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"The research were aimed to evaluate of used cooking oil (UCO) and fresh oil (FCO) in the layer diets on fisical and cholesterol content of egg."

"Ketengikan yang terjadi pada minyak goreng disebabkan oleh senyawa-senyawa berantai pendek yang merupakan produk dari proses oksidasi yang terjadi pada ikatan rangkap yang terdapat pada minyak goreng tersebut Proses oksidasi ini disebut juga "oxidative rancidity" Proses oksidasi ini berlangsung melalui suatu mekanisme radikal bebas yang membutuhkan suatu inisiator yang berupa energi seperti panas dan cahaya Proses oksidasi ini dipercepat dengan adanya prooksidan, seperti misalnya logam-logam runutan Cu,Fe,Co,N1 Proses oksidasi ini tak dapat dicegah, hanya dapat diperlambat antara lain dengan penambahan antioksidan."

"ABSTRAKOmega-3, omega-6, dan omega-9 adalah jenis asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang. Senyawa ini banyak dibutuhkan untuk mencegah terjadinya kolesterol pada tubuh manusia. Analisis dengan kromatografi gas secara langsung akan membutuhkan waktu analisis yang lama karena titik didih asam lemak yang sangat tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan derivatisasi sebelum dianalisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar memperoleh metode yang valid untuk selanjutnya digunakan pada menetapkan kadar omega-3, omega-6, dan omega-9 dalam produk minyak goreng. Derivatisasi dilakukan dengan metode esterifikasi Lepage menggunakan reagen metanol-toluen 4:1(v/v) dan katalis asetil klorida. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi gas dengan kolom CBP-10 (60m x 0,32mm), suhu kolom terprogram 200-230ºC, kenaikan 2ºC/menit, dipertahankan selama 20 menit. Suhu injektor dan suhu detektor masing-masing 230 dan 250oC; laju alir gas helium 1,40 ml/menit, volume penyuntikan 1,0 µl, dan dideteksi dengan detektor ionisasi nyala. Diperoleh waktu retensi omega-3 16,445 menit, omega-6 15,922 menit, dan omega-9 15,820 menit. Uji presisi menunjukkan hasil yang baik dengan kv omega-3, omega-6 dan omega-9 berturut-turut sebesar 1,1022%, 1,22%, dan 0,547%. Uji perolehan kembali berturut-turut sebesar 98,60%, 99,12%, dan 98,83%. Hasil uji sampel A, B, dan C diperoleh berturut-turut omega-9 sebesar 99,82%, 99,29%, 84,05% dan menunjukkan tidak adanya omega-3 dan omega-6.

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ABSTRAKOmega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 are unsaturated long chain fatty acids. These compounds are needed to prevent the occurrence of cholesterol in the human body. Analysis by gas chromatography directly would require long analysis times because the boiling point of fatty acids is very high so we need a derivatization before analysis. This study aims to obtain a valid method for subsequent use on set levels of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 in the edible oil products. Derivatization performed by Lepage esterification method using the reagent methanol-toluene 4:1 (v/v) and acetyl chloride as catalyst. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography with CBP-10 column (60m x 0.32mm), temperature programmed column 200-230ºC, increase of 2°C/min, and maintained for 20 minutes. The temperature of the injector and detector temperature respectively 230 and 250oC; helium gas flow rate of 1.40 mL/min, the injection volume of 1.0 µL, and detected with a flame ionization detector. Retrieved retention time of 16.445 minutes omega-3, omega-6 15.922 minutes, and omega-9 15.820 minutes. Precision test showed good results with kv omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9, respectively for 1.1022%, 1.22% and 0.547%. Test recoveries respectively for 98.60%, 99.12% and 98.83%. The test results of samples A, B, and C obtained successively omega-9 amounted to 99.82%, 99.29%, 84.05% and shows no signs of omega-3 and omega-6."

"Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis nanokomposit nanoselulosa–SO3H/CaO–La2O3 yang diaplikasikan sebagai katalis bifungsional untuk reaksi transesterifikasi waste cooking oil (WCO) menjadi biodiesel. Sintesis katalis menunjukkan keberhasilan yang didukung dengan karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM dan TGA. Presentase produk  optimum sebesar 84,13% diperoleh menggunakan katalis nanokomposit nanoselulosa–SO3H/CaO–La2O3 dengan rasio molar CaO terhadap La2O3 5:1, rasio massa nanoselulosa–SO3H terhadap CaO–La2O3 2:1 dengan jumlah katalis yang digunakan 3%, waktu reaksi 120 menit, dan rasio molar iopolym : minyak sebesar 9:1. Kandungan asam lemak biodiesel hasil sintesis dianalisa menggunakan GC-MS, yang dan produk utamanya adalah senyawa iopo oleat dan iopo palmitat. Sifat fisik biodiesel hasil sintesis sesuai dengan standar SNI dan ASTM, dengan massa jenis (40 oC) 0,8706 g/mL, Asam lemak bebas (FFA) 0,381%, dan bilangan asam 0,757 mg KOH/g. Studi kinetika menunjukkan bahwa reaksi transesterifikasi WCO menjadi biodiesel menggunakan katalis nanoselulosa–SO3H/CaO–La2O<3 mengikuti pseudoorde-pertama, dengan konstanta laju reaksi 0.017 menit–1<

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H/CaO–La2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized as bifunctional catalysts for the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The catalyst synthesis showed success which was supported by the characterization of FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM and TGA. The optimum biodiesel yield of 84.13% was obtained using a nanocellulose–SO3H/CaO–La2O3 nanocomposite catalyst with a molar ratio of CaO to La2O3, 5:1, a mass ratio of nanocellulose–SO3H to CaO–La2O3 (2:1) with a catalyst amount of 3% , a reaction time of 120 minutes, and a molar ratio of methanol: oil, 9:1. The fatty acid content of the synthesized biodiesel was analyzed using GC-MS, which showed that the main product are methyl oleate and methyl palmitate compounds. The physical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were in accordance with the SNI and ASTM standards, with a density (40oC) 0.8706 g/mL, free fatty acids (FFA) 0.381%, and acid number of 0.757 mg KOH/g. The kinetics study showed that the transesterification reaction of WCO into biodiesel using a nanocellulose– SO3H/CaO–La2O3 catalyst followed a pseudo-first order, with a reaction rate constant of 0.017 min1."

"Saat ini pengembangan katalis heterogen mengarah pada pembentukan katalis yang memiliki sisi aktif asam-basa (katalis bifungsional). Pada penelitian ini, nanokomposit nanoselulosa sulfonat/SrO-ZrO2 disintesis menggunakan metode solid dispersion yang didesain sebagai katalis bifungsional yang ramah lingkungan untuk reaksi pembentukan biodiesel dengan limbah minyak goreng sebagai bahan baku. Keberhasilan sintesis didukung oleh hasil karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, dan TGA. Penggabungan nanoselulosa sulfonat dengan komposit SrO-ZrO2 meningkatkan luas permukaan nanokomposit menjadi 43,298 m2/g. Katalis nanoselulosa sulfonat/SrO-ZrO2 dengan rasio massa 2:1 menghasilkan yield biodiesel terbaik. Kondisi reaksi optimum untuk produksi biodiesel menggunakan katalis nanoselulosa sulfonat/SrO-ZrO2 diperoleh pada jumlah katalis 3%, rasio molar metanol:minyak sebesar 12:1, waktu reaksi selama 150 menit, dan suhu 60℃ yang menghasilkan yield biodiesel sebesar 86%. Analisis GC-MS biodiesel menunjukkan adanya kandungan hexadecanoic acid methyl ester dan cis-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Kinetika reaksi biodiesel mengikuti hukum laju pseudo-first order dengan hukum laju reaksi v=k[TGA] dan konstanta laju reaksi k=0,0128cm-1.

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The development of heterogeneous catalysts is currently leading to the formation of catalysts that have an acid-base active site (bifunctional catalysts). In this research, synthesized nanocellulose sulfonate/SrO-ZrO2 nanocomposite using solid dispersion method which is designed as an environmentally friendly bifunctional catalyst for the reaction of biodiesel formation with used cooking oil as raw material. The results of the characterization of FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, and TGA supported the success of the synthesis. The incorporation of nanocellulose sulfonate with the SrO-ZrO2 composite increased the surface area of the nanocomposite to 43,298 m2/g. Nanocellulose sulfonate/SrO-ZrO2 catalyst with a mass ratio of 2:1 resulted in the best biodiesel yield. The optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel production using nanocellulose sulfonate/SrO-ZrO2 catalyst were obtained at the amount of 3% catalyst, methanol:oil molar ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 150 minutes, and temperature of 60℃ which resulted in biodiesel yield of 86%. GC-MS analysis of biodiesel shows the presence of hexadecanoic acid methyl esters and cis-13-octadecanoic acid methyl esters. The reaction kinetics of biodiesel follows a pseudo-first-order rate law with the rate law of the reaction v=k[TGA] and the reaction rate constant k=0.0128cm-1."

"The use of waste cooking oil (WCO) as feedstock and in microwave heating technology helps to reduce the cost of biodiesel. In this study, a continuous flow transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) by microwave irradiation for biodiesel production using calcium oxide (CaO) as aheterogeneous catalyst, calcined from cockle shells, is used. The catalyst was packed inside a plastic perforated container mounted on a stirrer shaft and inserted inside the reactor. The thermocouple inside the reactor was connected to a temperature controller and microwave power input to maintain the temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the relationships between power input, stirrer speed and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on the WCO methyl ester (WCOME) conversion at a fixed molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9 and a reaction temperature set at 65oC. The experiments were developed using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) for optimum conditions. The transesterification of the WCO was produced at 72.5% maximum WCOME conversion at an optimum power input of 445 W, stirrer speed of 380 rpm and LHSV of 71.5 h-1 . The energy consumption in a steady state condition was 0.594 kWh for the production of 1 litre WCOME, for this heterogeneous catalyst is much faster than conventional heating."

"Thermal decomposition of fish bones to obtain calcium oxide (CaO) was conducted at various temperatures of 400, 500, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The calcium oxide was then characterized using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR spectrophotometer, and SEM analysis. The calcium oxide obtained from the decomposition at 1000 °C was then used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Diffraction pattern of the calcium oxide produced from decomposition at 1000 °C showed a pattern similar to that of the calcium oxide produced by the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCDPS). The diffractions of 2q values at 1000 °C were 32.2, 37.3, 53.8, 64.1, and 67.3 deg.

The FTIR spectrum of calcium oxide decomposed at 1000 °C has a specific vibration at wave-length 362 cm-1, which is similar to the specific vibration of Ca-O. SEM analysis of the calcium oxide indicated that the calcium oxide's morphology shows a smaller size and a more homogeneous structure, compared to those of fish bones. The use of calcium oxide as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil resulted in iod number of 15.23 g/100 g KOH, density of 0.88 g/cm3, viscosity of 6.00 cSt, and fatty acid value of 0.56 mg/KOH. These characteristic values meet the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel."

"ABSTRACTOmega-3, omega-6, dan omega-9 adalah jenis asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang. Senyawa ini banyak dibutuhkan untuk mencegah terjadinya kolesterol pada tubuh manusia. Analisis dengan kromatografi gas secara langsung akan membutuhkan waktu analisis yang lama karena titik didih asam lemak yang sangat tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan derivatisasi sebelum dianalisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar memperoleh metode yang valid untuk selanjutnya digunakan pada menetapkan kadar omega-3, omega-6, dan omega-9 dalam produk minyak goreng. Derivatisasi dilakukan dengan metode esterifikasi Lepage menggunakan reagen metanol-toluen 4:1 v/v dan katalis asetil klorida. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi gas dengan kolom CBP-10 60m x 0,32mm , suhu kolom terprogram 200-230 C, kenaikan 2 C/menit, dipertahankan selama 20 menit. Suhu injektor dan suhu detektor masing-masing 230 dan 250oC; laju alir gas helium 1,40 ml/menit, volume penyuntikan 1,0 l, dan dideteksi dengan detektor ionisasi nyala. Diperoleh waktu retensi omega-3 16,445 menit, omega-6 15,922 menit, dan omega-9 15,820 menit. Uji presisi menunjukkan hasil yang baik dengan kv omega-3, omega-6 dan omega-9 berturut-turut sebesar 1,1022 , 1,22 , dan 0,547 . Uji perolehan kembali berturut-turut sebesar 98,60 , 99,12 , dan 98,83 . Hasil uji sampel A, B, dan C diperoleh berturut-turut omega-9 sebesar 99,82 , 99,29 , 84,05 dan menunjukkan tidak adanya omega-3 dan omega-6.Kata kunci : omega-3, omega-6, omega-9, kromatografi gas, minyak goreng.

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ABSTRACTOmega 3, omega 6 and omega 9 are unsaturated long chain fatty acids. These compounds are needed to prevent the occurrence of cholesterol in the human body. Analysis by gas chromatography directly would require long analysis times because the boiling point of fatty acids is very high so we need a derivatization before analysis. This study aims to obtain a valid method for subsequent use on set levels of omega 3, omega 6 and omega 9 in the edible oil products. Derivatization performed by Lepage esterification method using the reagent methanol toluene 4 1 v v and acetyl chloride as catalyst. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography with CBP 10 column 60m x 0.32mm , temperature programmed column 200 230 C, increase of 2 C min, and maintained for 20 minutes. The temperature of the injector and detector temperature respectively 230 and 250oC helium gas flow rate of 1.40 mL min, the injection volume of 1.0 L, and detected with a flame ionization detector. Retrieved retention time of 16.445 minutes omega 3, omega 6 15.922 minutes, and omega 9 15.820 minutes. Precision test showed good results with kv omega 3, omega 6 and omega 9, respectively for 1.1022 , 1.22 and 0.547 . Test recoveries respectively for 98.60 , 99.12 and 98.83 . The test results of samples A, B, and C obtained successively omega 9 amounted to 99.82 , 99.29 , 84.05 and shows no signs of omega 3 and omega 6. Keyword omega 3, omega 6, omega 9, gas chromatography, cooking oil."

"Abstract. The subsidy program of cooking oil for underprivileged households in Depok Municipality consistsof two liters cooking oil per each underprivileged household with subsidy value of IDR 2.500 per liter. Thisresearch is qualitative, descriptive, and interpretive. The purpose of this research is to describe the problemswhich emerged in the implementation stage of cooking oil subsidy program in Depok Municipality. The resultof this research shows that Depok Municipality encountered disparity problem of subsidy allocation with theamount of underprivileged household targets. Moreover, the other problems included technical and managerialaspects which were faced by local government in Depok Municipality. These problems also influenced theeffectiveness of the program implementation. "

"ABSTRAKGreen diesel merupakan bahan bakar nabati generasi kedua yang memiliki potensi untuk menjawab kebutuhan energi baik dalam negeri maupun dunia. Proses yang digunakan untuk memproduksi green diesel adalah hidrolisis sebagai pre-treatment dan hidrodeoksigenasi menggunakan katalis NiMo/Al2O3. Hidrolisis akan mengubah trigliserida pada bahan baku, yaitu minyak jelantah menjadi free fatty acid FFA yang selanjutnya dikonversi menjadi green diesel melalui hidrodeoksigenasi. Hidrolisis minyak jelantah dilakukan pada suhu 200oC dan tekanan 16 bar dengan rasio volume air dan minyak sebesar 1:1. Waktu reaksi divariasikan dari 1 hingga 3 jam. Kondisi operasi optimum hidrolisis, yaitu pada waktu 3 jam mampu menghasilkan FFA sebanyak 73,89 . Untuk proses hidrodeoksigenasi dilakukan variasi kondisi operasi, yaitu pada suhu 375oC dan tekanan 12 bar yang dapat menghasilkan green diesel dengan konversi 80,24 , selektivitas 53,37 , dan yield 19,26 , serta pada suhu 400oC dan 15 bar yang dapat menghasilkan green diesel dengan konversi 82,15 selektivitas 69,58 , dan yield 68,87 .

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ABSTRACTGreen diesel is a second generation of biofuel that has a potential to answer the energy needs either in Indonesia or in the world. The process used to produce green diesel are hydrolysis as a pre treatment and hydrodeoxygenation by using NiMo Al2O3 catalyst. Hydrolysis will change the triglycerides in the raw material, which is waste cooking oil into free fatty acid FFA and then converted into green diesel through hydrodeoxygenation. Hydrolysis of waste cooking oil carried out at temperature of 200oC and pressure of 16 with water and oil volume ratio of 1 1. Time is varied from 1 to 3 hours. The optimum condition of hydrolysis, which is at 3 hours can produce FFA as much as 73.89 . For hydrodeoxygenation, variations in operating condition used are 375oC with pressure of 12 bar that can produce green diesel with conversion of 80.24 , selectivity of 53.37 , and yield of 19.26 , also 400oC with pressure of 15 bar that can produce green diesel with conversion of 82.15 , selectivity of 69.58 , and yield of 68.87 . "