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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bermaksud mengetahui profil kognisi mengenai polisi dari sudut kanak-kanak yang terbagi dalam tiga tahapan perkembangan usia. Dengan mengetahui perbedaan dan perbandingan struktur kognisi tersebut terhadap sosok polisi dan peran polisi, dihipotesakan bahwa kognisi dari kelompok kanak-kanak dengantingkat usia yang semakin tinggi akan menampilkan struktur yang lebih lengkap dan kompleks tentang obyek polisi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa gambaran struktur tersebut memang memperlihatkan pemerkayaan pada kelompok yang lebih tinggi.

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The aim of this research is to investigate cognitive profile on police based on the view of children from three different developmental stages. It is hypothesized that the more older children are the more knowledgeable they are in relation to the police?s role and its typology and function. The result shows that the elder group of students indicate better knowledge and more understanding in terms of the police and what they normally do.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bermaksud mengetahui profil kognisi mengenai polisi dari sudut kanak-kanak yang terbagi dalam tiga tahapan perkembangan usia. Dengan mengetahui perbedaan dan perbandingan struktur kognisi tersebut terhadap sosok polisi dan peran polisi, dihipotesakan bahwa kognisi dari kelompok kanak-kanak dengantingkat usia yang semakin tinggi akan menampilkan struktur yang lebih lengkap dan kompleks tentang obyek polisi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa gambaran struktur tersebut memang memperlihatkan pemerkayaan pada kelompok yang lebih tinggi. ......The aim of this research is to investigate cognitive profile on police based on the view of children from three different developmental stages. It is hypothesized that the more older children are the more knowledgeable they are in relation to the police’s role and its typology and function.The result shows that the elder group of students indicate better knowledge and more understanding in terms of the police and what they normally do.

Abstrak :

LATAR BELAKANG: Berbagai studi telah menunjukkan efek potensial probiotik terhadap luaran neuropsikologis melalui aksis usus-otak. Akan tetapi, studi yang menilai efek suplementasi probiotik terhadap fungsi kognitif pada populasi anak dan remaja masih terbatas.

METODE: Peneliti melakukan studi tindak lanjut tahun ke-10 dari uji klinis teracak samar suplementasi probiotik Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 atau Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 pada anak terhadap fungsi kognitif. Dari 494 anak yang mengikuti uji klinis pada 2007–2008, sebanyak 160 anak yang telah berusia 11–17 tahun mengikuti studi tindak lanjut. Pada uji klinis terdahulu, subjek diberikan susu dengan kalsium regular sebanyak 440 mg/hari (kelompok KR; n = 58), kalsium regular dengan L. reuteri DSM 17938 5x10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) (reuteri; n= 50), atau kalsium regular dengan L. casei CRL 431 5x10⁸ CFU (casei; n= 52) selama 6 bulan pada usia 1–6 tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efek suplementasi probiotik masa kanak-kanak tersebut terhadap tingkat intelegensi berdasarkan Standard Progressive Matricesdan kadar brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) serum pada masa remaja. Berbagai faktor biomedis (kualitas diet, antropometri, kadar hemoglobin, dan lain-lain) dan faktor lingkungan sosial (status pendidikan orangtua, dukungan lingkungan rumah, depresi, dll) terkait fungsi kognitif turut dinilai sebagai variabel perancu.

HASIL:Kadar BDNF serum masa remaja pada kelompok suplementasi probiotik L. reuteri DSM 17938 lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol yang secara statistik signifikan (p = 0,036), setelah disesuaikan dengan perancu. Tidak terdapat perbedaan proporsi tingkat intelegensi masa remaja yang bermakna berdasarkan riwayat suplementasi probiotik L. reuteri DSM 17938 maupun L. casei CRL 431 masa kanak-kanak. Pada regresi multipel, dukungan lingkungan rumah memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan konsisten dengan tingkat intelegensi. Kadar BDNF serum berhubungan dengan status gizi dan kualitas diet.

 

KESIMPULAN: Anak yang mendapat suplementasi L. reuteri DSM 17938 memiliki kadar BDNF serum yang lebih rendah pada masa remaja. Hubungan yang konsisten antara faktor lingkungan sosial dengan fungsi kognitif menunjukkan pentingnya mengintegrasikan intervensi biomedis dengan lingkungan sosial untuk mencapai populasi berdaya.

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BACKGROUND: Available evidence have shown potential effects of probiotics on neurobehavioral outcomes through ‘gut-brain axis’ mechanism. However, studies on cognitive function in children and adolescents are lacking.

METHODS: We conducted a 10-year follow-up study of randomised controlled trial of 6-month probiotic supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 or Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 in children on cognitive function. Of 494 children enrolled in 2007–2008, we re-enrolled 160 subjects at age 11–17 years. Subjects were given regular calcium milk containing 440 mg/d (RC group; n= 58), regular calcium with L. reuteriDSM 17938 5x10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) (reuteri; n= 50), or regular calcium with L. casei CRL 431 5x10⁸ CFU (casei; n = 52) for 6 months at the age of 1–6 years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotic supplementation during childhood on cognitive function based on grade of Standard Progressive Matrices and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in adolescents. We assessed various biomedical factors (ie. diet quality, anthropometry, and hemoglobin level) socio-environmental factors (ie. parental educations, home environment, and depression) related to cognitive outcomes as cofounding variables.

RESULTS: Compared with the RC group, the reuteri group had a significantly lower mean serum BDNF level [adj. difference 3127.5 pg/ml (95% CI: 213,5–6041,6)]. There was no difference in grade of SPM between groups nor difference on serum BDNF level between RC and casei group. In multiple regression models, the home environment had a significant and consistent association with grade of SPM. Serum BDNF level was associated with overweight/obesity and diet quality.

CONCLUSION: L. reuteri DSM 17938 supplementation during childhood was associated with lower serum BDNF level at the age of 11–17 years compared to control. The consistent association between socio-environmental factor and grade of SPM suggests that intervention of biomedical determinants should be integrated with the improvement of socioenvironmental factors to achieve thriving populations.

Abstrak :
Children’s discovery of the active mind organizes empirical literature concerning the development of children’s knowledge of cognitive activities from early childhood to adolescence and presents a conceptual framework that integrates children’s introspective activities with social influences on development. Bringing together theoretical and empirical work from developmental, cognitive, and social psychology, the author argues that rather than depending upon a single source of information, developmental progress is driven by combinations of children’s conceptual knowledge of mental functioning, children’s phenomenological awareness of their own cognitive activities, and children’s social experience.

Abstrak :
Childrens development of executive functions and the impact of these cognitive processes on childrens lives from the preschool to the upper elementary school years are reviewed in light of current research findings. Chapters in Part One of the text discuss prefrontal brain networks affiliated with executive functions; issues that concern the behavioral measurement of executive functions in clinical populations; the relationship between executive functions and other cognitive (theory of mind) and language processes (plurilingualism) that are emerging in young children; and how executive functions support the transition of children from home to school contexts. Chapters in Part Two of the book focus on individual differences in executive functions among children with disorders such as ASD and ADHD and how these findings can be used to inform intervention. Throughout the text, a focus is placed on exploring the influence of executive functioning on the lives of children at home as well as in school and community contexts.