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"Makalah ini membahas gagasan-gagasan Nurcholis Madjid dan Abdurrahman Wahid tentang hubungan antara Islam dan negara dan antara Islam dan bangsa dan implikasinya pada konsep tentang identitas Muslim di Indonesia. Madjid berpendapat bahwa umat Islam pernah berhasil mengembangkan masyarakat yang demokratis pada masa Madinah dan Andalusia di masa lampau. Dia mengajak umat Islam Indonesia untuk menggunakan keberhasilan ini sebagai model untuk membangun demokrasi di Indonesia sekarang. Sementara itu, Wahid menelusuri sejarah Indonesia untuk mencari model tersebut dan mencoba menerapkannya pada situasi Indonesia sekarang. Implikasi dari dua orientasi yang berbeda ini adalah bahwa model Madjid mengesankan identitas Muslim yang lebih menekankan keislaman dan model Wahid mengesankan identitas yang lebih menekankan keindonesiaan."

"Tesis ini membahas kajian terhadap fenomena asimilasi dan akulturasi kebudayaan diaspora Maroko di Belanda. Diaspora Maroko di Belanda merupakan kaum imigran yang telah bermigrasi ke Belanda sejak periode 1940 hingga 1960 tepatnya pasca Perang Dunia II mampu memberikan pengaruh besar di Belanda, terutama dalam bidang politik dan kebudayaan yang multikultural. Kebijakan Integrasi dan Partisipasi kaum imigran Maroko di Belanda merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi fenomena asimilasi dan akulturasi budaya, sehingga erat kaitannya dengan perkembangan politik identitas dan politik kebudayaan, khususnya tercermin melalui pemberitaan di penulisan teks populer, penulisan karya sastra dan film. Motif berupa harapan mendapatkan pekerjaan lebih mudah demi meraih kehidupan yang lebih baik dan menghindari konflik yang sifatnya mengancam stabilitas negara asal mereka merupakan penyebab yang memicu kehadiran imigran Maroko di benua Eropa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif yang menggunakan studi pustaka, literatur ilmiah, teks sastra, hasil wawancara, dokumentasi, dan observasi yang dibatasi dari masa setelah Perang Dunia hingga saat ini yang berkenaan adanya kebijakan di Belanda terkait migrasi sebagai teknik pemerolehan data.

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This thesis is a study of the phenomenon of assimilation and acculturation of Moroccan diaspora culture in The Netherlands. The Moroccan Diaspora in The Netherlands are immigrants who had migrated to The Netherlands from 1940s to the 1960s precisely after World War II, which were able to exert a great influence in The Netherlands, especially in the field of multicultural politics and culture. The Policy of Integration and Participation of Moroccan immigrants in The Netherlands is a factor influencing phenomenon of cultural assimilation and acculturation, so that it is closely related to the development of identity politics and cultural politics, particularly reflected through reporting in popular text writing, literary and film writing. The motive in form of the hope to getting job easier to achieve a better life and avoid conflicts that are threatening the stability of their home countries is a cause that triggers the presence of Moroccan immigrants on the European continent. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative method that uses scientific literature, literary text, interviews, documentation, and observations that are restricted from the period after World War to the present which are related to the policies in The Netherlands regarding migration as a data collection technique."

"Most Americans believe that the Ohio River was a clearly defined and static demographic and political boundary between freedom and slavery, indeed between North and South, an extension of the Mason-Dixon Line and a border that produced the war. None of this is true, except perhaps the outcome of war. But the centrality of the Civil War and its outcome in the making of these tropes is undeniable. This interpretation leaves no room for the third of the nations major nineteenth-century regions: the West. Ironically, the wars central figure, Abraham Lincoln, was a lifelong resident of this regions middle border-the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri and of the free states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas-lying astride not one but two fault lines of that war, east and west and north and south. The Rivers Ran Backward contests the assumption that regional identities throughout these states were stable in the era of the civil war. Across the middle border, the war left an indelible imprint on the way in which residents thought of themselves and other Americans, proving as much a shaper as a product of regional identities. The book explains how the Civil War and its aftermath transformed a regional political culture into the cultural politics of region, creating perhaps the wars greatest irony: that the victorious North created a larger, more enduring South than the defeated Confederacy could accomplish for itself, and that former western neighbors created a border between them after the fact."