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"Latar Belakang: Invasi mikroorganisme kedalam pulpa dan tubuli dentin merupakan penyebab infeksi saluran akar. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan dalam infeksi primer, sekunder maupun persisten, memiliki kemampuan membentuk biofilm dan dapat bertahan hidup dalam kondisi yang ekstrim tanpa nutrisi sehingga bakteri ini sangat sulit dieliminasi. Preparasi kemomekanis tidak cukup untuk menghilangkan infeksi. Diperlukan suatu bahan irigasi untuk membantu menghilangkan  bakteri sehingga menyempurnakan preparasi saluran akar. Bahan irigasi herbal diperlukan sebagai alternatif pengganti bahan irigasi kimia untuk meminimalisir efek toksik dan resisten, namun tetap memiliki efek antibakteri yang setara dengan bahan irigasi kimia.Tujuan: Menganalisa efek antibakteri larutan ektrak kayu secang terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis.Metode: Biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan untuk dipaparkan dengan bahan uji ekstrak kayu secang dengan konsentrasi 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml dan CHX 2% kemudian diuji dengan metode hitung koloni dan MTT assay.Hasil: Didapatkan hasil dari kedua uji yang dilakukan bahwa konsentrasi optimum yang memiliki efek antibakteri setara dengan CHX 2% adalah konsentrasi 625 µg/ml. Kesimpulan: Larutan ekstrak kayu secang memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis yang setara dengan CHX 2%.

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Background: Microorganism invasion to the pulp and dentinal tubules is the cause of root canal infection. Enterococcus faecalis  commonly found in primary, secondary and persitent infection because it has ability to form biofilms and can survive in extreme conditions without nutrition, so these bacteria are very difficult to obliterate. Chemomechanical preparation not enough to eliminate infection. Materials needed to eliminate bacteria. Herbal irrigation required as an alternative chemical materials  to minimize toxicity and resistant effect, but still have an antibacterial effect comparable to chemical irrigation materials.

Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effects of secang heartwood againts E. faecalis biofilm clinical isolates.

Methods: em>E. faecalis biofilms were clinically suitable isolates into six treatment groups to be presented with secang heartwood extract test materials with a concentration of 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml and CHX 2% then examined by the colony forming unit and MTT assay methods.

Results: Obtained results from both test carried out that the optimum concentration which has an antibacterial effect along with 2% CHX is concentration of 625 µg/ml.

Conclusion: Secang wood extract solution has an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis bioflim clinical isolates that are comparable to CHX 2%."

"Latar belakang : E.faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mendominasi pada infeksi saluran akar persisten yang memiliki virulensi 1000 kali lebih kuat dalam bentuk biofilm dibandingkan planktonik. Penggunaan larutan irigasi herbal dipertimbangkan dengan tujuan meminimalkan efek samping namun memiliki efektivitas yang sama dibandingkan larutan irigasi kimia. Tujuan : Untuk menganalisis kemampuan kayu secang dalam mengeliminasi biofilm E.faecalis. Metode : Biofilm E.faecalis dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yaitu kelompok kayu secang konsentrasi 625 g/ml, 1.250 g/ml, 2.500 g/ml, 5.000 g/ml, CHX 2 dan kelompok biofilm tanpa perlakuan. Hasil : Ditemui bahwa nilai rerata koloni biofilm diantara empat konsentrasi yang diuji, konsentrasi 625 g/ml memiliki efektivitas antibakteri yang sama dengan CHX , sedangkan efektivitas antibakteri konsentrasi 5.000 g/ml merupakan yang terendah dibandingkan CHX 2 . Kesimpulan : Kayu secang mempunyai efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dan efektivitasnya sama dengan CHX 2 .Kata kunci : E. faecalis; biofilm; kayu secang.

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Background E.faecalis is the dominant bacteria in persistent root canal infections that have 1000 times stronger virulence in biofilms than planktonic. The use of herbal irrigation solutions is considered with the aim of minimizing side effects but having the same effectiveness as compared to chemical irrigation solutions. Objective To analyze the ability of secang heartwood in eliminating E.faecalis biofilm. Methods Biofilm E.faecalis divided into six groups, in secang heartwood concentration groups of 625 g ml, 1.250 g ml, 2.500 g ml, 5.000 g ml, CHX 2 and biofilm group without treatment. Results It was found that the mean value of the biofilm colony among the four concentrations, the concentration of 625 g ml had the same antibacterial effectiveness as CHX , while the antibacterial effectiveness of 5.000 g ml concentration was the lowest compared to CHX 2 . Conclusion Secang heartwood has antibacterial effect on E.faecalis biofilm and its effectiveness is equal to CHX 2 .Keywords Enterococcus faecalis biofilm secang heartwood "

"Latar Belakang : E. faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kelainan periapeks. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbandingan daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dari isolat klinis. Metode : Menilai kekeruhan larutan biofilm E. faecalis pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan ELISA reader. Hasil : Terdapat daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan klorheksidin 2% (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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ackground : E. faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is often found in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To compare the effectivity of lemon peel extract and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method : Score the turbidity of E. faecalis biofilm after immersion in antibacterial agent, with ELISA reader. Result : Lemon peel extract has antibacterial effectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to 2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of lemon peel extract against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. "

"Latar Belakang: E. faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sulit dieliminasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Klorheksidin 2 merupakan bahan irigasi yang sudah terbukti efektif dalam mengeliminasi E. faecalis, namun memiliki toksisitas terhadap sel-sel yang sehat. Ekstrak jintan putih Cuminum cyminum memiliki potensi efektivitas antibakteri. Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang meneliti efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dari isolat klinis. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih konsentrasi 0,2 mg/ml, 0,5 mg/ml, 0,7 mg/ml, 1,0 mg/ml, dan 1,2 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis. Metode: Menilai kekeruhan larutan biofilm E. faecalis pasca pemaparan bahan uji dengan ELISA reader, dengan hasil akhir berupa nilai optical density OD. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan efek antibakteri yang bermakna antara ekstrak jintan putih dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis p < 0,05. Kesimpulan: Efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih konsentrasi 1,0 mg/ml lebih baik dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis.

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Introduction: E. faecalis is a bacteria that is difficult to eliminate which can lead to failure of endodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine 2 is an endodontic irrigation material that has been proven to be effective against E. faecalis, but has toxicity to healthy cells. The extract of cumin Cuminum cyminum has the potential antibacterial activity. However, there have been no research investigating the antibacterial effect of Cuminum cyminum extract on E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates.

Aims: To compare antibacterial efficacy of Cuminum cyminum extract 0,2 mg ml, 0,5 mg ml, 0,7 mg ml, 1,0 mg ml, and 1,2 mg ml and 2 chlorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates.

Methods: Assessing the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersed in antibacterial agents with ELISA reader, with optical density OD as the final result.

Results: There were significant differences statistically between Cuminum cyminum extract and 2 chlorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates p 0.05.

Conclusion: Antibacterial effect of 1,0 mg ml Cuminum cyminum extract was more effective than 2 chorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar berpotensi menyebabkan ekstrusi debri nekrotik dan bakteri intrakanal yang dapat memicu respon inflamasi di periapeks. Teknik instrumentasi, desain file, dan teknik irigasi diketahui memengaruhi potensi terjadinya ekstrusi debri dan bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis dan membandingkan efek penggunaan single file rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal terhadap terjadinya ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis. Metode: Tiga puluh dua gigi premolar rahang bawah, akar tunggal dipilih secara acak dikontaminasi bakteri E.faecalis isolat klinis ke dalam saluran akar, lalu dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Saluran akar dipreparasi menggunakan single file gerakan rotasi kontinyu (One Curve), dan single file gerakan resiprokal (Reciproc Blue). Model Myers dan Montogomery digunakan untuk mengumpulkan ekstrusi debri dan bakteri. Jumlah ekstrusi debri diketahui dari selisih berat tabung debri sebelum dan setelah instrumentasi. Sementara ekstrusi E.faecalis diketahui dengan identifikasi koloni hijau-biru pada media chromagar selektif. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Mann Whitney dan komparatif kategorik. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah ekstrusi debri (p=0,513) dan persentase terjadinya ekstrusi E.faecalis (p=0,479) pada kelompok uji menggunakan single file rotasi kontinyu dengan resiprokal. Simpulan: Instrumen single file rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal, berpotensi menyebabkan ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis, namun tidak ditemui perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis di antara kedua gerakan tersebut.

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Background: Root canal preparation potentially cause extrusion of necrotic debris and intracanal bacteria which lead to inflammation in periapical tissue. The preparation technique, file design, and irrigation techniques influences the risk of debris and bacterial extrusion. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of rotating and reciprocating single file on debris and E.faecalis extrusion.Method: Thirty-two mandibular premolars, single roots randomly contaminated with E.faecalis bacterial isolates into the root canal, then divided into two groups. The root canals were prepared using rotating single file (One Curve) and reciprocating single file (Reciproc Blue). Myers and Montogomery models are used to collect debri and bacterial extrusions. The amount of debris extrusion is known from the difference of the debris tubes weight before and after instrumentation. While E.faecalis extrusion is known by identification of blue-green colonies on selective chromagar media. Non parametric test like Mann Whitney test and categorical comparative test were applied to determine the significant difference among the group. Results: There was no significant difference between debris extrusion (p = 0.513) and the percentage of E.faecalis extrusion (p = 0.479) among the group using rotating and reciprocating single file. Conclusions: In this study, both rotating and reciprocating single file system used resulted in some debris and E.faecalis extrusion, but there were no significant differences in the number of debris and E.faecalis extrusion between the instrumentation."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: E.faecalis merupakan bakteri saluran akar yang dapat bermigrasi ke jaringan periodonsium pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.Jumlahnya berperan terhadap keparahan penyakit karena sifat virulensinya. Tujuan: Menganalisis tipe strain dan jumlah E.faecalis di saluran akar dan poketlesi endo-perio kombinasi murni, lesi endo primer, dan lesi perio primer. Metode:16 sampel dari 3 kelompok, analisis strain dengan sequencing dan kuantifikasidengan Real Time PCR. Hasil: Terdapat persamaan strain E.faecali,s jumlahterbesar terdapat pada poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni. Tidak berbedabermakna antara saluran akar dan poket pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.Kesimpulan; terdapat strain yang sama dan jumlah E.faecalis sebanding antarasaluran akar dan poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.ABSTRACT Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part inthe severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze thestrain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of truecombined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontallesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzedby sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There weresimilarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets oftrue combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences betweenroot canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: Therewere similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canaland pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. "

"Latar Belakang: Enterococcus faecalis adalah bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada infeksi endodontik sekunder pada pasca perawatan saluran akar. Beberapa tanaman berkhasiat obat telah diteliti dan dikembangkan kearah obat herbal terstandar untuk digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran gigi sebagai antibakteri, salah satu diantaranya adalah kulit buah C. aurantifolia. Tujuan: Menetapkan potensi ekstrak etanol dan fraksi-fraksi kulit buah C. aurantifolia sebagai anti bakteri E. faecalis serta keamanannya. Metode: Kulit buah C. aurantifolia diekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol, lalu di fraksinasi dengan pelarut n-heksana, kloroform,etil asetat. Enterococcus faecalis isolat klinik dan ATCC 29212 digunakan sebagai bakteri uji. Identifikasi kelompok senyawa kimia berdasarkan uji fitokimia dan komponen kimia ekstrak etanol dan fraksi-fraksi kulit buah C. aurantifolia berdasarkan uji GC-MS. Selanjutnya daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. faecalis diuji berdasarkan zona hambat dengan metode difusi cakram. Bahan antibakteri kulit buah C. aueantifolia terbaik, di uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel fibroblas dan sel osteoblas menggunakan uji MTT. Uji pembentukan massa biofilm E. faecalis dengan metode crystal violet dan uji viabilitas E. faecalis pada massa biofilm dan kondisi planktonik dengan metode total plate count. Hasil penelitian: Kelompok senyawa kimia dan komponen kimia dari ekstrak etanol dan fraksi-fraksi kulit buah C. aurantifolia teridentifikasi. Ekstrak etanol kulit buah C. aurantifolia menunjukkan zona hambat, tidak toksik terhadap sel fibroblas dan osteoblas, menghambat pembentukan massa biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinik dan E. faecalis ATCC 29212 serta dapat menurunkan viabilitas E. faecalis pada massa biofilm dan kondisi planktonik. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol kulit buah C aurantifolia teridentifikasi berdasarkan kelompok senyawa kimia dan komponan kimianya serta memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri dan antibiofilm terhadap E. faecalis serta tidak menimbulkan efek toksik terhadap sel mamalia.

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Background: Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that commonly found in secondary infections of post-endodontic treatment. Several medicinal plants have been studied as standardized herbal medicines for dentistry as an antibacterial agent, such as C. aurantifolia peel fruit. Objectives: To determine the potency of ethanol extract and C. aurantifolia fruit peel fractions as an antibacterial for E. faecalis and its biological safety. Method: C. aurantifolia fruit peels were extracted with ethanol, then fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate. The E. faecalis used was clinical isolate and E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Identification component of chemical compounds based on phytochemical tests and chemical components of ethanol extract and fruit peel fractions of C. aurantifolia based on GC-MS test. The growth inhibition towards E. faecalis was tested by evaluating the inhibition zone using the disc diffusion test. The growth inhibition towards E. faecalis was tested by evaluating the inhibition zone using the disc diffusion test. The best antibacterial agent of C. aueantifolia fruit peel was tested for cytotoxicity against fibroblasts and osteoblasts using the MTT assay. Furthermore, biofilm mass formation of E. faecalis, bacterial viability in biofilm mass as well as planktonic conditioned were evaluated by a crystal violet staining and total plate count, respectively. Results: Active compounds and chemical components of ethanol extracts and C. aurantifolia peel fruit fractions were identified. The ethanol extract of C. aurantifolia peel fruit showed an anti bacterial in either E. faecalis strain tested and showed non-toxic to fibroblast and osteoblast cells. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of C. aurantifolia peel has a promising potential ability as an antibacterial against E. faecalis and is non-toxic to mammalian cells."

"Latar Belakang: Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri, khususnya E. faecalis di dalam saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan saluran akar karena bentuknya yang ireguler di sepertiga apikal. Jumlah kunjungan perawatan endodontik konvensional yang berulang juga masih di rasakan tidak praktis. Pemakaian laser terapi foto dinamik dan kalsium hidroksida dalam bentuk larutan adalah upaya menemukan teknik dan bahan untuk eliminasi tersebut. Mengetahui sifat-sifat spesifik bakteri berupa keragaman genotip dan karakter fenotip yaitu perilakunya terhadap perubahan lingkungan, diharapkan akan dapat menemuka tekanik dan medikamen terbaik untuk sterilisasi saluran akar. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan jumlah dan karakter genotip bakteri E. faecalis di saluran akar yang mengalami infeksi intra radikuler primer dan persisten serta menganalisis perubahan karakter fenotip pada kasus infeksi intra radikuler persisten setelah mendapat perlakuan dengan laser terapi foto dinamik dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Material dan Metode: Bakteri E. faecalis diisolasi dari saluran akar kemudian dilakukan penentuan tipe genotip cps nya. Perubahan karakter fenotip dilakukan dengan melihat sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida dengan di beri perlakuan menggunakan sinar laser foto dinamik terapi dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Hasil: Sensitivitas bakteri E. faecalis terhadap Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% yang diaplikasikan selama 60 detik pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten efektif dalam sterilisasi saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% dapat menyebabkan perubahan sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida pada genotip cps 1, 2 dan 5 bakteri E. Faecalis pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten.

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Background: Eliminating all bacteria, especially E. faecalis in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management due to its irregular shape at one third of apical area. The repeating endodontic visits also seem to be less practical. Utilization of photo dynamic laser and calcium hydroxide solution therapy is an attempt in finding the suitable technique and materials for eliminating this issue. Knowledge of specific characters of bacteria such as the various genotypes and the phenotype character, which is its behavior towards environmental changes, is expected to be helpful in finding the best technique and medicament for root canal sterilization.

Objective: Analyse the amount and genotypic characters difference of E. faecalis in the root canal affected with primary and persistent intra radicular infection and analyse phenotypic character changes in persistent intra radicular infections cases after application of photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy.

Material and Method: E. faecalis was isolated from the root canal and its cps genotype was determined. Phenotypic character changes were observed with sensitivity, protein profiling and polysaccharide capsule profiling after getting photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide 50% therapy.

Results: E. faecalis sensitivity towards photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide treatment for 60 seconds acquired from persistent intra radicular infection was effective in root canal sterilization.

Conclusion: Photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy can change the sensitivity, protein profile, and polysaccharide capsule profile of cps 1, 2 and 5 genotype E. faecalis in persistent intra radicular infection."