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"Lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising candidate as lithium ion battery anode material. In this investigation, LTO was synthesized by a solid state method using TiO2 xerogel prepared by the sol-gel method and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). Three variations of Li2CO3 content addition in mol% or Li2CO3 molar excess were fabricated, i.e., 0, 50 and 100%, labelled as sample LTO-1, LTO-2 and LTO-3, respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD, FESEM, and BET testing. These were performed to observe the effect of lithium excess addition on structure, morphology, and surface area of the resulting samples. Results showed that the crystallite size and surface area of each sample was 50.80 nm, 17.86 m2/gr for LTO-1; 53.14 nm, 22.53 m2/gr for LTO-2; and 38.09 nm, 16.80 m2/gr for LTO-3. Furthermore, lithium excess caused the formation of impure compound Li2TiO3, while a very small amount of rutile TiO2 was found in LTO-1. A near-pure crystalline Li4Ti5O12 compound was successfully synthesized using the present method with stoichiometric composition with 0% excess, indicating very little Li+ loss during the sintering process."

"Litium titanat merupakan salah satu senyawa yang digunakan sebagai anoda pada baterai litium ion. Senyawa ini disintesis dengan menggunakan metode solid state dengan mencampurkan xerogel TiO2 yang dihasilkan dari metode sol-gel dengan rasio hidrolisis Rw 2,00, dan litium karbonat (Li2CO3) sebagai sumber lithium dan dilakukan sintering pada suhu 650°C. Pada penelitian ini, xerogel TiO2 dicampurkan dengan empat variasi komposisi litium yaitu stoikiometris, excess 5%, excess 10%, dan excess 15% pada High-Energy Ball Miller (HEBM) selama 1 jam. Pengaruh dari masing-masing komposisi diamati dengan X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada komposisi litium stoikiometris dihasilkan senyawa Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 19,19 nm, luas permukaan 11,47 m2/g, struktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi). Pada komposisi litium excess 5% dihasilkan Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 41,55 nm, luas permukaan 58,80 m2/g, dan sturktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi). Pada komposisi litium excess 10% dihasilkan senyawa Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 43,12 nm, luas permukaan 72,06 m2/g, dan struktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi). Sedangkan, pada komposisi litium excess 15% dihasilkan senyawa Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 50,31 nm, luas permukaan 9,06 m2/g, dan struktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi).

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Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12)/LTO is one of the compounds used as anodes in lithium ion batteries. This compound is synthesized using solid state method by mixing TiO2 anatase prepared by sol-gel method with hydrolisis ratio Rw 2,00 calcined at 300oC for 2 h and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) as a source of lithium and then sintering is performed at 650oC. The TiO2 anatase are mixed with stoichiometric, 5% excess, 10% excess, and 15% excess lithium compositions in High-Energy Ball Miller (HEBM) for 1 h. The compounds obtained are observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

The results showed the compounds of Li2TiO3, TiO2 rutile, and small amount of Li4Ti5O12 with irregular morphological structures (agglomeration). The stoichiometric lithium compositions produces average crystallite sizes 19,19 nm and surface area 11,47 m2/g. Then, the 5% excess lithium compositions produces average crystallite sizes 41,55 nm and surface area 58,80 m2/g. Further, the 10% excess lithium compositions produces average crystallite sizes 43,12 nm and surface area 72,06 m2/g. Finally, the 15% excess lithium compositions produces average crystallite sizes 50,31 nm and surface area 9,06 m2/g."