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"Latar Belakang : Pesawat terbang saat ini telah dilengkapi dengan perangkat oksigen untuk tujuan kenyamanan, keamanan dan keselamatan terbang. Namun kegagalan perangkat tersebut masih mungkin terjadi. sehingga manusia sebagai awak dan penumpang pesawat dapat mengalami hipoksia. Manusia sangat peka terhadap kondisi hipoksia terutama pada otak dan retina, dimana bila terjadi hipoksia dapat terjadi gangguan penglihatan. Sangkalia menyebutkan 87 % subyek mengalami perlambatan dalam membaca warna buku lshihara.Metodologi : Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 94 orang calon siswa penerbang PSDP TNI AU, dengan metode kuasi eksperimen. Subyek diperiksa penglihatan warna pada ground level dan ketinggian 18.000 kaki pada ruang udara bertekanan rendah, guna mengetahui hubungan kadar hemoglobin. tekanan darah, denyut nadi serta faktor faali tubuh lainnya dan melambatnya waktu penglihatan warna dan kebenaran membaca. Sedangkan untuk analisa data digunakan analisis korelasi dan regresi linear.Hasildan kesimpulan : Hasil pemeriksaan warna pada ground level rata-rata 83,50 detik, dengan simpang baku 14,21; pada ketinggian 18.000 kaki 106,75 detik, dengan simpang baku 16,01. Kebenaran membaca rata-rata pada ground level 99,23 %, dengan simpang baku 0,93; pada ketinggian 18.000 kaki 98,97%, dengan simpang baku 1,45. Melambatnya waktu penglihatan warna dan berkurangnya kebenaran membaca pada ketinggian disebabkan oieh berkurangnya suplai oksigen untuk menghantarkan impuls dari retina ke korteks serebri, faktor yang secara statistik berhubungan dengan hal tersebut : kadar hemoglobin, tekanan darah dan denyut nadi.

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Back ground : The recent aircraft technology is growing sophisticately, equiped complete oxygen equipment designe as a pressurize cabin. The human being are very sensitive to lack of oxygen, especially the brain cells and the retina. Malfunction of cabin-pressure or oxygen equipment will cause a visual disturbance in the accuracy of color vision due to hypoxia. Sangkalia stated that 87 % subjects experience lengthening time on color vision detection.

Methodology : This research was designed as a quasi experimental study, 94 PSOP Indonesian Air Force pilot candidates (PSDP TN! AU). They were exposed in hypobaric chamber equal with simulated 18.000 feet. Color vision detection was examined coreflate with hemoglobin level, blood pressure, pulse rate, age, and V02 max at ground level and altitude. Linear analysis and corellation analysis were used to analyse data.

Result and Conclusion : Color vision detection is significantly longer at simulated altitude 18.000ft (106.75 seconds, ± 16.01) compare with at ground level (83.50 seconds, ± 14.21) with p < 0,05. Color vision accuracy is better at the ground level (99.23 % , 0,93) than altitude (98.97 %,1 1,45) with p < 0,05. Lengthening time in colour vision reading at altitude was caused by altertion of impuls conducted from retina to cerebral cortex due to reduced oxygen supply Hemoglobin level, blood pressure and pulse rate statistically have direct influence on lengthening time of color vision detection."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang:Penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh hipoksia terhadap penglihatan warna masih kontroversial. Penglihatan warna penting dalam penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh hipoksia setara 18.000 kaki melalui ruang udara bertekanan rendah terhadap penglihatan warna. Studi dilakukan di Lakespra Saryanto Jakarta pada bulan Desember 1996. Sampel terdiri dari 101 orang laki-laki, calon penerbang sipil PLP Curug, berusia 17-23 tahun dan tamat SLTA. Disain penelitian kuasi eksperimen pre dan post test. Diperiksa faktor-faktor faali seperti: nadi, tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, rib dan kadar saturasi oksigen darah. Digunakan buku Ishihara 38 lembar untuk pemeriksaan penglihatan warna dengan cara menilai waktu baca lembar 1-38 (detik) dan kebenaran baca lembar 1-21 (9i).Hasil penelitian :Melalui uji t berpasangan, ditemukan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara: saturasi 02 darah, nadi, waktu baca dan kebenaran baca pada permukaan tanah dibanding pada 18.000 kaki. Pada 18.000 kaki: kadar saturasi 02 darah 68,17 % ±2,92 lebih rendah dibanding pada permukaan tanah; nadi 116,32 ±12,21 permenit lebih tinggi dibanding pada permukaan tanah; waktu baca 72,18 ± 15,05 detik rata-rata lebih lama 15,52 detik dibanding pada permukaan tanah; kebenaran baca 97,43 ± 3,36% lebih rendah dibanding pada permukaan tanah. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu baca dan kebenaran baca buku Ishihara pada permukaan tanah maupun pada 18.000 kaki masih dalam batas normal. Analisa multiple regression dan simple regression menunjukkan bahwa diramalkan waktu baca lebih singkat apabila tekanan diastolik lebih besar pada permukaan tanah diramalkan waktu baca lebih singkat apabila denyut nadi meningkat.KesimpulanStudi penjajagan ini menunjukkan bahwa hipoksia setara 18.000 kaki meningkatkan waktu baca dan meningkatkan skor kesalahan baca tetapi tidak menyebabkan defisiensi penglihatan warna. Dibutuhkan penelitian lanjut dengan alat pemeriksaan warna yang lain untuk membandingkan studi ini.

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ABSTRACT

Back ground :

Related previous studies indicated the controversial result on the relationship between hypoxia and color vision. Color vision is one of the major individual factors for pilots which relates to many aircraft accidents especially in hypoxia condition. This study aimed to identify the relationship between color vision and the hypoxic hypoxia among pilot candidates in a hypobaric chamber at the cruising altitude of 18.000 ft (FL 180). The number of samples collection are 101 pilot candidates from PLP Curug, ages 17-23 yr. The design of study was a pre and post test and Ishihara plates were used to measure color vision.

Results .

A t-paired test analysis showed the significant differences (p< 0,05) among variables : pulse, oxygen saturation levels, reading time and error scores at ground level (GL) and at flight level of 18.000 ft (FL180). At 18.000 ft, study results reported : increased of pulse rate (mean 116 ± 12,21 per minutes), increased of SaO2 (mean 68,17% ± 2,92%), increased of reading time (72,18 } 15.05 seconds) and increased of error scores {41,58%). Multiple regression and simple regression analysis showed that increasing of diastolic at GL would decrease reading time and increases of pulse rate. At FL 180 would decrease reading time.

Conclusions:

This preliminary study indicated, that there was an increase of reading time and increase of error scores by using Ishihara plates at FL 180 but these results had not made a deficiency of color vision. Advanced study with any other device to examine color vision are needed to compare the result of preliminary study."

"ABSTRAKPenyampaian informasi yang tepat menjadi penting dalam menciptakan fungsi navigasi ruang yang tepat pula. Sayangnya, tidak semua prinsip desain diperhatikan dalam proses perancangan desain, contohnya bagi individu dengan disabilitas, terutama penyandang buta warna. Pemilihan warna dari wayfinding design sering kali tidak memperhatikan penyandang buta warna sehingga informasi yang disampaikan kepada mereka tidak dimengerti dan direspon dengan baik. Sebuah cara bagaimana penyandang buta warna dengan keterbatasan yang dimilikinya dapat memperoleh informasi yang tepat perlu diperhatikan dan dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan dalam perancangan elemen wayfinding. Skripsi ini membahas tentang peranan elemen wayfinding design, serta perlunya mempertimbangkan keberadaan penyandang buta warna dalam proses perancangan wayfinding design.

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ABSTRACTThe appropriate delivery of information becomes important in a proper functioning of spatial navigation system. However, not all design principles are taken into consideration in the process of making the design, for instance individuals with disabilities, especially people with color vision deficiency. The color selection of wayfinding design often does not concern individuals with color vision deficiency so the information presented to them is not well understood and responded. A method of how individuals with color blindness can get the right information despite their limitations is highly needed and should be taken into consideration in the design of wayfinding elements. This thesis discusses the role of wayfinding design elements, and the need to consider the existence of individuals with color vision deficiency in the process of designing wayfinding design. This thesis discusses the role of wayfinding design elements, as well as the need to consider the existence of color vision deficiency in the process of designing wayfinding design."

"Metode daltonization merupakan salah satu metode image enhancement yang dapat membantu persepsi citra bagi orang-orang yang memiliki buta warna merah. Proses daltonization adalah sebuah proses untuk mengubah warna pada citra menjadi warna yang dapat dibedakan oleh orang-orang yang memiliki buta warna. Pada penelitian ini algoritma daltonization diaplikasikan terhadap berbagai kategori citra berwarna, yaitu Ishihara Test, objek sehari-hari, dan permainan komputer. Pada penelitian ini, kami mengimplementasikan optimisasi pada algoritma daltonization dan membandingkan hasilnya dengan algoritma sebelum dioptimisasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan berdasarkan dari nilai ∆E color difference algoritma hasil modifikasi berhasil dalam membuat perbedaan warna pada citra bagi orang-orang yang memiliki buta warna merah dibandingkan algoritma awal. Selain itu, berdasarkan nilai Mean Opinion Score (MOS) dengan skala Absolute Category Rating (ACR) performa dari algoritma-algoritma ini terbagi dua. Algoritma daltonization hasil modifikasi meraih nilai lebih tinggi untuk responden yang memiliki buta warna merah total atau Protanopia. Untuk responden yang memiliki buta warna merah parsial atau Protanomali, algoritma daltonization yang telah dioptimisasi masih menemui kendala dalam meningkatkan kualitas citra objek sehari-hari dan permainan komputer, namun sudah berhasil membantu mereka dalam membedakan citra Ishihara Test.......Daltonization is one methods that is helpful in aiding color image perception for people with red color vision deficiency (CVD). Daltonization is a process to change colors in an image to colors that can be differentiated by people with CVD. In this study, a previously proposed daltonization algorithm was applied to various types of images, i.e., Ishihara Test, daily life objects, and game screenshots. The daltonization algorithm was then optimized and its results were compared to the daltonization algorithm before being optimized. The results showed that based on ∆E color difference, the optimized daltonization algorithm was successful in increasing the color differences to a notable difference for people with red CVD compared to its initial version. Furthermore, the results by Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and Absolute Category Rating (ACR) scale showed that the optimized daltonization algorithm obtained a higher score, meaning it was preferred by respondents with full red CVD or Protanopia. For respondents with partial red CVD or Protanomaly, the optimized algorithm met difficulties in enhancing the daily life objects and game screenshots images, but was effective in helping them to differentiate colors in Ishihara Test images."

"The third edition of the remarkable Handbook of Visual Display Technology offers readers a comprehensive overview of the science and technology of visual displays and the economic and human interface factors associated with the displays industry. Unique in the displays field, the Handbook serves as a single reference source with expert contributions from over 150 international display professionals and academic researchers.The Handbook contains extensive coverage of established and emerging display technologies, with discussion of physical principles, materials science and processing, device technologies and particular areas of application. The wide-ranging content also encompasses the fundamental science of light and vision, image acquisition and manipulation, display materials and processing techniques, TFTs, display driving and metrology. Prominence is given to liquid crystal displays, with later chapters devoted to emerging technologies including flexible displays, electrophoretic, electrowetting and electrofluidic displays and MEMS-based displays. Other sections consider 3D display solutions, projection systems and head-worn displays.Updated and extended throughout, the third edition has been extensively reorganized and expanded with new material on micro-LEDS and OLEDs, inorganic semiconductor TFT technology, foldable displays, other emerging display technologies, augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality, and market considerations. “...no engineering or science library can be without this book. It will be an asset for all companies engaged in display and display-related business.” – extract from the Foreword of the 1st Edition by Dr M Anandan, President, Society for Information Display. "