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Abstrak :
Kromosom merupakan untai DNA yang mengalami penebalan akibat kondensasi. Kondensasi struktur kromosom sangat mempengaruhi segregasi kromosom saat fase mitotik. Penelitian sebelumnya telah melaporkan bahwa kondensasi kromosom sel HeLa dipengaruhi oleh ion kalsium (Ca2+), namun pengaruh Ca2+ pada kromosom manusia normal belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terhadap struktur kromosom limfosit manusia dengan pemberian 1 mM 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, chelator Ca2+), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, chelator kation), dan PBS (kontrol) yang diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Sampel darah dikultur selama 72 jam, kemudian kromosom limfosit diisolasi dan diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA, 1 mM EDTA, dan PBS. Kromosom diwarnai dengan Giemsa dan diamati dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan struktur kromosom kontrol lebih pendek, padat, serta memiliki intensitas pewarna yang pekat dibandingkan dengan kromosom yang diberi perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA yang memiliki struktur yang lebih panjang, lebih berongga, serta intensitas pewarna yang kurang pekat. Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom kontrol sebesar 1,73±0,73 μm, 0,55±0,43 μm, dan 3,5±2,17 μm2, sedangkan panjang, lebar, dan luas rata-rata kromosom yang diberi 1 mM BAPTA sebesar 2,91±1,3 μm, 1,43±0,43 μm, dan 4,17±2,75 μm2. Rata-rata panjang dan lebar kromosom yang diberi 1 mM EDTA sebesar 2,26±0,52 μm dan 0,93±0,29 μm. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa Ca2+ berperan penting dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom limfosit. ......The Chromosome is a DNA strand that undergoes thickening due to condensation. Condensation of chromosomal structure affects the segregation of chromosomes during the mitotic phase. Previous studies have reported that chromosomal condensation of HeLa cells is affected by calcium ions (Ca2+). Nevertheless, the effect of Ca2+ on human normal cells has yet to be investigated. This study aims to determine the effect of Ca2+ on the chromosomal structure of human lymphocyte by the treatments of 1 mM 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N-N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA, a Ca2+ chelator), 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, a cation chelator), and PBS (control), using a light microscope. The blood sample was cultured for 72 hours, followed by lymphocyte chromosomes isolation. After that, the samples were treated with PBS (control), 1 mM BAPTA, and 1 mM EDTA. Chromosomes were then stained with Giemsa and observed using a light microscope. The qualitative analysis showed that control chromosomes have shorter, and more condensed structures with a high dye intensity compared with those treated with 1 mM BAPTA and 1 mM EDTA which showed a longer and fibrous structure with low dye intensity. The quantitative analysis showed that the average length, width, and area of the control chromosome was 1.73±0.73 μm, 0.55±0.2 μm, and 3.5±2.17 μm2, respectively. while those treated with 1 mM BAPTA were 2.91±1.3 μm, 1.43±0.43 μm, and 4.17±2.75 μm2. Then, the average length and width of 1 mM EDTA chromosome was 2.26±0.52 μm and 0.93±0.29 μm. These results showed that Ca2+ plays an important role in the lymphocyte chromosome structure.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare efficacy of various irrigating solutions for smear layer removal and dentin microhardness. Methods: Based on the four final irrigants used plus saline control, 50 single rooted teeth were divided into five groups. Using a step back technique with K files, chemomechanical preparation was performed. Canals were apically enlarged up to ISO size 40 and stepped back up to ISO size 60. During preparation, irrigation was performed with 2.5% NaOCl solution and the roots were sectioned into two halves. In the coronal, middle, and apical thirds, the smear layer was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy in one half, whereas the dentin microhardness was evaluated in the other half. Results: For all irrigants in the coronal and middle third regions, the efficacy of smear layer removal was comparable. Doxycycline, citric acid, Tween 80 (MTAD) and 10% maleic acid were the most effective for the apical third region, followed by 7% maleic acid and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Dentin microhardness was most affected by MTAD and 10% maleic acid, followed by 17% EDTA and 7% maleic acid. Conclusion: For removal of smear layer and the least effect on dentin microhardness, 7% maleic acid was effective.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan microhardness dan flexural strength dentin saluran akar setelah paparan berbagai larutan irigasi endodontik regeneratif. Metode: Tiga puluh enam sampel dentin gigi manusia yang baru diekstraksi dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu 2 kelompok kontrol (NaCl 0,9%), 2 kelompok uji 1 diirigasi dengan 20 ml NaOCl 1,5% selama 5 menit – 3 ml NaCl 0,9% selama 3 menit – 20 ml EDTA 17% selama 5 menit, 2 kelompok uji 2 diirigasi dengan 20 ml NaOCl 1,5% selama 5 menit – 3 ml PBS 10% selama 3 menit – 20 ml EDTA 17% selama 5 menit – 3 ml PBS 10% selama 3 menit. Perubahan microhardness dan flexural strength dievaluasi dengan uji Vickers dan 3-Point Flexural Tester. Data dianalisis menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Tamhane. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok uji 1 dan 2 dengan kelompok kontrol (One-Way ANOVA, p < 0,05). Berdasarkan uji Post Hoc (Tamhane, p<0,05) terdapat perbedaan bermakna microhardness dan flexural strength kelompok uji 2 dibandingkan kelompok uji 1, dengan nilai rerata lebih tinggi pada kelompok uji 2 terhadap kelompok uji lainnya. Kesimpulan: Kelompok uji 2 memiliki nilai microhardness dan flexural strength lebih baik sebagai bahan regenerasi endodontik regeneratif. ......Objective: To analyze the differences in microhardness and flexural strength of root canal dentin after exposure various regenerative endodontic irrigation solution. Methods: Thirty-six dentine samples from fresh extracted were assigned to 6 groups, two groups as a control (NaCl 0,9%), two test groups 1 (20 ml NaOCl 1,5% for 5 min – 3 ml NaCl 0,9% for 3 min – 20 ml EDTA 17% for 5 min), two test groups 2 (20 ml NaOCl 1,5% for 5 min – 3 ml PBS 10% for 3 min – 20 ml EDTA 17% for 5 min – 3 ml PBS 10% for 3 min). The changing of microhardness and flexural strength were evaluated using Vickers and 3-point flexural tester. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Tamhane. Result: There was significant difference between test groups 1 and 2 with control group (One-Way ANOVA, p < 0,05). Based on the Post hoc test (Tamhane, p < 0,05 ), showed significant difference in microhardness and flexural strength between group 2 and group 1, with higher mean in test group 2 compared to other test groups. Conclusion: Test group 2 had better microhardness and flexural strength as regenerative endodontic irrigation.