aturan.

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ABSTRACTStyrene Acrylic is a chemical product used as raw material for adhesives, coatings and paints. To produce Styrene Acrylic requires a reactor that serves as a container in which the reaction between the basic ingredients of Styrene Acrylic occurs. The reactions that occur in the reactor must be controlled in order to follow a prescribed formula. One of the main factors that must be controlled is the temperature in the reactor. The temperature in the reactor shall be in accordance with the prescribed formula for the quality of the product to be as desired. Tolerance of temperature error in the reactor is only allowed at ± 5⁰C. In addition to maintaining product quality, reactor temperature control also has an impact on manufacturers' safety reasons. Chemical reactions and Styrene Acrylic production processes have nonlinear properties, so controllers are required to control nonlinear systems with small error tolerance. Fuzzy logic is expected to meet the reactor temperature control requirement, so that the reactor temperature can follow the temperature trajectory obtained from the formula or recipe which is set as setpoin.This thesis discusses the modeling and design of a good controller for the Styrene Acrylic plant process model. This process is modeled by a mathematical method applied using C-Mex. Then simulated using Simulink Matlab which is used to design conventional PID controller and fuzzy logic. The PID controller is tuned using the Ziegler Nichols method whose performance will be compared to the performance of a fuzzy logic controller designed with 9 rules."

"Proses produksi gula aren di rumah Industri CV Diva Maju Bersama menghasilkan air limbah dalam prosesnya. Air limbah industri ini memiliki konsentrasi COD yang tinggi yakni lebih dari 2000 mg/l sehingga melebihi baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa efektivitas system Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactor dalam mengurangi konsentrasi COD pada air limbah industri gula aren sekaligus kesesuaiannya dengan baku mutu yang ada. Proses penelitian berlangsung secara eksperimental pada skala laboratorium dengan menggunakan 1 unit MBSBR dengan working volume 25 liter. Media yang digunakan sebagai tempat pertumbuhan bakteri adalah Kaldness K1 dengan rasio 60. Pada proses pembebanan digunakan variasi waktu detensi 12 sampai 24 jam. Hasil percobaan menunjukan rentang efisiensi penyisihan COD pada waktu detensi 12, 18, dan 24 jam berturut-turut 84 ndash; 89 , 86 ndash; 91 , dan 88 ndash; 92 dengan konsentrasi DO optimum 2.41 ndash; 2.62 mg/l. Nilai beban organik pada rentang 3.27 ndash; 4.27 kg COD/m3.hari menghasilkan efisiensi penyisihan COD diatas 88 . Peningkatan nilai beban organik mengakibatkan penurunan efisiensi penyisihan COD. Berdasarkan uji statistik independent t-Test dan analisa terhadap baku mutu, waktu detensi 24 jam dipilih sebagai waktu detensi optimum yang akan digunakan untuk kebutuhan perancangan.

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The production of palm sugar in CV Diva Maju Bersama home industry produces waste water in the process. This industrial waste water has a high concentration of COD that is more than 2000 mg l which exceeds the quality standard. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of Moving bed biofilm sequencing batch reactor system in reducing the concentration of COD in its suitability with the quality standard. The research process was conducted experimentally on a laboratory scale. MBSBR unit with working volume 25 liters is being used during the experimental. The medium used as a place for bacterial growth is Kaldness K1 with a ratio of 60. The detention time were varied from 12 to 24 hours during the feeding time.

The results show the efficiency removal of COD at 12, 18, and 24 hours detention time respectively is 84 ndash 89 , 86 ndash 91 , and 88 ndash 92 with optimum DO concentration 2.41 2.62 mg L. The optimum organic loading rate to reach COD removal efficiency above 88 is in the range of 3.27 4.27 kg COD m3.day. The increasing of organic loading rate will result in decreased efficiency removal of COD. Based on statistical independent t Test method and also consideration of the quality standard, 24 hour detention time is chosen as the most optimum detention time that will be used for the designing requirement."