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"ABSTRAKSejak dipisahkannya diagnosa schizotypal personality disorder dengan schizophrenia pada DSM-III, telah banyak studi yang fokus pada Schizotypal Personality Disorder, atau singkatnya schizotypy, yang muncul. Alasan mengapa ini terjadi diperkirakan untuk mencegah masalah itu hingga menjadi schizophrenia. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan menguji hubungan schizotypy dengan gangguan fungsi kognisi sosial, atau Social Cognitive Functions SCF. Pada awalnya diprediksikan bahwa lemahnya SCF akan menguatkan kans adanya schizotypy. Diprediksikan juga bahwa dengan mengkontrol afek negatif bisa mengubah arah asosiasi hubungan SCF dengan schizotypy. Studi ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa sarjana yang sehat secara neurologi N = 238 untuk menguji hubungan antara schizotypy dan SCF, sementara mengkontrol untuk afek negatif i.e. anxiety depression. Skala-skala yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire SPQ untuk mengukur schizotypy, Empathy Quotient EQ dan Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test RMET untuk mengukur SCF, dan Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADS untuk mengukur afek negatif. Dengan menggunakan Pearson rsquo;s correlation, korelasi negatif yang signifikan ditemukan dalam hubungan schizotypy dengan skala SCF pada EQ r = -.312.

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ABSTRACTSince the separation of schizotypal personality disorder diagnosis with schizophrenia in DSM III, many studies have started to focus on Schizotypal Personality Disorder, or schizotypy for short. Main reason for this is the thought that intervening on schizotypy may prevent cases of schizophrenia. One way to solve this is to examine the relationship of schizotypy with impairments to Social Cognitive Functions SCF . It was initially predicted that lack of SCF would mean higher chance of schizotypy. It was also initially predicted that controlling negative affect would change the direction of association between SCF and schizotypy. This study was conducted on neurologically healthy undergraduate students N 238 to examine the relationship of schizotypy and SCF, while controlling for negative affect i.e. anxiety depression . The scales used in this study were Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire SPQ to measure schizotypy, Empathy Quotient EQ and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test RMET to measure SCF, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADS to measure negative affect. Using Pearson rsquo s correlation, significant negative correlations were found between schizotypy with SCF measures of empathy r .312."

"Pendahuluan dan tujuan: Overactive bladder (OAB) terjadi pada sekitar 17-41% pada lansia di lingkungan tempat tinggal komunitas. Selama beberapa tahun, antimuskarinik telah divalidasi sebagai pilihan pertama untuk tata laksana OAB. Meskipun banyak data yang diperoleh dari uji klinis terkait penggunaan antimuskarinik. Penelitian terkait efek samping dari obat antimuskarinik terhadap fungsi kognitif pada lansia masih jarang dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek dari terapi antimuskarinik terhadap fungsi kognitif pada pasien lanjut usia dengan OAB. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah tinjauan sistematis dan meta-analisis. Studi dikumpulkan menggunakan beberapa mesin pencari; diantaranya adalah PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost menggunakan kata kunci MeSH yang sudah ditentukan sebelumnya dengan operator Boolean. Pemilihan studi dilakukan oleh 3 pengulas. Seluruh studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi selanjutnya melalui proses review full-text. Untuk setiap artikel full-text yang terpilih, ekstraksi data dilakukan pada data: demografis pasien, tipe antimuskarinik yang digunakan, placebo, dosis, follow-up, dan skor total Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE). Hasil: Total sebanyak 8 studi yang terpilih dari 146 publikasi yang ada sebelumnya. Terdapat 8 jenis antimuskarinik yang dievaluasi dari studi-studi yang ada, yaitu: Oksibutinin, Darifenacin, Tolterodin, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverin hidroklorida, Fesoterodin, dan Solifenacin. Oksibutinin menunjukkan efek yang paling besar pada penurunan skor MMSE [Perbedaan rerata: -2,90; 95% CI: -4,07, -1,73]. Darifenacin dan Tolterodin juga menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan pada skor total MMSE, namun lebih inferior daripada Oksibutinin Kesimpulan: Penggunaan obat-obatan antimuskarinik hanya memiliki efek yang minimal terhadap fungsi kognitif dalam penanganan OAB pada pasien usia lanjut. Akan tetapi, Oksibutinin, Darifenacin, dan Tolterodin menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan terhadap fungsi kognitif, ditunjukkan dari penurunan total skor MMSE.

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Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) affects 17-41% older adults in community dwelled setting. For several years, antimuscarinics have been validated as the first-line medical treatment for OAB. Despite abundant data obtained from clinical trials provisions the use of antimuscarinics, investigation about the effect of this drug on cognitive function in elderly remains scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of antimuscarinics therapy on cognitive functions in OAB geriatric patients.

Methods: This study design is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were collected using several search engines; those were PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost using predetermined MeSH keywords with Boolean operators. Selection of studies was done by three reviewers. Studies which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent full-text review. For every selected full text, we extracted the following data if available: patients demographics, types of antimuscarinics used, placebo, dose, follow-up period, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score.

Results: A total of 8 studies from an initial 146 publications were selected. There were 8 antimuscarinic agents evaluated in the studies, including Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, Tolterodine, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverine hydrochloride, Fesoterodine, and Solifenacin. Oxybutynin was shown to have largest effect towards the decline of MMSE score [Mean difference: -2.90; 95% CI: -4.07, -1.73]. Darifenacin and Tolterodine were also shown to be significant in the decline of total MMSE score, although still inferior to Oxybutynin.

Conclusion: The use of most antimuscarinics medication has little to no effect towards the cognitive function in the management of overactive bladder in elderly patients. However, Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, and Tolterodine was shown to have significant decrease in cognitive functions, as shown in the decline of total MMSE score."

"Background: overactive bladder (OAB) affects 17-41% older adults in community dwelled setting. For several years, antimuscarinics have been validated as the first-line medical treatment for OAB. Despite abundant data obtained from clinical trials provisions the use of antimuscarinics, investigation about the effect of this drug on cognitive function in elderly remains scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of antimuscarinics therapy on cognitive functions in OAB geriatric patients. Methods: this study design is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were collected using several search engines; those were PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost using predetermined MeSH keywords with Boolean operators. Selection of studies was done by three reviewers. Studies which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent full-text review. For every selected full text, we extracted the following data if available: patients demographics, types of antimuscarinics used, placebo, dose, follow-up period, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score. Results: a total of 8 studies from an initial 146 publications were selected. There were 8 antimuscarinic agents evaluated in the studies, including Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, Tolterodine, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverine hydrochloride, Fesoterodine, and Solifenacin. Oxybutynin was shown to have largest effect towards the decline of MMSE score [Mean difference: -2.90; 95% CI: -4.07, -1.73]. Darifenacin and Tolterodine were also shown to be significant in the decline of total MMSE score, although still inferior to Oxybutynin. Conclusion: the use of most antimuscarinics medication has little to no effect towards the cognitive function in the management of overactive bladder in elderly patients. However, Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, and Tolterodine was shown to have significant decrease in cognitive functions, as shown in the decline of total MMSE score."

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Latar belakang: Angka Skizofrenia di Jawa Tengah melebihi dari rata-rata di Indonesia yaitu sebesar 0,25%. Gejala skizofrenia digolongkan sebagai gejala positif dan negatif. Gejala positif yaitu halusinasi dan defisit fungsi kognitif. Selain fungsi kognitif, isolasi sosial juga dapat mempengaruhi motivasi. Motivasi merupakan perilaku untuk memperoleh kesenangan dan kepuasan setelah melakukan sesuatu sesuai dengan kemampuannya. Hal ini akan berdampak juga pada fungsi sosial klien.

Tujuan: untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan keterampilan sosial terhadap fungsi kognitif, motivasi, dan fungsi sosial pada klien dengan isolasi sosial; penelitian ini juga untuk mengetahui perbedaan fungsi kognitif, motivasi, dan fungsi sosial pada kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol setelah kelompok intervensi diberikan LKS. Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan kuasi ekperimen menggunakan dua kelompok yaitu kelompok intervensi dan kontrol. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas 36 responden pada kelompok intervensi dan kontrol. Hasil: Ada pengaruh latihan keterampilan sosial terhadap fungsi kognitif, motivasi, dan fungsi sosial pada klien dengan isolasi sosial; fungsi kognitif, motivasi, dan fungsi sosial meningkat secara signifikan pada kelompok intervensi; berdasarkan dari uji statistik menunjukkan motivasi mengalami peningkatan yang paling rendah. Rekomendasi: Perawat spesialis memberikan latihan keterampilan sosial di rumah sakit sehingga perlu ditambahkan jumlah perawat spesialis di rumah sakit.

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Background: Schizophrenia rates in Central Java exceed the average in Indonesia which is 0.25%. Symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are hallucinations and cognitive function deficits. Besides cognitive function, social isolation can also influence motivation. Motivation is a behavior to obtain pleasure and satisfaction after doing something according to his abilities. This will also have an impact on the client`s social functions.

Objective: to determine the effect of social skills training on cognitive functions, motivation, and social functions on clients with social isolation; this study was also to determine differences in cognitive function, motivation, and social function in the intervention group and the control group after the intervention group was given LKS.

Method: Quantitative research with quasi-experiment using two groups namely intervention and control groups. Each group consisted of 36 respondents in the intervention and control groups.

Results: There is the influence of social skills training on cognitive functions, motivation, and social functions on clients with social isolation; cognitive function, motivation, and social function increased significantly in the intervention group; based on the statistical test shows the motivation experienced the lowest increase.

Recommendation: Specialist nurses provide social skills training at the hospital so that the number of specialist nurses in the hospital needs to be added."