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"carbon dioxide has important role marine ecosystem, because carbonate system has main role in marine pH determination. The relation between atmospheric CO2 and dissolved CO2 always in equilibrium state and it is influenced by partial pressure of CO2...."

"Abstract. Fathonah D, Sugiyarto. 2009. Effect of IAA and GA3 toward the growing and saponin content of purwaceng (Pimpinella alpina). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 17-22. The aims of this research are to examine (i) the effect of IAA and GA3 in different concentrations to the growth of the plants and (ii) the saponin contained inside the P. alpina, leaves. The research was done in Sikunang Village, Kejajar Subdistrict, Wonosobo District, Central Java from July to November 2007. The experiment methods were used the Completely Random Design with two factors were used to analyze this experiment. First treatment gives IAA and GA3, second was done by giving different IAA and GA3 concentration. These experiments were repeated three times. Variables measured in this research were the growth of plant which is consisted of the number of leaves, their height, width, wet weight as well as dry weight. The chemical compound of the secondary metabolite in the form of leave saponin was employed. The result was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued to Duncan Multiple Range Test in 5% level to analyze the real difference between those treatments. The result showed that giving IAA and GA3 differently affect the growth P. alpina. In variable of the height, the optimal wet weight and dry weight of the plant in GA3 treatment was 50 ppm; optimum number of leaves in GA3 treatment was 50 ppm where as the leave width in IAA treatment was 200 ppm and GA3 treatment was 75 ppm and optimum saponin treatment was IAA 200 ppm and GA3 25 ppm."

"Komputer proses Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy (RSG-GAS)digunakan untuk pemerosesan, pencatatan dan penampilan parameterparameteroperasi reaktor. Komputer proses ini terdiri dari komponenkomponeninstrumen virtual. Tersedianya komponen-komponen instrumenvirtual ini bersama sistem pengukuran fluks neutron memungkinkandikembangkannya berbagai macam instrumen virtual untuk memonitorfluks neutron. Sehingga dengan komputer proses yang tersedia dan tanpamemerlukan perangkat tambahan, imitasi dari instrumen fisis sistemtersebut dapat dibangun. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan instrumeninstrumenvirtual berupa akuisisi dan pencatatan fluks neutron, kalibratormeter reaktivitas dan meter reaktivitas. Pembuatan sistem melibatkanstudi mengenai kinetika/fisika reaktor, metode numerik, instrumentasiumum dan nuklir, pemrograman labVIEW dan penelitian-penelitian yangdilakukan sebelumnya. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa sistem yangdikembangkan dapat berfungsi dengan baik dan dengan akurasi yangcukup baik. Namun demikian beberapa hal yang sesungguhnya diluarbatas masalah penelitian ini tetapi diperlukan dalam percobaan disarankan untuk dijadikan penelitian lanjutan."

"Skripsi ini merupakan pembahasan prasasti Pucangan Sanskerta yang meliputi analisa tata bahasa Sanskerta untuk melihat pemahaman sang citralekha terhadap tata bahasa Sanskerta di zamannya. Kemudian akan di interpretasikan, baik interpretasi tokoh, peristiwa, waktu, dan geografi dengan Prasasti Pucangan Jawa Kuna. Prasasti Pucangan telah alihaksarakan dan diterjemahkan oleh Prof.H.Kern dan diterbitkan pada Verspreid Geschriften VII. Karena terdapat kesalahan pembacaan dan penafsiran oleh para ahli terdahulu, maka prasasti Pucangan Sanskerta di kaji ulang pada skripsi ini.

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This thesis is discussion about the Sanskrit Inscription of Pucangan that is include the analysis of Sanskrit grammar in the inscription to found how far the citralekha had to understanding of Sanskrit grammar in that time. Afterwards, it would be interpretation to the figure, even, time and geography with Old Javaness Inscription of Pucangan. This inscription had been transcription and translation by Prof.H.Kern and publish in VG VII. But, because there is some mistake in transliteration and interpretation also from the other epigraf, so this inscription must be re-analysis in this thesis."

"Cottonii seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty) is one of the most important commercial sources of carrageenans which are widely used in the pharmaceuticals and food industries. A problem in the cultivation of this seaweed is the ice-ice disease, which is caused by extreme changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and seawater salinity. Gene transformation to produce Cottonii seaweed transgenics that are tolerant to environmental stress is a potential solution to this problem. Gα gene encodes for the heterotrimeric G protein α subunit is a gene that plays a role in tolerance to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. This study aimed to: (a) introduce the Gα gene into the callus cells of K. alvarezii and regenerate transformed callus cells to transgenic plantlets; (b) determine the appropriate concentration of acetosyringone and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain for gene transfer into the callus of K. alvarezii. The callus cells of K. alvarezii were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 and EHA105 carrying the expression vector pGWB502-Gα with a CaMV-35S promoter. The calli and A. tumefaciens were co-cultivated in several concentrations of acetosyringone (20, 40, 60 mg/L). The regeneration of transformed callus cells into transgenic plantlets was successfully performed using the somatic embryogenesis technique. The results showed that the highest percentage of putative transgenic micropropagule formation occurred at the 20-40 mg/L concentration of acetosyringone. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on the twenty transgenic plantlets indicated that the Gα gene was successfully introduced into the genomic DNA of all of them. The highest transformation efficiency was in the co-cultivation treatment of 20-40 mg/L acetosyringone (22-28%). The transformation efficiency produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 (23%) was not significantly different from that produced by the LBA4404 (15%)."

"Reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 dilakukan melalui katalis bimetalik Ni-Ga dan Ni-Ga termodifikasi Ag yang didukung pada karbon mesopori (MC). MC berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode soft-template dengan menggunakan phloroglucinol sebagai prekursor karbon dan pluronik F-127 sebagai template. Katalis Ni-Ga dan Ni-Ga yang termodifikasi Ag disintesis menggunakan metode impregnasi dengan variasi Ni5Ga3/MC, Ni5Ga3Ag0,1/MC, Ni5Ga3Ag0,3/MC, dan Ni5Ga3Ag0,5/MC. Berdasarkan karakterisasi XRD, pembentukan bimetal Ni-Ga dan nanopartikel Ag pada penyangga MC telah terkonfirmasi. Gambar mapping EDX menunjukkan Ni-Ga maupun NiGa-Ag terdistribusi secara merata pada permukaan MC. BET-SAA menunjukkan ukuran diameter pori katalis Ni5Ga3/MC dan Ni5Ga3Ag0,1/MC masing-masing adalah 5,5 nm dan 6,0 nm yang mana termasuk dalam ukuran mesopori 2-50 nm. Aktivitas katalis dalam reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 dilakukan pada reaktor fixed-bed. Pada katalis Ni5Ga3/MC dan Ni5Ga3Ag/MC terdeteksi produk metanol dan formaldehida. Penambahan Ag pada katalis Ni5Ga3/MC meningkatkan konversi CO2 dan yield produk metanol maupun formaldehida pada katalis Ni5Ga3Ag0,1/MC. Yield optimum metanol dan formaldehida dihasilkan dengan rasio H2/CO2 7/1 pada suhu 170 °C yaitu masing-masing 0,02 dan 2,26%.. Konversi CO2 semakin kecil dengan semakin meningkatnya suhu reaksi karena kondisi reaksinya yang eksoterm.

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The study of CO2 hydrogenation reaction was carried out using bimetallic Ni-Ga and Ag-modified Ni-Ga catalysts supported on mesoporous carbon (MC). MC was successfully synthesized using the soft-template method by using phloroglucinol as a carbon precursor and pluronic F-127 as a template. The Ni-Ga and Ag-modified Ni-Ga catalysts were synthesized using the impregnation method with variations in Ag loading to give Ni5Ga3/MC, Ni5Ga3Ag0.1/MC, Ni5Ga3Ag0.3/MC, and Ni5Ga3Aug0.5/MC catalyst. Based on the characterization of XRD, the formation of bimetallic Ni5Ga3 and Ag nanoparticles on MC have been confirmed. The EDX mapping image shows both Ni-Ga and NiGa-Ag were evenly distributed on the MC surface. BET-SAA analysis shows the pore diameter of Ni5Ga3/MC and Ni5Ga3Ag0.1/MC catalysts are 5.5 nm and 6.0 nm respectively which are included in the mesoporous size of 2-50 nm. The activity of the catalyst in the hydrogenation reaction of CO2 was carried out in a fixed-bed reactors. Both Ni5Ga3/MC and Ag-modified Ni5Ga3/MC catalysts gave methanol and formaldehyde as CO2 hydrogenation products. The addition of Ag to the Ni5Ga3/MC catalyst increases the CO2 conversion and yield of methanol and formaldehyde products. The highest yield of methanol of 0.02% and formaldehyde of 2.26% were obtained over Ni5Ga3Ag0.1/MC catalyst with a H2/CO2 ratio of 7/1 at 170 °C. The conversion of CO2 is getting smaller with increasing reaction temperature due to its exothermic reaction conditions."

"Sambaran petir merupakan kejadian alam yang dalam proses pelepasan muatan-muatan listriknya terjadi dalam orde mikro detik dan sangat sulit untuk dikendalikan. Pengaruh sambaran petir terhadap obyek sambaran petir di bumi, bergantung pada sistem perlindungan dan kemampuan dari peralatan proteksi yang digunakan. Sambaran ini menghasilkan arus, tegangan dan gelombang elektromagnetik yang cukup besar. Daya maksimum dari medan elektromagnetik ini dapat mencapai 20.000 Mega watt [1], sedangkan arusnya bervariasi dari 2 sampai 200 kA Pit. Akibat dari arus sambaran petir tersebut dapat menimbulkan kerugian.Sistem Penangkal Petir yang terpasang pada gedung Reaktor Serba Guna GA. Siwabessy (selanjutnya disebut RSG-GAS) merupakan salah satu sistem pendukung yang mempunyai peranan cukup penting khususnya sebagai sistem perlindungan terhadap sambaran petir. Setelah reaktor beroperasi selama 14 tahun terhitung sejak reaktor diresmikan pada tahun 1987, hingga saat ini masih belum ada yang melakukan evaluasi terhadap distribusi arus akibat sambaran petir pada sistem tersebut, yang sering dilakukan adalah pengukuran tahanan pentanahan pada gedung reaktor dan beberapa gedung penunjang lainnya.Tulisan ini menguraikan suatu analisis perhitungan terhadap distribusi arus sambaran petir pada Sistem Penangkal Petir gedung RSG-GAS. Metoda yang digunakan adalah dengan melakukan simulasi terhadap sambaran petir langsung yang mengenai salah satu bagian finial datar yang terdapat pada bagian atap gedung RSG-GAS. Selain itu pula, simulasi sambaran petir juga dilakukan terhadap bagian-bagian lain dari Sistem Penangkal Petir. Untuk mengetahui distribusi dan arah arus sambaran petir tersebut digunakan Hukum Kirchoff 1. Dengan menggunakan bantuan program komputer Electronic Workbench dan Lab View, dapat diketahui besamya distribusi arus sambaran petir dan tegangan yang terjadi pada bagian kisi-kisi finial dan penyalur arus sambaran petir.

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Lightning Stroke Current Distribution Analysis for Multi Purpose Reactor GA. Siwabessy Building Lightning Protection SystemLightning stroke is a weather phenomena where the electricity charge release occur in a micro second and very difficult to control it. Lightning stroke effect to the object in the earth depends on the lightning protection and the..capability of the instrumentation protection used. This stroke resulted the big enough current, voltage and electromagnetic waves. The maximum power of this electromagnetic field can reach 20.000 MW t11 and the current variety from 2 - 200 kA tit. The lightning stroke can effect severe.This paper is analyzing the calculation of the lightning stroke current distribution at the RSG-GAS building lightning protection system. The method is using simulation to the direct lightning stroke which strike the finial at the roof of the RSG-GAS building. To know the distribution and lightning stroke current direction used Kirchoff I law. Electronic Workbench and Lab View computer system are used to know the amount of the lightning stroke distribution and the voltage occur at the finial and lightning stroke current distributor."