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"Pada tesis ini penulis melaporkan dua buah pekerjaan, yaitu i)efek boson skalar terhadap sifat-sifat bintang gelap fermionik dan ii)efek peluruhan gelap pada bintang netron dengan hyperon. Pada pekerjaan yang pertama, penulis menghitung sifat-sifat makro dari bintang seperti massa radius, momen inersia dan deformasi tidal dari bintang tersebut. Efek skalar akan membuat bintang menjadi lebih mampat. Dengan mengatur kuat interaksinya maka kita dapat melewati batas C=0.22. Pada pekerjaan yang kedua, penulis menguji usulan Fornal dan Grinstein (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa mungkin saja netron mengalami peluruhan menjadi dark matter(materi gelap) pada bintang netron dengan Hyperon. Didapati bahwa mungkin saja materi gelap ada pada inti bintang netron, namun ia hanya muncul pada kerapatan tinggi dan populasinya kecil sekali dengan populasi maksimum sekitar 0.1%.

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In this thesis two things have been done, i) the effect of the scalar boson on fermionic dark stars and ii) the dark decay effect on neutron stars with hyperon. In the first work, we calculated the macro properties of stars such as mass radius, moment of inertia and tidal deformability of the star. Scalar effects will make stars more compact. By controlling the interaction, we can exceed the C=0.22 limit. In the second work, we examined the proposals of Fornal and Grinstein (2019) which stated that perhaps neutrons experience decay into dark matter in neutron stars with Hyperon. It was found that dark matter may be present in the core of a neutron star, but it only appears at high densities and the population is very small with a maximum population of about 0.1%."

"Dinamika kejahatan produksi dan distribusi ilegal narkotika sintetis yang meningkat pada tataran global, juga terjadi di Indonesia dengan tingkat kenaikan rata-rata produksi ilegal dari tahun ke tahun mencapai 0,2% dan 58,1% per tahun untuk distribusi ilegal. Tempat menjadi salah satu daya tarik meningkatnya kejahatan ini di berbagai belahan dunia. Salah satu asumsi global bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran pemilihan wilayah untuk dijadikan tempat produksi dan distribusi ilegal narkotika sintetis. Asumsi ini tentu menjadi permasalahan juga di Indonesia.Untuk memahami permasalahan tersebut, dalam penelitian disertasi ini digunakan perspektif tempat dari Teori Ekologi Kejahatan, Teori Tempat, Teori Strukturisasi dan Teori Pilihan Rasional dalam menjelaskan persepsi aktor terhadap karakteristik wilayah yang dipilih menjadi tempat produksi dan distribusi ilegal dari aspek ekologi sosial, melalui proses interaksi dan rasionalisasi terhadap pilihan baik tempat, teknik, maupun target dalam rangka memaksimalkan keuntungan.Dengan menggunakan pendekatan mixed method, pengumpulan data dalam penelitian disertasi ini menggunakan teknik wawancara berstruktur dan tidak berstruktur untuk mengetahui posisi perseptual aktor , dan menggunakan teknik konfirmatori dalam rangka mendalami variabel-variabel lain yang dapat berkontribusi terhadap pemilihan tempat produksi dan distribusi illegal narkotika sintetis.Determinan baru banyak ditemui dalam penelitian ini, yang mencirikan lokasi tempat produksi dan distribusi illegal dalam periode 5 (lima) tahun terakhir (2006-2011). Walaupun determinan sebelumnnya juga ditemui dalam penelitian ini, namun ada pergeseran-pergeseran makna dengan sejumlah eksplanasi. Kendala kurangnya pemahaman baik masyarakat maupun aparat terhadap fenomena ini, memerlukan waktu untuk mengeksplorasi keterbuktian atau kedangkalan determinan tersebut dalam menjelaskan pergeseran karakteristik lokasi produksi dan distribusi illegal narkotika sintetis.

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The escalating crime dynamics at global level related to the illegal production and distribution of synthetic narcotics also occurred in Indonesia with an average annual increase in illegal production of 0.2%, and 58.1% for illegal distribution. The selection of a location for these activities has become a great attraction for the development of this crime. The global assumption is that the selection of location for production and distribution of illegal synthetic narcotics has shifted. This assumption has definitely also become a problem in Indonesia.To conceive this problem for the location perspective, the study of this dissertation takes the Theory of Crime Ecology, Location Theory, Theory of Structure and Theory of Rational Selection in clarifying the actor?s perception as is viewed from the social ecology aspect on the characteristics of location to be selected for the production and distribution of illegal synthetic narcotics through the process of interaction and rationalization related to location, techniques, as well as the target with the aim to maximize the profit gained from these activities.Through themixed method approach, data collection for this study utilizes the technique of structured and unstructured interview to findthe perceptual of the actor, and utilizes the confirmatory technique to obtain a deeper understanding of the other variables that may contribute to the selection of location for the production and distribution of illegal synthetic narcotics.Many new determinants were found in thestudy, that characterize the location for the production and distribution of illegal synthetic narcotics within the past five (5) years (2006 ? 2011). Although determinants were also encountered previously In this study, there was a shift in the purpose with a couple of explanations. The constraint encountered in the lack of understanding towards this phenomenon from the community as well as the officials requiresmore time for explorations to demonstrate the determinants? justification or triviality in the shift of the location?s characteristics for the production and distribution of illicit synthetic narcotics."

"Perjalanan panjang Valadin mengumpulkan Relik Elemental selesai sudah. Berbekal kepingan-kepingan kekuatan Aether itu, Valadin menuju Laut Kematian untuk menyatukan ketujuh Relik. Tapi sebelum bisa melakukannya, masih ada SATU ujian terakhir. Ujian yang sangat berat, yang berakar dari sejarah kelam Benua Ther Melian. Sementara itu, Vrey dan teman-temannya mendapat bantuan dari seorang wanita misterius, yang bukan hanya memiliki kekuatan sihir luar biasa, tapi juga mengetahui keberadaan para Aether dan masa lalu Benua Ther Melian. Dan berkat pertolongannya, Vrey berhasil menyusul Valadin. Ketika potongan demi potongan kebenaran yang sesungguhnya terungkap, Vrey dan Valadin menyadari bahwa mereka terlibat begitu dalam dengan misteri yang menyelimuti PERMULAAN terciptanya dunia mereka, Terra! Dan saat sejarah berulang, perang besar pun menanti di depan mata. Dalam kisah penutup tetralogi Ther Melian ini, perjalanan nasib sekali lagi mempertemukan Vrey dan Valadin. Tapi kali ini keduanya mungkin tidak akan selamat sampai akhir..."

"Setelah rahasia identitas Aelwen diungkap Rion, Vrey terombang-ambing di antara dua pilihan yang sama menyakitkannya. Memaafkan Aelwen, walaupun dusta yang telah ditumpuknya dan membuat hati Vrey terluka, atau menyerahkan seseorang yang telah menjadi sahabatnya selama tiga tahun kembali pada nasib yang membuat Aelwen melarikan diri dari masa lalunya.Sementara itu, Valadin bertekad menuntaskan misinya, apa pun akibatnya. Dia harus menaklukkan Templia-Templia yang tersisa untuk mendapatkan Relik Elemental sambil terus berupaya menghindari kecurigaan bangsanya sendiri. Tapi semua itu tidak sebanding dengan kenyataan pahit yang menanti Valadin. Dia harus kembali berhadapan dengan Vrey untuk merebut kembali Relik Safir.Kali selanjutnya, mereka harus memilih; mengenang masa lalu yang manis, atau saling bertarung demi masa depan yang diimpikan masing-masing. Kejar-mengejar dan pertarungan kedua belah pihak tak terelakkan lagi, KISAH mereka pun berlanjut..."

"Penelitian kali ini mencoba memodelkan materi gelap yang menggumpal menjadi objek mampat yang disebut bintang gelap dengan mempertimbangkan efek temperatur. Partikel berjenis fermion, boson dan parafermion digunakan untuk memodelkan partikel gelap. Penentuan suhu bintang dilakukan dengan 2 metode yaitu: i) menganggap suhu bin- tang seragam dan ii) temperatur berubah-ubah bergantung tekanan dengan menganggap entropinya tetap. Didapati bahwa pada temeratur tidak nol, jenis partikel sangat mem- pengaruhi sifat-sifat dari bintang gelap. Pada kasus fermion, efek temperatur dan en- tropi membuat persamaan keadaannya lebih lunak dan didapatkan bintang yang memiliki massa dan radius lebih besar. Pada kasus boson, efek temperatur dan entropi tidak terlalu signifikan. Sedangkan pada kasus parafermion didapat persamaan keadaan tidak stabil dan perlu telaah lebih lanjut.

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In this work we model dark matter that clumps into a compact object called a dark stars, the effects of temperature is considered. We use Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and Parafermion statistics to model dark matter particles. To determine the temperature of the star 2 methods are used, i) Assume the temperature is uniform throughout the star and ii) the temperature varies depending on pressure by assuming that the entropy is constant. It was found that in the case of finite temeratures, the type of particle statisticss greatly affects the properties of dark stars. In the case of fermions, the effects temperature and entropy make the equation of state(EoS) softer and have larger mass and radius. In the case of bosons, the effect of temperature and entropy is not too significant. Whereas in the case of parafermion, the results obtained unstable equations of state and need further study."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterlibatan perempuan sebagaikurir dalam peredaran gelap narkotika serta serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktoryang mendorong perempuan terlibat sebagai kurir dalam peredaran gelapnarkotika.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang mengandalkan analisis datadeskriptif yang diperoleh melalui hasil wawancara yang mendalam dengan 8(delapan) informan perempuan dari beberapa tempat yaitu : di LembagaPemasyarakatan Klas IIA Wanita Tangerang, Banten, Rumah Tahanan (Rutan)Klas IIA Wanita Jakarta Timur, Rutan Direktorat Tindak Pidana NarkotikaBareskrim Polri dan Rutan Badan Narkotika Nasional. Data juga diperolehdengan pengamatan dan studi kepustakaan.Keterlibatan perempuan dalam peredaran gelap narkotika, seperti diketahuibahwa perempuan memiliki peranan yang tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja,karena banyaknya peranan perempuan baik didalam keluarga serta dalamkehidupan ekonomi, sosial, kebudayaan, pendidikan, politik dan agama.Kedudukan perempuan sangat strategis didalam keluarga, khususnya dalammembentuk pribadi-pribadi yang militan, kekuatan seorang perempuan bukanhanya mengubah hidup keluarganya, melainkan juga mengubah sebuah bangsaatau bahkan dunia. Namun kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan, banyakperempuan yang terlibat dalam peredaran gelap narkotika sebagai kurir.Perempuan sebagai kurir tidak serta merta terjadi, ada sindikat narkotika yangmengendalikan perempuan dengan berbagai modus, ada karena ketidaktahuanmereka, ketergantungan kepada laki-laki yang mempunayi hubungan denganperempuan sebagai suami atau pacar, ada juga karena dititipi barang narkotika.Perempuan terlibat tanpa mengetahui resiko atas tindakannya dan berakhir dalamhukuman di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary;This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary, This study aimed to describe the involvement of women as couriers in the illicittrafficking of narcotics as well as well as to identify factors that encouragewomen to get involved as a courier in the illicit trafficking of narcotics.This study used a qualitative method that relies on the analysis of descriptivedata obtained through in-depth interviews with 8 (eight) female informant fromseveral places, namely: The Women's Penitentiary Institution Class IIATangerang, Banten, House of Detention Class IIA Women East Jakarta; House ofDetention of Crime Narcotics Directorate of Criminal Investigation Police andthe House of Detention of National Narcotics Board. Data were also obtained bythe observation and study of literature.Women's involvement in the illicit traffic in narcotics, as is well known thatwomen have a role that can not be ignored, because of the role of women bothwithin families and in economic life, social, cultural, educational, political andreligious. Strategic position of women within the family, especially in the form ofmilitant individuals, the power of a woman not only changed the lives of herfamily, but also transform a nation or even the world. But the fact is happeningon the ground, many women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics as acourier.Women as couriers is not necessarily the case, there are narcotics syndicates thatcontrol women with a variety of modes, there because of their ignorance,dependence on a man who has little relationship with the woman as husband orboyfriend, there's also because the goods entrusted narcotics. Women involvedwithout knowing the risks of his actions and ended in penalties in thePenitentiary]"

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas mengenai orang yang diperdaya menjadi kurir narkotika. Tolok ukur dalam menentukan orang tersebut merupakan korban atau pelaku tindak pidana adalah UU No. 21 Tahun 2007, dan UU No. 35 Tahun 2009. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yang didasarkan pada data sekunder. Data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Tulisan ini memaparkan dan mengkritik peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan Indonesia yang kerap menyamakan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap orang yang diperdaya dan orang yang sengaja mengedarkan narkotika. Padahal orang yang diperdaya tersebut, berdasarkan rentetan prosesnya dapat digolongkan sebagai korban perdaganganan orang. Tulisan ini menyarankan dibedakannya pelaku pengedaran gelap narkotika yang merupakan kurir dengan yang merupakan pelaku utama, yang mana kurir dapat berupa orang yang diperdaya, dan juga orang yang sengaja.

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ABSTRACTThis essay discussed the matter about human trafficking victims that being deceived to act as a drug trafficker. Act 21 of 2007 and Act 35 of 2009 being used as the measurement whether someone is the criminal or the victim of a crime. This essay uses descriptive method, with qualitative approach, which based on secondary data. The secondary data take form in primary, secondary, and tertiary legal material. This essay explained and criticize the regulation and court verdict that often equate the liability between deceived persons and deliberated persons who become drug trafficker. By the sequence, the deceive persons could be classified as human trafficking victims. This essay suggests that there should be a different regulation between deceived person and deliberated persons in drug trafficking."

"ABSTRAKEnergi cahaya merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dibutuhkan dalam

kultivasi Chlorella vulgaris. Namun penggunaan energi cahaya dengan cahaya

lampu membuat peningkatan biaya produksi yang cukup signifikan. Siklus terang

gelap alami matahari dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi yang potensial

untuk kultivasi Chlorella vulgaris. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses kultivasi

Chlorella vulgaris dalam fotobioreaktor skala pilot 150 L di luar ruangan

menggunakan siklus pencahayaan terang gelap matahari. Pada proses kultivasi

luar ruangan tersebut, kultur Chlorella vulgaris dapat tumbuh dengan baik pada

kisaran temperatur 25- 40 oC dengan nilai Optical Density tertinggi 0,702 yang

dicapai pada jam ke-168. Setelah kultivasi selama 200 jam dilakukan pengujian

kandungan esensial dengan jumlah lipid sebesar 5,4 % berat kering, protein

sebesar 50,36 % berat kering, total klorofil sebesar 1,8306 ppm serta β-karoten

sebesar 0,686 ppm. Kualitas yield biomassa yang dihasilkan dengan

menggunakan pencahayaan terang gelap alami memang tidak sebaik pencahayaan

kontinu. Namun proses kultivasi dengan sistem terang gelap dapat dikaji lebih

lanjut untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih ekonomis

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ABSTRACT

Light energy is one of the important factors needed in the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris. However, the use of light energy by halogen lamp increase cost of production significantly. Natural light dark cycle of the sun can be harnessed as a potential energy source for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris. In this research the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a 150 L pilot scale photobioreactor outdoor lighting using light dark cycle of the sun. At the outdoor cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris culture was able to grow well in the temperature range 25-40° C with the highest Optical Density reached 0.702 at the hours to 168. After cultivation for 200 hours testing essential to the lipid content of dry weight, protein of dry weight, total chlorophyll, and B-carotene are 5,4% ;50,36%; 1,8306 ppm and 0,686 ppm, respectively. The quality of the biomass yield produced by using natural dark light illumination is not as good as continuous lighting. But the process of cultivation with natural light dark cycle can be studied further to obtain more economical results."