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"Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus merupakan dua bakteri umum penyebab penyakit infeksi di masyarakat. Pencarian senyawa dari tanaman sebagai antibakteri banyak dilakukan karena meningkatnya kasus resistensi antibiotik. Diospyros nigra atau buah kesemek hitam mengandung senyawa fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid yang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Pada buah tua D. nigra terjadi penurunan kadar fenol dan peningkatan kadar karotenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa fitokimia; kadar fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid total; aktivitas antibakteri terhadap ekstrak etanol 70% buah muda dan tua D. nigra yang diekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) dan Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi, buah D. nigra mengandung fenol, tanin, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, antrakuinon, dan glikosida. Penetapan kadar fenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 24,22 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 21,79 mgEAG/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 19,83 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 18,36 mgEAG/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 6,85 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 5,73 mgEK/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 2,65 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 1,84 mgEK/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar karotenoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode fraksinasi dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 45,59 mg/g (MAE) dan 43,67 mg/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 55,71 mg/g (MAE) dan 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri paling potensial dihasilkan oleh ekstrak buah tua D. nigra metode MAE pada konsentrasi 16 mg/mL dengan persentase penghambatan pada P. aeruginosa sebesar 94% dan S. aureus sebesar 86,11%.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common bacteria that cause infectious diseases in the community. The search for compounds from plants as antibacterials is widely conducted due to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance. Diospyros nigra (black persimmon fruit) contains phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid compounds which have been shown to have antibacterial activity. In ripe D. nigra fruit there is a decrease in phenol compounds and an increase in carotenoids levels. This study aims to determine the phytochemical compounds; total phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid content; as well as the antibacterial activity of the 70% ethanol extract of unripe and ripe D. nigra fruit using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods. Based on the identification, D. nigra fruit contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides. Determination of total phenol content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with results in unripe fruit is 24,22 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 21,79 mgGAE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 19,83 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 18,36 mgGAE/g (UAE). Determination of total flavonoid content was carried out using the colorimetric AlCl3 method with results in unripe fruit is 6,85 mgQE/g (MAE) and 5.73 mgQE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 2,65 mgQE/g (MAE) and 1,84 mgQE/g (UAE). Determination of total carotenoid content was carried out using the fractionation method with results in unripe fruit 45,59 mg/g (MAE) and 43,67 mg/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 55,71 mg/g (MAE) and 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the microdilution method. The results showed that the most potential antibacterial activity was produced by ripe D. nigra fruit extract using the MAE method at a concentration of 16 mg/mL with an inhibition percentage of 94% for P. aeruginosa and 86,11% for S. aureus."

"Menurut Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa memiliki tingkat resistensi dan mortalitas yang tinggi, sehingga terapi barunya perlu segera dikembangkan. Diospyros nigra mengandung senyawa fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid yang telah terbukti menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengekstraksi buah muda dan tua D. nigra dengan pelarut etanol 70% menggunakan metode konvensional, yaitu maserasi dan refluks kemudian melakukan identifikasi senyawa fitokimia serta menguji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak yang didapatkan terhadap P. aeruginosa dan S. aureus. Ekstraksi buah muda memberikan rendemen sebesar 40,5% dan 51,5% untuk metode maserasi dan refluks secara berturut turut. Sedangkan pada buah tua memberikan rendemen sebesar 8,11% dan 16,33% untuk metode maserasi dan refluks secara berturut turut. Hasil penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan adanya kandungan tannin, fenol, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, antrakuinon, dan glikosida. Hasil penetapan kadar fenol total menunjukkan ekstrak buah muda D. nigra metode refluks memberikan nilai paling besar yaitu 23.5193±0,181 mgEAG/ gr Ekstrak. Penetapan kadar flavonoid menunjukkan buah muda D. nigra yang diekstraksi menggunakan metode refluks memberikan nilai paling tinggi, yaitu 6.6987±0,133 mgEK/ gr Ekstrak. Pada penetapan kadar karotenoid total, buah tua D. nigra metode maserasi memberikan kadar paling tinggi yaitu 48.2129±0,583 mg/gr Ekstrak. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap bakteri patogen Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan didapatkan sampel dengan aktivitas terbaik yaitu buah tua denga metode maserasi yang memberikan nilai persen inhibisi sebesar 83,77% terhadap bakteri uji S. aureus dan 60,37% terhadap bakteri uji P. aeruginosa. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% buah D. nigra memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.

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Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are pathogenic bacterial whose therapy need to be developed due to its high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rate, and high burden to community and/or healthcare. Diospyros nigra contain phenolic compound, flavonoids, and carotenoids that has been proven to have antibacterial activity. This research is conducted to extract unripe and ripe fruit of D. nigra with ethanol 70% as the solvent using conventional method that is maceration and reflux, doing phytochemical screening, and testing the antibacterial activity of the extract obtained against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The yield of unripe fruit extraction is 40,5% and 51,5% for maceration and reflux, meanwhile the yield of the ripe fruit extraction is 8,11% and 16,33% for maceration and reflux. Phytochemical screening’s result shows that the extract contain tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, anthraquinone, and glycoside. The determination of total phenolic compound shows that ripe fruit extracted using reflux gives the highest yield, that is 23,5193 mgGAE/ gr extract. The determination of flavonoid also shows that unripe fruit extracted using reflux gives the highest yield, 6,6987 mgQE/gr extract. In the determination of total carotenoid compound, ripe fruit extracted using reflux gives the highest yield, that is 48,2129 mg/ gr extract. The antibacterial activity test of the extract are conducted upon pathogenic bacteria that is Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and the obtained results shows that ripe fruit extracted using maceration gives the highest inhibition rate up to 83,77% against S. aureus and up to 60,37% against P. aeruginosa. It is concluded that the extract of D. nigra fruit has an antibacterial activity."