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"ABSTRAKStudi dan kajian ini sangat penting dilakukan untuk mendesain ukuran suar header pipa dari lokasi lama ke lokasi yang baru untuk mencegah kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh back pressure. Pembakaran gas sangat umum dilakukan dibanyak industri seperti refinery, petrochemical, dan oil and gas untuk melepaskan gas yang sudah tidak digunakan. Disetiap plant diwajibkan mempunyai sistem yang mampu membuang tekanan berlebih saat plant dimatikan, perbaikan tahunan, start up dan saat plant sedang mengalami emergency. Dengan adanya beberapa simulasi dan pengaplikasian desain suar diharapkan akan mendapatkan beberapa kajian yang mendalam karena suar gas asam ini didesain dengan memperhatikan resiko dampak dari kandungan asamnya. Metode yang digunakan menggunakan thermo hydraulic model. Untuk simulasi akan menggunakan AspenTechs Flarenet software. Simulasi akan menggunakan beberapa skenario dengan menggunakan feed dari existing dan penambahan dari feed baru. Dari beberapa simulasi yang dilakukan didapatkan beberapa rekomendasi untuk external fire plant 7 tail pipe 7-PSV-036A/B harus dinaikkan dari 3" menjadi 4", CV fail 079-PSV-001A/B mengganti type PSV dari balance ke pilot, untuk pemilihan worst case dari power failure dipilih desain pipa gabungan setelah menerima feed dari existing dan feed baru dengan ukuran 20".

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ABSTRACTThis study examines the important issue to determine flare header size extension from original location to new location of flare acid to prevent damage caused by back pressure. Gas flaring is a common practice used in many industrial processes such as refinery, petrochemical, and oil-gas industry to release flue gas. It is a must-have safety requirement which is installed to reduce excess pressure when the plant is shut down for annual repair, start up or emergency circumstance. With case study and design flare packages system will get additional information because acid flare system has been designed based on the largest single risk with consideration of acid content. Methods flare design studies will be using thermo-hydraulic model. The modelling will be simulated using AspenTechs flarenet software with some scenario from existing flare acid flare system design basis for non-simultaneous relieving load and then new flare acid will receive additional load from new unit. From the result of simulation, for external fire for plant 7tail pipe 7-PSV-036A/B shall be increase from 3" become 4", CV fail scenario of 079-PSV-001A/B PSV type shall be changed from balance to pilot type, new header size determined based general power failure header selected is 20"."

"Lupu Eitematosus Sistemik adalah suatu penyakit autoimun yang melibatkan multi organ yang umumnya menyerang wanita dan bersifat kronik yang perjalanan penyakitnya ditandai dengan relaps dan remisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari faktor risiko perburukan pasien lupus eritematosus sistemik dengan menganalisa beberapa variabel seperti usia, tingkat pendidikan, anemia, obat-obatan dihubungkan dengan perburukan yang diukur dengan skor Systemic Lupus Eythematosus Disease Activity Index. Selain itu, dilakukan juga peneltian deskritptif mengenai sebaran gen Human Leucocyte Antigen pada subpopulasi penelitian.......Systemic Lupus Erythemattosus is an autoimmune disease which involved multi organs and have chronic course and mostly inflicted woman , the nature of the disease involved relaps and remission This research aim to find risk factor for worsening (flare) of SLE by analysing variables like age, education level, anemia, drugs associated to flare measured by Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index and we also conduct Human Leucocyte Antigen genotyping for subpopulation of the study."

"Perancangan LPG Plant dengan memanfaatkan gas suar bakar sebagai bahan baku kilang LPG bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan pembangunan LPG Plant ditinjau dari segi teknis maupun ekonomi sehingga dapat menjadi rekomendasi dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan LPG domestik dengan memanfaatkan gas suar bakar yang dihasilkan dari lapangan gas Tambun, Bekasi. Proses dasar LPG dari gas suar bakar adalah pemisahan menggunakan sistem refrijerasi. Produk yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat LPG yang digunakan secara komersial yaitu jumlah komponen propana dan butana lebih dari 97,5 %. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh produk LPG sebesar 120 ton per hari, kondensat 240 barrel per hari dan lean gas sebesar 11 MMSCFD. Biaya investasi LPG Plant dengan kapasitas 15 MMSCFD adalah US $ 31.63 juta dengan tingkat nilai pengembalian yang disyaratkan 10%/tahun NPV sebesar US $ 121,45 juta, IRR 62,58 % dan Payback Period 2 tahun.

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LPG Plant design is to study whether the utilization of flare gas as the feed gas of LPG Plant feasible or not to be developed technically and economically. This study could be recommended as an alternative to fulfill the LPG demand in domestic. Selected process for LPG recovery is Refrigeration system. The product has to fulfill the LPG specification which contains more than 97.5 % of propane and butane.

From the simulation, the result product of LPG Plant is 120 tonne/day of LPG, 240 barrel/day of condensates and 11 MMSCFD of lean gas to pipeline. Economic analysis shows that the total capital investment of this plant with 15 MMSCFD capacity is US $ 31.63 million. In case of 10 % MARR, NPV results are US $ 121,45 million , IRR 62,58 % and payback period is 2 years."

"ABSTRAKGas suar bakar merupakan gas yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan eksplorasi dan produksi ataupengolahan minyak atau gas bumi yang dibakar karena tidak dapat ditangani oleh fasilitasproduksi atau pengolahan yang tersedia sehingga belum termanfaatkan. Berdasarkan datapemanfaatan gas bumi tahun 2016 yang dikeluarkan oleh ESDM, jumlah gas suar bakardi Indonesia masih cukup besar yaitu sebesar 214.3 MMSCFD. Gas to Liquid merupakansalah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan dalam pemanfaatan gas suar bakar.Penggunaan teknologi ini membuat produk hasil pengolahan gas menjadi lebih mudahuntuk didistribusikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan teknis danekonomi pemanfaatan gas suar bakar dari lapangan onshore X dan lapangan offshore Ydan Z dengan menggunakan teknologi GTL. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian iniadalah simulasi pemodelan proses dan perhitungan keekonomian. Dengan membuatrancangan simulasi proses sesuai dengan konversi pada reaktor microchannel padapembuatan syngas dan syncrude, dihasilkan produk berupa syncrude, dari Lapangan Xsebesar 714 bbl/day, Lapangan Y menghasilkan 557 bbl/day, sedangkan Lapangan Zsebesar 614 bbl/day. Pada perhitungan keekonomian, dengan menggunakan asumsi hargagas suar bakar 0.35 US$/MMBTU dan harga syncrude 57 US$/bbl, didapatkan IRR untukLapangan X sebesar 18.28%, Lapangan Y 13.29% dan Lapangan Z 26.47%

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ABSTRACTGas flare is a gas produced by exploration activities and production or processing of oilor natural gas which is burned because it can not be handled by production or processingfacilities that is available so it has not been utilized. Based on data of utilization of naturalgas issued 2016 by ESDM, the amount of flare gas in Indonesia is still quite large that isequal to 214.3 MMSCFD. Gas to Liquid is one of the technologies that can be used in theutilization of flare gas. The use of this technology makes the product of gas processingbecomes easier to distribute. This study aims to determine the technical and economicviability of the use of flare gas from X onshore field and Y offshore field by using GTLtechnology. The method used in this research is the simulation of process modeling andeconomical calculation. By making process simulation with conversion for microchannelreactor on syngas and syncrude production, syncrude is produced from X Field withflowrate 714 bbl/day, whereas from Y Field is 557 bbl/day and Z Field produces 614bbl/day. Then, the economic calculation obtained IRR result for X field 18.28%, Y Field13.29% and Z Field 26.47%."

"Lingkungan kita sedang terancam oleh gas rumah kaca dari proses pembakaran gas. Sekitar 4 MMSCFD dikontribusikan oleh gas suar dari lapangan X. Studi ini akan membahas aspek tekno-ekonomi dari teknologi pemanfaatan gas suar. Dalam tulisan ini, tiga metode gas alam terkompresi, Gas Pipa dan gas ke listrik yang dikombinasikan dengan CNG. Menurut hasil, produksi metode pemanfaatan gas suar metode CNG adalah teknologi yang paling ekonomis dengan memiliki IRR yang lebih besar, laba tahunan sekitar $ 4,23 juta, dan waktu pengembalian 1,62 tahun. Analisis ini menunjukkan ada peningkatan nilai ekonomi gas suar dan peningkatan perlindungan lingkungan.

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Our environment is being endangered by greenhouse gases from gas flaring processes. Approximately 4 MMSCFD is contributed by flare gas from X field. This Study would discuss a techno-economic aspect of flare gas utilization technology. In this paper, three methods of compressed natural gas, pipeline gas and gas to wire was combined with CNG. According to the results, the production of the CNG method of flare gas utilization is the most economical technology; with has a greater IRR, an annual profit of about $4,23 million, and a payback period of 1,62 years. Analysis shows there improved economic gas flare value and improvement environmental protection."

"Pada tanggal 7 Maret 2012, sebuah flare kelas-X5.4 melepaskan energi yang besar pada daerah aktif NOAA 11429. Sesaat setelah flare dimulai, sebuah gelombang EIT terdeteksi oleh instrumen AIA 193 Ã? wahana Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Gelombang ini tampak jelas menjalar yang kemudian disusul oleh gelombang EIT berikutnya yang dipicu oleh flare kelas X1.3 sekitar satu jam kemudian. Kedua gelombang EIT ini menunjukkan penjalaran gelombang yang memiliki perbedaan arah dan karakteristik satu sama lain. Peristiwa gelombang EIT pertama disertai dengan kemunculan struktur mirip kubah yang berkaitan erat secara spasial dengan peristiwa lontaran massa korona (CME). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya gelombang moda cepat dan lambat pada peristiwa pertama yang tidak tampak pada peristiwa kedua. Peristiwa kedua juga tidak disertai dengan CME sebagaimana peristiwa pertama. Hasil ini menyarankan bahwa gelombang EIT dapat dihasilkan oleh mekanisme lain selain gelombang kejut yang diakibatkan oleh CME."

"The type III solar radio bursts is an indicator of solar X-ray flare phenomena. The effect of solar X-ray flares to the ionospheric layer is the increasing of minimum frequency (fmin) which indicates the absorption of incoming high frequency (HF) radio wave. Further impact is a disturbance of high frequency radio communications. The number and flux density of type III bursts and X-ray flare can used as an information of ionospheric disturbance possibility. The correlation analysis shows that the number of X-ray flare is related to the number of ionospheric absorption and the time duration of these absorption. The serial event of type III bursts and solar X-ray flare occures during February 6th to 12th, 2010 are an example cases of the early warning of possibility of radio communications disturbances."

"ABSTRACTSystemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which involved many organs. One of its severe manifestations is lupus nephritis (LN). Treatment of LN consist of two phases, induction and maintenance. Inappropriate treatmen approach could increase morbidity and mortality in LN pantients. Renal flare is among many bad outcomes of LN that should be mitigated with an approciate therapuitec approach. Various guidelines stated usage of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA) as an appropriate immunosuppresant in the maintenence phase"

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas bagaimana memanfaatkan gas suar bakar yang ada diPlatform X untuk dapat menjadi suatu yang bernilai ekonomis. Gas suar bakaryang ada di Platform X selama ini hanya dibakar. Penelitian ini dimulai denganmenganalisa komposisi gas suar bakar yang ada di Platform X agar dapatditentukan proses seperti apa yang tepat untuk mengolah gas suar bakar menjadigas jual. Dari segi analisis teknis, proses Kompresi Gas merupakan pilihan tepatuntuk mengolah gas suar bakar menjadi gas jual. Dilihat dari analisa komposisigas suar bakar yang rendah gas asam membuatnya tidak perlu pengolahanlanjutan. Gas suar bakar dapat dikompresikan untuk dialirkan ke aliran gas yangmasuk ke fasilitas gas eksport untuk diproses agar sesuai dengan spesifikasi gaseksport. Fasilitas gas eksport di Platform X didesain untuk menampung gas 175MMSCFD dimana produksi saat ini sebesar 125 MMSCFD sehingga masihmampu menampung masukan gas. Dari hasil analisa ekonomi investasi ini dinilailayak dilakukan, dengan nilai WACC 23,89% dan IRR 28,88%.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuableproducts. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip.This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it canspecified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into salesgas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method totreatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gashas lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas canbe compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to beprocessed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform XGas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able tohandle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments isconsidered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuableproducts. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip.This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it canspecified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into salesgas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method totreatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gashas lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas canbe compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to beprocessed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform XGas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able tohandle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments isconsidered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuableproducts. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip.This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it canspecified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into salesgas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method totreatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gashas lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas canbe compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to beprocessed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform XGas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able tohandle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments isconsidered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.;The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuableproducts. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip.This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it canspecified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into salesgas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method totreatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gashas lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas canbe compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to beprocessed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform XGas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able tohandle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments isconsidered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR., The focus of this study is how to utilize Flare Gas in Platform X into valuableproducts. At all this time, the Flare Gas in Platform X is just burn in to flaring tip.This study is starting with analyze the gas composition in Platform X so it canspecified what the right method to utilize the Flare Gas in Platform X into salesgas. From technical analysis, the Gas Compression is a perfect method totreatment Flare gas into sales gas. From the composition of gas analysis this gashas lower sour gas contents makes it unnecessary further treatment. Flare gas canbe compressed to flow into the gas stream entering the facility to export gas to beprocessed in order to conform to the specifications of the gas export. Platform XGas export facilities designed to handle 175 MMSCFD of gas so it still able tohandle input gas. From the results of the economic analysis of investments isconsidered feasible, the WACC value of 23.89% and 28.88% IRR.]"

"Dalam rangka menghasilkan produksi migas di lapangan lepas pantai Perusahaan “PO”, terdapat gas buang (flaring dan venting) yang berpotensi menjadi sumber emisi gas rumah kaca (Ritchie & Roser, 2020; The World Resources Institutes, 2020) dan dapat menyebabkan pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim. Diperlukan usaha perolehan dan penyediaan energi migas yang tidak memberikan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan serta tetap dapat menghasilkan keuntungan, selaras dengan prinsip Sustainability Energy (Russel, 2008; Klarin, 2018). Sebagai upaya penerapan prinsip Sustainability Energy di Perusahaan “PO”, dilakukan kajian terkait dampak gas buang dari kegiatan operasi produksi migas dengan menggunakan pendekatan metode Life Cycle Assesment/ LCA (Elcock, 2007). Mengacu pada metode LCA, dilakukan kajian dengan tahapan; menentukan tujuan (goal) dan ruang lingkup (scope) penelitian; melakukan life cycle inventory terhadap proses dan data yang dikumpulkan; menghitung impact assesment dari emisi Gas rumah kaca yang disebabkan gas venting dengan menggunakan metode IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Inventory Guideline 2006, dan dari gas flare dengan menggunakan metode Compendium API (American Petroleum Institute) 2009; dan tahapan selanjutnya melakukan intrepretasi, menentukan skenario perbaikan lingkungan serta kajian keekonomiannya. Kegiatan operasi produksi migas di perusahaan “PO” menghasilkan total gas buang sebesar 12.73 mmscfd (juta kaki kubik per hari) yang dapat menyebabkan emisi GRK sebesar 756 Gg (Giga gram) CO2 ekuivalen setiap tahun. Dengan skenario upaya perbaikan lingkungan (penerapan gas microturbine, gas lift, merubah gas venting menjadi gas flare), menghasilkan potensi pengurangan emisi GRK antara 240-368 Gg CO2 ekuivalen setiap tahun, namun penerapannya tidak dapat menghasilkan keuntungan bagi perusahaan apabila diperlakukan sebagai “business as usual” sehingga prinsip Sustainability Energy tidak dapat dipenuhi. Diperlukan upaya lebih lanjut untuk mendorong tercapainya prinsip Sustainability Energy dalam usaha penyediaan energi migas, diantaranya melalui penerapan mekanisme pasar karbon atau pemberian insentif dari pemerintah.......Some excess gas is flared and vented in offshore oil and gas production at PO Company; the gas flare and vent is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions potential that cause global warming and climate change (Ritchie & Roser, 2020; The World Resources Institutes, 2020). Therefore further efforts need to reduce the causes of environmental damage, including implementing the principle of Sustainable Energy, an attempt to obtain and provide energy that implies environmentally friendly and generates economic profit (Russel, 2008; Klarin, 2018). The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is feasible to apply the principle of sustainable energy in the oil and gas industry (Elcock, 2007). Refer to the LCA approach, there are steps for determining the impact of excess gases (flaring and venting) in PO company; defining the goals and scope; conducting life cycle inventory; calculating the impact assessment of greenhouse gas emissions (gas venting calculation refer to IPCC Inventory Guideline 2006, and for gas flare refer to API Compendium 2009); next phase is interpretation, define scenarios of environmental improvement and economic analysis. The total excess gas from oil and gas production operations at "PO" company is about 12.73 mmscfd (million cubic feet per day), generating GHG emissions potential of 756 Gg (Giga gram) CO2 equivalent every year. Due to environmental improvement scenarios (i.e., Microturbine, gas lift, or venting to flare), GHG emission reductions are between 240-368 Gg CO2 equivalent annually. Nevertheless, the implementation cannot generate profits for the company if it is treated as "business as usual." Hence further efforts are needed to encourage the fulfillment of Sustainability Energy in PO company, including implementing a carbon market mechanism or encouraging government incentives"