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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Invasi mikroorganisme kedalam pulpa dan tubuli dentin merupakan penyebab infeksi saluran akar. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan dalam infeksi primer, sekunder maupun persisten, memiliki kemampuan membentuk biofilm dan dapat bertahan hidup dalam kondisi yang ekstrim tanpa nutrisi sehingga bakteri ini sangat sulit dieliminasi. Preparasi kemomekanis tidak cukup untuk menghilangkan infeksi. Diperlukan suatu bahan irigasi untuk membantu menghilangkan  bakteri sehingga menyempurnakan preparasi saluran akar. Bahan irigasi herbal diperlukan sebagai alternatif pengganti bahan irigasi kimia untuk meminimalisir efek toksik dan resisten, namun tetap memiliki efek antibakteri yang setara dengan bahan irigasi kimia. Tujuan: Menganalisa efek antibakteri larutan ektrak kayu secang terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis. Metode: Biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan untuk dipaparkan dengan bahan uji ekstrak kayu secang dengan konsentrasi 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml dan CHX 2% kemudian diuji dengan metode hitung koloni dan MTT assay. Hasil: Didapatkan hasil dari kedua uji yang dilakukan bahwa konsentrasi optimum yang memiliki efek antibakteri setara dengan CHX 2% adalah konsentrasi 625 µg/ml. Kesimpulan: Larutan ekstrak kayu secang memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis yang setara dengan CHX 2%. ......Background: Microorganism invasion to the pulp and dentinal tubules is the cause of root canal infection. Enterococcus faecalis  commonly found in primary, secondary and persitent infection because it has ability to form biofilms and can survive in extreme conditions without nutrition, so these bacteria are very difficult to obliterate. Chemomechanical preparation not enough to eliminate infection. Materials needed to eliminate bacteria. Herbal irrigation required as an alternative chemical materials  to minimize toxicity and resistant effect, but still have an antibacterial effect comparable to chemical irrigation materials. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effects of secang heartwood againts E. faecalis biofilm clinical isolates. Methods: em>E. faecalis biofilms were clinically suitable isolates into six treatment groups to be presented with secang heartwood extract test materials with a concentration of 312 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml, 1250 µg/ml, 2500 µg/ml, 5000 µg/ml and CHX 2% then examined by the colony forming unit and MTT assay methods. Results: Obtained results from both test carried out that the optimum concentration which has an antibacterial effect along with 2% CHX is concentration of 625 µg/ml. Conclusion: Secang wood extract solution has an antibacterial effect on E. faecalis bioflim clinical isolates that are comparable to CHX 2%.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang : E.faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mendominasi pada infeksi saluran akar persisten yang memiliki virulensi 1000 kali lebih kuat dalam bentuk biofilm dibandingkan planktonik. Penggunaan larutan irigasi herbal dipertimbangkan dengan tujuan meminimalkan efek samping namun memiliki efektivitas yang sama dibandingkan larutan irigasi kimia. Tujuan : Untuk menganalisis kemampuan kayu secang dalam mengeliminasi biofilm E.faecalis. Metode : Biofilm E.faecalis dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yaitu kelompok kayu secang konsentrasi 625 g/ml, 1.250 g/ml, 2.500 g/ml, 5.000 g/ml, CHX 2 dan kelompok biofilm tanpa perlakuan. Hasil : Ditemui bahwa nilai rerata koloni biofilm diantara empat konsentrasi yang diuji, konsentrasi 625 g/ml memiliki efektivitas antibakteri yang sama dengan CHX , sedangkan efektivitas antibakteri konsentrasi 5.000 g/ml merupakan yang terendah dibandingkan CHX 2 . Kesimpulan : Kayu secang mempunyai efek antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dan efektivitasnya sama dengan CHX 2 .Kata kunci : E. faecalis; biofilm; kayu secang. ......Background E.faecalis is the dominant bacteria in persistent root canal infections that have 1000 times stronger virulence in biofilms than planktonic. The use of herbal irrigation solutions is considered with the aim of minimizing side effects but having the same effectiveness as compared to chemical irrigation solutions. Objective To analyze the ability of secang heartwood in eliminating E.faecalis biofilm. Methods Biofilm E.faecalis divided into six groups, in secang heartwood concentration groups of 625 g ml, 1.250 g ml, 2.500 g ml, 5.000 g ml, CHX 2 and biofilm group without treatment. Results It was found that the mean value of the biofilm colony among the four concentrations, the concentration of 625 g ml had the same antibacterial effectiveness as CHX , while the antibacterial effectiveness of 5.000 g ml concentration was the lowest compared to CHX 2 . Conclusion Secang heartwood has antibacterial effect on E.faecalis biofilm and its effectiveness is equal to CHX 2 .Keywords Enterococcus faecalis biofilm secang heartwood

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: E. faecalis merupakan bakteri yang sulit dieliminasi sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Klorheksidin 2 merupakan bahan irigasi yang sudah terbukti efektif dalam mengeliminasi E. faecalis, namun memiliki toksisitas terhadap sel-sel yang sehat. Ekstrak jintan putih Cuminum cyminum memiliki potensi efektivitas antibakteri. Namun, belum terdapat penelitian yang meneliti efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dari isolat klinis. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih konsentrasi 0,2 mg/ml, 0,5 mg/ml, 0,7 mg/ml, 1,0 mg/ml, dan 1,2 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis. Metode: Menilai kekeruhan larutan biofilm E. faecalis pasca pemaparan bahan uji dengan ELISA reader, dengan hasil akhir berupa nilai optical density OD . Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan efek antibakteri yang bermakna antara ekstrak jintan putih dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis p < 0,05 . Kesimpulan: Efek antibakteri ekstrak jintan putih konsentrasi 1,0 mg/ml lebih baik dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin 2 terhadap biofilm E.faecalis dari isolat klinis.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction E. faecalis is a bacteria that is difficult to eliminate which can lead to failure of endodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine 2 is an endodontic irrigation material that has been proven to be effective against E. faecalis, but has toxicity to healthy cells. The extract of cumin Cuminum cyminum has the potential antibacterial activity. However, there have been no research investigating the antibacterial effect of Cuminum cyminum extract on E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates. Aims To compare antibacterial efficacy of Cuminum cyminum extract 0,2 mg ml, 0,5 mg ml, 0,7 mg ml, 1,0 mg ml, and 1,2 mg ml and 2 chlorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates. Methods Assessing the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersed in antibacterial agents with ELISA reader, with optical density OD as the final result. Results There were significant differences statistically between Cuminum cyminum extract and 2 chlorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates p 0.05 . Conclusion Antibacterial effect of 1,0 mg ml Cuminum cyminum extract was more effective than 2 chorhexidine against E. faecalis biofilm from clinical isolates.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : E. faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kelainan periapeks. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbandingan daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) dan klorheksidin 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dari isolat klinis. Metode : Menilai kekeruhan larutan biofilm E. faecalis pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan ELISA reader. Hasil : Terdapat daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan klorheksidin 2% (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk lemon (Citrus limon l.) terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%. ......ackground : E. faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is often found in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To compare the effectivity of lemon peel extract and 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method : Score the turbidity of E. faecalis biofilm after immersion in antibacterial agent, with ELISA reader. Result : Lemon peel extract has antibacterial effectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to 2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of lemon peel extract against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: E.faecalis merupakan bakteri saluran akar yang dapat bermigrasi ke jaringan periodonsium pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni. Jumlahnya berperan terhadap keparahan penyakit karena sifat virulensinya. Tujuan: Menganalisis tipe strain dan jumlah E.faecalis di saluran akar dan poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni, lesi endo primer, dan lesi perio primer. Metode: 16 sampel dari 3 kelompok, analisis strain dengan sequencing dan kuantifikasi dengan Real Time PCR. Hasil: Terdapat persamaan strain E.faecali,s jumlah terbesar terdapat pada poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni. Tidak berbeda bermakna antara saluran akar dan poket pada lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni. Kesimpulan; terdapat strain yang sama dan jumlah E.faecalis sebanding antara saluran akar dan poket lesi endo-perio kombinasi murni.ABSTRACT
Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze the strain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontal lesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzed by sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There were similarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets of true combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences between root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: There were similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canal and pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze the strain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontal lesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzed by sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There were similarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets of true combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences between root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: There were similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canal and pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze the strain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontal lesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzed by sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There were similarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets of true combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences between root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: There were similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canal and pocket true combined endo-perio lesions. ;Background: E.faecalis is a root canal pathogen that can migrate to periodontal tissue in true combined endo-perio lesion. The quantity of E.faecalis takes part in the severity of the disease because of its virulence. Objective: To analyze the strain type and quantity of E.faecalis taken from root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesion, primary endodontic lesion and primary periodontal lesion. Methods: 16 samples were taken from 3 groups, strain type was analyzed by sequencing and quantification by Real Time PCR. Results: There were similarities of E. faecalis strain. The largest number were found in the pockets of true combined endo-perio lesion. There were no significant differences between root canal and pocket of true combined endo-perio lesions. Conclusion: There were similarities strain and quantity of E. faecalis were equal between root canal and pocket true combined endo-perio lesions.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri, khususnya E. faecalis di dalam saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan saluran akar karena bentuknya yang ireguler di sepertiga apikal. Jumlah kunjungan perawatan endodontik konvensional yang berulang juga masih di rasakan tidak praktis. Pemakaian laser terapi foto dinamik dan kalsium hidroksida dalam bentuk larutan adalah upaya menemukan teknik dan bahan untuk eliminasi tersebut. Mengetahui sifat-sifat spesifik bakteri berupa keragaman genotip dan karakter fenotip yaitu perilakunya terhadap perubahan lingkungan, diharapkan akan dapat menemuka tekanik dan medikamen terbaik untuk sterilisasi saluran akar. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan jumlah dan karakter genotip bakteri E. faecalis di saluran akar yang mengalami infeksi intra radikuler primer dan persisten serta menganalisis perubahan karakter fenotip pada kasus infeksi intra radikuler persisten setelah mendapat perlakuan dengan laser terapi foto dinamik dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Material dan Metode: Bakteri E. faecalis diisolasi dari saluran akar kemudian dilakukan penentuan tipe genotip cps nya. Perubahan karakter fenotip dilakukan dengan melihat sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida dengan di beri perlakuan menggunakan sinar laser foto dinamik terapi dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Hasil: Sensitivitas bakteri E. faecalis terhadap Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% yang diaplikasikan selama 60 detik pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten efektif dalam sterilisasi saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% dapat menyebabkan perubahan sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida pada genotip cps 1, 2 dan 5 bakteri E. Faecalis pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten. ......Background: Eliminating all bacteria, especially E. faecalis in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management due to its irregular shape at one third of apical area. The repeating endodontic visits also seem to be less practical. Utilization of photo dynamic laser and calcium hydroxide solution therapy is an attempt in finding the suitable technique and materials for eliminating this issue. Knowledge of specific characters of bacteria such as the various genotypes and the phenotype character, which is its behavior towards environmental changes, is expected to be helpful in finding the best technique and medicament for root canal sterilization. Objective: Analyse the amount and genotypic characters difference of E. faecalis in the root canal affected with primary and persistent intra radicular infection and analyse phenotypic character changes in persistent intra radicular infections cases after application of photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy. Material and Method: E. faecalis was isolated from the root canal and its cps genotype was determined. Phenotypic character changes were observed with sensitivity, protein profiling and polysaccharide capsule profiling after getting photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide 50% therapy. Results: E. faecalis sensitivity towards photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide treatment for 60 seconds acquired from persistent intra radicular infection was effective in root canal sterilization. Conclusion: Photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy can change the sensitivity, protein profile, and polysaccharide capsule profile of cps 1, 2 and 5 genotype E. faecalis in persistent intra radicular infection.