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"In this paper, fasting refers to the Muslim fast, defined as refraining from eating and drinking and all other activities that annul the fast from sunrise to sunset (approximately 14 hours). Fasting can be performed at any time in the year, but is usually performed during certain the compulsory month or recommended days.The fasting of the month of Ramadan is an activity that is health-wise quite difficult, since the person has to refrain from eating and drinking from sunset to sunrise (approximately 13 to 14 days per day) for 29-30 consecutive days."

"Aim: To observe the effect of calorie restriction on the formation of lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde/MDA) caused by free radicals and antioxidant level (glutathione/GSH) among healthy young males during Ramadan fasting.Subjects and Methods: Prospective self-controlled study was performed on 22 healthy men aged 20-25 years who were presumed to be undergoing the calorie restriction. Subjects were observed four times: day 7 prior to the Ramadan month, the 7lh and 21"' days of Ramadan and day 7 after Ramadan. All data are presented as mean averages (SEM); all statistical comparisons were made using Anova Repeated Measures and Pearson's bivariate correlation.Results: Caloric intake decreased by 22 - 25% and MDA decreased significantly (p- 0.002), while GSH levels increased significantly (p= 0.047). There was no correlation between calorie restriction and MDA levels (p= 0.27; r= 0.25), but calorie restriction and GSH were correlated (p= 0.049; r= -0.18).Conclusion: This study showed that calorie restriction during Ramadan fasting decreased MDA and raised plasma GSH levels."

"Stres oksidatif merupakan kondisi ketidakseimbangan oksidan dan antioksidan yang dapat memicu timbulnya berbagai penyakit. Peran puasa sebagai upaya pencegahan stres oksidatif telah terbukti, tetapi tidak dengan durasi yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pengaruh puasa dan durasi puasa optimal dalam meningkatkan kadar glutation (GSH), antioksidan endogen nonprotein terbanyak tubuh. Penelitian dilakukan pada jaringan hati dan plasma kelinci new Zealand white. Subjek dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan, yakni (1) kelompok kontrol dengan asupan makanan normal, (2) kelompok puasa intermittent, yakni siklus puasa 16 jam dan makan delapan jam, serta (3) kelompok puasa berkepanjangan, yakni siklus puasa 40 jam dan makan delapan jam, selama satu minggu. Setelah itu, dilakukan pengukuran kadar GSH plasma serta jaringan hati dengan metode Ellman. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan uji Anova untuk jaringan hati serta uji Kruskal-Wallis untuk sampel plasma. Pada jaringan hati didapati rerata kadar GSH kelompok kontrol 0,73 ± 0,026 µmol/mg, kelompok puasa intermittent 1,03 ± 0,023 µmol/mg, dan kelompok puasa berkepanjangan 0,91 ± 0,059 µmol/mg yang memperlihatkan perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05). Sedangkan, pada plasma didapati median kadar GSH kelompok kontrol 2,08 ± 0,056 µmol/mL, kelompok puasa intermittent2,35 ± 0,158 µmol/mL, dan kelompok puasa berkepanjangan 2,15 ± 0,060 µmol/mL yang memperlihatkan perbedaan tidak signifikan (p>0,05). Didapatkan hasil dan kesimpulan puasa intermittent dan berkepanjangan meningkatkan kadar GSH jaringan hati secara signifikan, tetapi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan pada plasma kelinci New Zealand white

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Oxidative stress is a condition of imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants that may trigger various diseases. The role of fasting to prevent oxidative stress has been proven, but the optimal fasting duration remains unknown. This study aims to find the impact of fasting and optimal fasting duration in increasing glutathione (GSH) concentration, the body's most abundant non-protein endogen antioxidant. This study observed GSH concentration on liver tissue and plasma of New Zealand white rabbits. Subjects were divided into three treatment groups, a control group with usual food intake, an intermittent fasting group with 16-hour of fasting and eight hours of eating, and a prolonged fasting group with 40-hour of fasting and eight hours of eating, for one week. After that, GSH levels were measured in plasma and liver tissue using Ellman’s method. In liver tissue, the mean GSH level in the control group is 0.73 ± 0.026 mol/mg, in the intermittent fasting group is 1.03 ± 0.023 mol/mg, and in the prolonged fasting group is 0.91 ± 0.059 mol/mg with significant differences (p<0, 05). Meanwhile, in plasma, the median GSH level in the control group is 2.08 ± 0.056 mol/mL, in the intermittent fasting group is 2.35 ± 0.158 mol/mL, and in the prolonged fasting group is 2.15 ± 0.060 mol/mL, which means the difference is not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, Intermittent and prolonged fasting significantly increase liver GSH concentration. However, fasting has an insignificant impact on the plasma of New Zealand white rabbits. "

"Latar Belakang: Pada ODHA didapatkan peningkatan inflamasi dan stres oksidatif. Puasa Ramadan dapat memperbaiki inflamasi dan stres oksidatif, namun penelitian pada ODHA yang mendapat antiretroviral belum pernah dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh puasa Ramadan terhadap high sensitivity Creactive protein (hs-CRP) dan status antioksidan total (SAT) pada ODHA yang mengonsumsi antiretroviral. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian prospektif pada 29 orang ODHA dengan ARV yang berpuasa dan 29 yang tidak berpuasa. Kriteria inklusi yaitu pria, 20-40 tahun, mendapat ARV lini 1 minimal 6 bulan, serta tidak dalam fase inisiasi pengobatan untuk infeksi oportunistik. Pasien yang mendapat steroid atau imunosupresan lain atau pasien dengan adherens minum ARV kurang dari 95% dieksklusi. Pemeriksaan kadar hs-CRP dan SAT dilakukan sebelum dan saat puasa Ramadan (setelah 14 hari puasa). Hasil: Karakteristik baseline usia, hitung CD4, HIV-RNA, kombinasi ARV, status hepatitis B dan C, serta kadar hs-CRP tidak berbeda antara kelompok berpuasa dengan kontrol. Setelah dua minggu, terdapat penurunan signifikan hs-CRP pada kelompok yang berpuasa dibandingkan kontrol (p=0,004). Median perubahan hs-CRP pada kelompok puasa adalah -0,41 (IQR -1; 0,1) mg/L, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol adalah 0,2 (IQR -0,3; 1,5) mg/L. Konsumsi polyunsaturated fatty acid, berat badan, jumlah rokok, dan jumlah jam tidur per hari menurun selama puasa Ramadan (berturut-turut p=0,029; p<0,001; p<0,001; dan p<0,001). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna perubahan SAT antara kelompok yang berpuasa dengan kontrol (p=0,405). Median perubahan SAT pada kelompok puasa adalah 0,05 (IQR -0,03; 0,12) mmol/L, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol adalah 0,04 (IQR -0,13; 0,36) mmol/L. Simpulan: Puasa Ramadan menurunkan kadar hs-CRP pada ODHA yang mengosumsi antiretroviral. Puasa Ramadan belum meningkatkan kadar SAT pada ODHA yang mengonsumsi antiretroviral.

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Background: Inflamation and oxidative stress were increased among HIV patients. Studies had showed Ramadan fasting could improve inflammation and oxidative stress, but not one of them had been conducted in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Aim: to know the effect of Ramadan fasting on hs-CRP level and total antioxidant status among HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Methods: A prospective cohort study comparing 29 HIV-infected patients on stable ART doing Ramadan fasting versus 29 non-fasting patients. Inclusion criteria were male, 20-40 years old, receiving first line ART for at least six months, and not on initial phase of opportunistic infection?s treatment. Patients who consumed steroid or other immunosuppressant or patients with poor ART adherence were excluded. Level of hs-CRP was obtained before and during Ramadan after at least 14 days fasting.

Results: Baseline age, CD4 cell count, HIV-RNA, ART combination, hepatitis B and hepatitis C status, and hs-CRP level were similar for both fasting and control groups. After 2 weeks, a significant hs-CRP decrease was found in fasting group compared to non-fasting one (p=0.004). Median difference of hs-CRP in fasting group was -0.41 (IQR -1 and 0.1) mg/L, while in control group the median difference was 0.2 (IQR -0.3 and 1.5) mg/L. Polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption, body weight, amount of cigarette smoking, and total sleep hours per day were decreased significantly during Ramadan fasting (p=0.029; p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). There was no statistically significant changes in total antioxidant status between the two groups (p=0.405). Median total antioxidant status changes in fasting group was 0.05 (IQR -0.03;0.12) mmol/L. Median total antioxidant status changes in control group was 0.04 (IQR -0.13; 0.36) mmol/L.

Conclusion: Ramadan fasting decreased hs-CRP level among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Ramadan fasting had not increased total antioxidant status among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy."

"Isolasi sel punca mesenkimal (SPM) dari darah perifer (DP) menutupi kekurangan yang ditemukan pada isolasi dari sumsum tulang (ST). Jumlah darah yang banyak dapat diperoleh dari sirkulasi perifer dan teknik pengambilannya lebih tidak traumatik dibandingkan pengambilan dari sumsum tulang. Namun, jumlahnya sedikit di dalam darah. Diperlukan suatu kondisi untuk meningkatkan hasil isolasi dari darah perifer. Restriksi kalori meningkatkan kemampuan self-renewal dari sel punca intestinal, sel punca otot dan regenerasi saraf, menjaga kemampuan regenerasi jangka panjang pada sel punca hematopoetik. Belum terdapat penelitian yang mempelajari efek intermittent atau prolonged fasting pada SPM darah perifer dan sumsum tulang, maka diperlukan penelitian untuk mempelajari efek fasting terhadap kemampuan proliferasi dan diferensiasi SPM. Penelitian ini menggunakan kelinci (n=27) yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok; setiap kelompok terdiri dari 9 kelinci. Kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol diberikan makan dan minum ad lib. Kelompok kedua mendapat perlakuan intermittent fasting (7 siklus), dan kelompok ketiga mendapat perlakuan prolonged fasting (4 siklus). Sampel diambil dari darah perifer dan sumsum tulang femur. Dilakukan isolasi kultur untuk menilai kemampuan proliferasi (waktu konfluensi dan jumlah sel) dan diferensiasi (kualitatif dan kuantifikasi) dari masing-masing kelompok sampel. Sel punca mesenkimal pada ketiga kelompok penelitian mampu diisolasi, berproliferasi dan berdiferensiasi menjadi osteoblas. Persentasi keberhasilan kultur primer dari kelompok kontrol: DP 14.28%, dan ST 28.57%; kelompok IF: DP 44.44% dan ST 33.33%; dan kelompok PF: DP 55.55%, dan ST 44.44%. Rerata waktu konfluensi kelompok kontrol: DP 17 hari dan ST 31 hari; kelompok IF: DP 15 hari dan ST 26 hari; dan kelompok PF: DP 15.6 hari dan ST 20 hari (DP p=0.592, dan ST p=0.408). Rerata jumlah sel konfluensi kelompok kontrol: DP 108 x103/mL dan ST 274 x103/mL; kelompok IF: DP 182 x103/mL dan ST 115.3 x103/mL ; dan kelompok PF: DP 65.6 x103/mL dan 139 x103/mL ST (DP p=0.282 dan ST p=0.502). Rerata kuantifikasi optik densitometri pada diferensiasi osteoblas kelompok kontrol: DP 0.154 OD dan ST 0.169 OD; kelompok IF: DP 0.240 OD dan ST 0.207 OD; dan, kelompok PF: DP 0.157 OD dan ST 0.167 OD (DP p=0.044 dan ST p=0.074). Uji posthoc kuantifikasi optik densitometri diferensiasi osteoblas didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok IF DP (p=0.046). Perlakuan intermittent dan prolonged fasting memiliki efek dalam meningkatkan ekspansi SPM ke darah perifer. Kuantifikasi diferensiasi osteoblas SPM-DP perlakuan IF lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Diharapkan ada penelitian lanjutan yang mengevaluasi efek intermittent fasting pada sampel darah perifer manusia terhadap kemampuan SPM dalam hal ekspansi, proliferasi dan diferensiasi menjadi osteoblas.

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Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from peripheral blood (PB) was considered giving more advantages compared to isolation from bone marrow (BM). Large amounts of blood can be taken from peripheral circulation by less invasive extraction technique than BM. However, MSC isolated from PB can only be achieved in a small amount. Some conditioning of the subjects are needed in order to improve the isolation products from PB. Calorie restriction increases the self-renewal ability of intestinal stem cells, muscle stem cells and nerve regeneration, and maintain the long-term regeneration ability of hematopoietic stem cells. There has not been any studies that explore the effects of intermittent or prolonged fasting on MSC of PB and BM. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of fasting on the ability of MSC proliferation and differentiation. This study used rabbits (n = 27) which were divided into three groups; each group consists of 9 rabbits. The first group as a control was given food and drink ad lib. The second group received intermittent fasting (7 cycles), and the third group received prolonged fasting (4 cycles). Samples were taken from the peripheral blood and femoral bone marrow. Culture isolation was performed to assess the proliferation (confluency time and cells number) and differentiation (qualitative and quantitative) abilities of each sample group. Mesenchymal stem cells in all groups were able to be isolated, proliferate and differentiate to osteoblast. The successful rate of primary culture from control group: PB 14.28% and BM 28.57%; IF group: PB 44.44% and BM 33.33%; and PF group: PB 55.55% and BM 44.44%. The mean of confluence time from control group: PB 17 days and BM 31 days; IF group: PB 15 days and BM 26 days; and PF group: DP 15.6 days and ST 20 days (PB p=0.592, and BM p=0.408). The mean of confluence cells number: PB 108 x103/mL and BM 274 x103/mL; IF group: PB 182 x103/mL and BM 115.3 x103/mL ; and PF group: PB 65.6 x103/mL and 139 x103/mL ST (PB p=0.282 and BM p=0.502). The mean of optical densitometry quantification from osteoblast differentiation in control group: : PB 0.154 OD and BM 0.169 OD; IF group: PB 0.240 OD and BM 0.207 OD; and, PF group: PB 0.157 OD and BM 0.167 OD (PB p=0.044 dan BM p=0.074). Posthoc analyis from optical densitometry quantification of osteoblast differentiation showed significant difference on IF PB group (p=0.046). Intermittent and prolonged fasting treatment gave increasing effect of MSC expansion into peripheral blood. MSC-PB osteoblast differentiation quantification was higher in IF treatment compared to control. It is hoped that further studies will evaluate the effect of intermittent fasting on human peripheral blood samples in the ability of SPM in terms of expansion, proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts. We suggest that there will be further studies conducted to evaluate the effect of intermittent fasting on the ability of MSC's expansion, proliferation, and differentiation into osteoblasts from human peripheral blood samples."

"Pendahuluan: Karbonil merupakan hasil akhir dari kerusakan ireversibel oksidatif pada protein. Akumulasi karbonil pada jaringan tubuh baik secara lokal maupun sistemik, dapat memicu berkembangnya penyakit terpaut usia. Meskipun demikian, puasa intermiten telah terbukti dapat mengurangi stres oksidatif mitokondria pada jaringan tubuh. Dengan demikian penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh siklus puasa time-restricted feeding (TRF) dan puasa berkepanjangan (PB) pada jaringan hati dan plasma secara spesifik. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jaringan hati dan plasma 16 kelinci New Zealand White yang sudah diberi perlakuan kontrol (tanpa puasa), puasa TRF (16 jam berpuasa), atau puasa berkepanjangan (40 jam berpuasa) satu minggu sebelumnya. Perhitungan kadar karbonil dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang 390 nm dan kadar protein pada panjang gelombang 280 nm. Hasil Penelitian: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, TRF dapat menurunkan kadar karbonil pada plasma dibandingkan kontrol (p=0,916) dan PB (p=0,026), serta meningkatkan kadar karbonil pada jaringan hati (p=0,162). Di sisi lain, PB dapat meningkatkan kadar karbonil pada plasma dibandingkan kontrol (p=0,055) dan TRF (p=0,026), serta meningkatkan kadar karbonil pada jaringan hati (p=0,162). Kesimpulan: Meskipun tidak bermakna, puasa intermiten time-restricted feeding secara tujuh hari lebih optimal dalam menurunkan kadar karbonil plasma, serta lebih kurang meningkatkan kadar karbonil hati dibandingkan puasa berkepanjangan.

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Introduction: Carbonyl is the end product of irreversible oxidative damage on protein. Both local or sysmtemic accumulation of carbonyls could lead to the progression of age-related diseases. On the other hand, intermittent fasting has been proven could decrease mitochondrial oxidative damage on the tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting cycles, such as time-restricted feeding (TRF) and prolonged fasting (PF), on carbonyl levels in New Zealand White Rabbit’s plasma and liver tissue. Methods: 16 New Zealand White Rabbits were previously treated as control group (no fasting), TRF group (16 hours fasting), or PF group (40 hours fasting) for one week. Levels of carbonyl and protein were assessed with spectrophotometry at 390 nm and 280 nm wavelength respectively. Results: According to the findings of the study, TRF could decrease the carbonyl levels in plasma compared to control group (p=0.916) and PF group (p=0.026), and increase the carbonyl levels in liver tissue (p=0.162). Nevertheless, PF could increase the carbonyl levels in plasma compared to control group (p=0.055) and TRF group (p=0.026), and increase the carbonyl levels in liver tissue (p=0.162). Conclusion: Time-restricted feeding as intermittent fasting for one week is more optimal in decreasing carbonyl levels in plasma and less likely increase the carbonyl levels in liver tissue compared to prolonged fasting, even though it is not significant."