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"[Kurkumin merupakan pigmen berwarna jingga kekuningan yang dapat mengalami dekomposisi struktur apabila terkena cahaya. Hal ini menyebabkan senyawa kurkumin menjadi tidak aktif. Salah satu upaya untuk mempertahankan kestabilan kurkumin ini adalah dengan penyalutan lapis tipis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat mikropartikel ekstrak kunyit dengan hidroksipropil metilselulosa (HPMC) menggunakan fluidized bed. Proses penyalutan dilakukan pada ekstrak kunyit 35 mesh (F2) dan 60 mesh (F3) dengan penyalut hidroksipropil metilselulosa (HPMC) 0,5%. Hasil SEM menunjukkan permukaan halus dan glossy pada formula F2 dan F3. Mikropartikel ekstrak kunyit diuji stabilitasnya di bawah pengaruh suhu; sinar matahari; sinar UV 254 nm; dan sinar lampu. Pada formula F2 diperoleh perubahan kadar berturut-turut sebesar 0,09%; 1,62%; 0,09%; dan 0,15%. Pada formula F3 diperoleh perubahan kadar berturut-turut sebesar 4,88%; 9,35%; 3,32%; dan 3,84%. Proses penyalutan ekstrak kunyit dengan hidroksipropil metilselulosa menggunakan fluidized bed belum memberikan hasil yang optimal secara fisik serta penyalutan ekstrak kunyit dengan hidroksipropil metilselulosa dapat meningkatkan kestabilan dari pengaruh suhu dan cahaya.

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Curcumin is yellow-orange pigment. The structure of curcumin can be decomposed when exposed to light, which causes the compound of curcumin becomes inactive. To maintain the stability, curcumin has performed thin film coating. This research was intended to produce microparticles of turmeric extract coated hydroxypropyl methylcellulose by fluidized bed. The coating process is performed on curcumin extract 35 mesh (F2) and 60 mesh (F3) with 0,5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer. SEM results showed that formulation F2 and F3 have smooth surface and glossy. Microparticle of curcumin extract has been exposed at certain temperature condition, sunlight, UV 254 nm light, and light. F2 formulation is obtained change of assay consencutively by 0,09%; 1,62%; 0,09%; and 0,15%. F3 formulation is obtained change of assay consencutively by 4,88%; 9,35%; 3,32%; and 3,84%. Coating process of curcumin extract with hydroxyprophyl methylcellulose by fluidized bed, not provide optimal physically results yet. Coating of turmeric extract with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose could increases the stability of curcumin that affected by temperature and light exposure., Curcumin is yellow-orange pigment. The structure of curcumin can be

decomposed when exposed to light, which causes the compound of curcumin

becomes inactive. To maintain the stability, curcumin has performed thin film

coating. This research was intended to produce microparticles of turmeric extract

coated hydroxypropyl methylcellulose by fluidized bed. The coating process is

performed on curcumin extract 35 mesh (F2) and 60 mesh (F3) with 0,5%

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer. SEM results showed that

formulation F2 and F3 have smooth surface and glossy. Microparticle of curcumin

extract has been exposed at certain temperature condition, sunlight, UV 254 nm

light, and light. F2 formulation is obtained change of assay consencutively by

0,09%; 1,62%; 0,09%; and 0,15%. F3 formulation is obtained change of assay

consencutively by 4,88%; 9,35%; 3,32%; and 3,84%. Coating process of

curcumin extract with hydroxyprophyl methylcellulose by fluidized bed, not

provide optimal physically results yet. Coating of turmeric extract with

hydroxypropyl methylcellulose could increases the stability of curcumin that

affected by temperature and light exposure.]"

"Kurkumin merupakan senyawa polifenol yang terkandung dalam tanaman rimpang kunyit dan menentukan aktivitas farmakologisnya. Beberapa penelitian telah mengungkap bioaktivitas kurkumin sebagai antioksidan, antibakteri, antifungi, anti-inflammatory, anti tumor, dan anti kanker. Meskipun kurkumin memiliki bioaktivitas yang luas, kurkumin memiliki bioavailabilitas yang rendah terkait dengan kelarutan kurkumin dalam tubuh yang rendah dan cepatnya metabolisme eksresi kurkumin dari dalam tubuh. Modifikasi struktur kurkumin dilakukan untuk meningkatkan lipofilitas senyawa kurkumin sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan bioaktivitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodifikasi gugus hidroksi pada senyawa kurkumin melalui reaksi O-etilasi dengan dietil karbonat yang ramah lingkungan. Senyawa kurkumin diisolasi dari hasil sokhletasi rimpang kunyit dengan metode kromatografi kolom gravitasi (KKG) berupa silika gel. Isolat kurkumin diperoleh sebesar 20 % kemudian dikarakterisasikan. Isolat kurkumin ini dimodifikasi menjadi dietil kurkumin dengan katalis basa K2CO3 pada kondisi refluks selama 5 jam dengan persen hasil 21 %. Katalis transfer fasa TBAB ditambahkan pada sistem reaksi ini dan terbukti meningkatkan persentase produk sintesis. Produk sintesis telah diperoleh ketika reaksi berlangsung selama 1 jam dan terus mengalami kenaikan sampai waktu optimum selama 4 jam diperoleh persen hasil sebesar 89,15 %. Kurkumin dan senyawa turunannya ini dimurnikan dengan metode KKG dan dikarakterisasi dengan KLT, UV-Vis, FTIR, dan MS. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian antibakteri dengan metode difusi terhadap bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus dan bakteri Gram negatif Escherichia coli. Dietil kurkumin dan kurkumin dalam penelitian ini memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Gram negatif Escherichia coli, namun tidak memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus. 

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Curcumin is a polyphenol compound contained in turmeric rhizome plants, and determines its pharmacological activity. Several studies have revealed the bioactivity of curcumin as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer. Although curcumin has extensive bioactivity, curcumin has a low bioavailability associated with rapid metabolism of its excretion from the body. Modification of curcumin structural have been explored to increase the lipofility of the curcumin compound so that it is expected to enhance its bioactivity. This study aims to modify hydroxyl groups in curcumin by O-ethylation with diethyl carbonate that is environmentally friendly. Curcumin was isolated by soxhletation of turmeric rhizome followed by column chromatography (CC) on silica gel. It was resulted in pure curcumin 20 %. Curcumin was modified into diethyl curcumin with a K2CO3 base catalyst under reflux conditions at 130 oC for 5 hours with a yield of 21%. TBAB, as a Phase Transfer Catalyst (PTC), is added to this reaction system and has been shown to improve the synthesis results. The products have been obtained when the reaction lasts for 1 hour and continues to increase, until the optimum time for 4 hours has obtained percent yield of 89.15%. Diethyl curcumin was also purified by CC method on silica gel. Curcumin and diethyl curcumin were characterized by TLC, UV-Vis, FTIR, and MS. Antibacterial testing was then carried out using the diffusion method against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Escherichia coli bacteria. Curcumin and diethyl curcumin had inhibitory zone against E.coli, but did not have inhibitory zone against S.aureus"

"[ABSTRAKKanker payudara merupakan salah satu penyakit mematikan di dunia. Pengembangan ekstrak kunyit sebagai tanaman yang memiliki aktivitas antiproliferasi dan toksisitas rendah dilakukan guna meminimalisasi efek samping terapi kanker. Ekstrak kunyit dienkapsulasi dengan liposom, sebuah vesikel lipid bilayer yang berfungsi sebagai pembawa obat kanker dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh enkapsulasi ekstrak etanol kunyit terhadap aktivitas antiproliferasi sel kanker payudara T47D secara in vitro. Liposom dibuat dengan metode lapis tipis dan dikecilkan ukuran partikelnya dengan ekstrusi. Bahan yang digunakan adalah fosfatidilkolin, kolesterol, dan ekstrak kunyit. Optimasi liposom dibuat dalam tiga formulasi dengan perbedaan jumlah ekstrak. Formulasi paling optimal adalah formulasi dengan jumlah ekstrak paling sedikit, dilihat dari parameter fisik, yaitu endapan paling halus dan waktu pengendapan paling lama. Liposom dievaluasi ukuran partikel dan zeta potensialnya dengan DLS, morfologinya dengan TEM, dan efisiensi penjerapannya dengan dialisis. Formulasi paling optimal diuji aktivitas antiproliferasinya dan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak yang tidak dienkapsulasi liposom dengan metode MTT. Hasilnya terdapat pengaruh penurunan aktivitas antiproliferasi ekstrak yang dienkapsulasi liposom. IC50 liposom ekstrak adalah 45,762 ppm dan IC50 ekstrak adalah 36,399 ppm. Ukuran partikel liposom adalah di bawah 445 nm. Zeta potensial liposom adalah -7,51 mV. Morfologi liposom adalah LUV dan MVV. Efisiensi penjerapan liposom adalah 63,80%.

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ABSTRACT

, Breast cancer is one of deadliest diseases in world. Development turmeric extract

as plants that have antiproliferative activity and low toxicity have done to

minimize cancer therapy side effects. Turmeric extract encapsulated with

liposome, a vesicle lipid bilayer that have function as cancer drug carrier in body.

This research aimed to determine encapsulation effect of turmeric ethanol extract

against antiproliferative activity in T47D breast cancer cells through in vitro

assay. Liposomes was made using thin layer method and particle size reduced by

extrusion. Materials was used phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and turmeric

extract. Optimization liposomes was made in three formulations with different

numbers of extracts. Most optimal formulation was formulation with minimum

extracts, judging from physical parameters which have smallest precipitates and

longest settling time. Evaluation liposome particle size and zeta potential was

used DLS, morphology was used TEM, and entrapment efficiency was used

dialysis. Most optimal formulation was tested their antiproliferative activity

compared with not encapsulated extracts used MTT method. There was decreased

antiproliferative activity of encapsulated extracts. IC50 encapsulated extracts was

45,762 ppm and IC50 extracts was 36,399 ppm. Liposome particle size was below

445 nm. Zeta potential was -7,51 mV. Morphology was LUV and MVV.

Entrapment efficiency was 63,80%.]"

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) ditularkan oleh vektor nyamuk A. aegypti dengan tingkat mortalitas manusia yang tinggi disertai dengan peningkatan resistensi terhadap insektisida sintesis akibat penggunaan yang berlebih. Salah satu upaya menurunkan penularan ini dengan pengendalian vektor DBD dengan metabolit sekunder aktif dari tanaman kunyit (Curcuma domestica) dan nanokomposit AgTiO2. Tujuan: penelitian ini untuk menganalisis aktivitas insektisida ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica dan nanokomposit AgTiO2 terhadap larva dan nyamuk dewasa A. Aegypti. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental yang terbagi menjadi dua subjek perlakuan : 1) Larva Instar III dan IV yang dipaparkan dengan ekstrak (Konsentrasi 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, dan 2500 ppm), nanokomposit AgTiO2 (Konsentrasi 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 ppm), dan campuran ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica (Konsentrasi 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, dan 2500 ppm) dengan nanokomposit (25 ppm) diulang sebanyak lima kali; 2) Nyamuk dewasa A. Aegypti yang dipaparkan dengan ekstrak methanol rimpang C. domestica (Konsentrasi 2500, 5000, 10000, dan 20000 ppm), nanokomposit AgTiO2 (Konsentrasi 5000, 10000, 20000, dan 30000 ppm), dan campuran ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica (Konsentrasi 2500, 5000, 10000, dan 20000 ppm)dengan nanokomposit (30 ppm) diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil : Pada jam keempat, mortalitas larva 100% pada 2500 ppm dengan LC 50 dan LC9044.6 dan 586.3 ppm. Pada jam keenam, kematian nyamuk dewasa mencapai 100% pada konsentrasi 10,000-20,000 ppm/botol dengan LC50 dan LC901628.9 dan 4385.1 ppm/botol. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada mortalitas larva dan nyamuk dewasa pada campuran ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica dengan nanokomposit AgTiO2 (p<0.05) dengan ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica saja. Korelasi positif (+) pada subjek perlakuan larva (r=0.486  p=0.014 ) dan nyamuk dewasa (r=0.938  p=0.000 ). Kesimpulan: penambahan nanokomposit AgTiO2 pada ekstrak methanol rimpang C.domestica meningkatkan efektivitas insektisida terhadap larva dan nyamuk dewasa A. aegypti. 

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Background & objectives : Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a widespread arthropod-borne viral disease transmitted by dengue mosquitoes, mainly A. aegypti. Currently, there are no vaccines available against dengue. Hence, medicinal plants containing bioactive compounds able to control the dengue mosquite attract considerable attention. This study evaluates the larvicidal / adulticidal activities of Curcuma domestica rhizome extract against A. aegypti combined with nanocomposite AgTiO2.

Methods: This is an experimental study. Phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed. The third and fourth larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of the C.domestica rhizome extract (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 ppm), nanocomposite AgTiO2 (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm), and combined between nanocomposite AgTiO2 (25 ppm) with C.domestica rhizome extract in five replicates, while female adult mosquitoes were exposed to the C.domestica rhizome extract (2500, 5000, 10000, and 20000 ppm), nanocomposite AgTiO2 (5000, 10000, 20000, and 30000 ppm), and combined between nanocomposite AgTiO2 (30 ppm) with C.domestica rhizome extract in three replicates. The phytochemical components consisted of saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid, essential oil, and tannin. 

Results : At 4h, larva mortality was 100% at 2500 ppm, and the LC50 and LC90 were 44.6 and 586.3 ppm, respectively. At 6 h, adult mortality was 100% at 10,000-20,000 ppm/bottle, and the LC50 and LC90 were 1628.9 and 4385.1 ppm/ bottle. Statistically significant differences were observed in the larval and adult mortalities of A.aegypti between the high and low concentrations of the extract (p<0.05(. There was a significant, strong positive correlation between the concentrations and larval mortality (=0.486 p=0.014) and between the concentrations and adult mortality of A. aegypti (r=0.938  p=0.000). 

Interpretation & conclusion: C.domestica rhizome and nanocomposite AgTiO2 may be useful as an insecticide in controlling the population of A. aegypti.   "