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"Konservasi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) yang merupakan primata endemik Indonesia berstatus vulnerable dilakukan di Gembira Loka Zoo. Pengamatan interaksi sosial dan reproduksi dapat menjadi faktor pendukung dari keberhasilan rehabilitasi di penangkaran. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) jantan dan betina di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial dan reproduksi 2 kelompok lutung jawa jantan dan betina pada 2 kandang yang berbeda. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 4 pasangan, yang terdiri dari P1 (jantan A dan betina 1A), P2 (jantan A dan betina 2A), P3 (jantan 1B dan betina B), serta P4 (jantan 2B dan betina B). Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 10 menit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, interaksi sosial yang teramati adalah body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, dan contact aggression. Interaksi sosial didominasi oleh interaksi sosial affiliative dibandingkan agonistik. Frekuensi interaksi sosial affiliative tertinggi teramati pada P3 (30,44%) dan interaksi sosial agonistik tertinggi teramati pada P1 (1,29%). Sementara itu, interaksi reproduksi yang teramati adalah atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas, dengan frekuensi atraktivitas dan proseptivitas tertinggi teramati pada P3 (70,11%), sedangkan frekuensi reseptivitas tertinggi pada P2 (3,45%). Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig < 0,05) pada perilaku proximity, allogrooming, atraktivitas dan proseptivitas, serta menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan signifikan (Asymp. Sig > 0,05) pada perilaku body contact, non contact aggression, contact aggression dan reseptivitas. Selama pengamatan, teramati adanya interaksi sosial dan reproduksi lutung jawa antarkandang yang berbeda.

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Conservation of  Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), an endemic primate of Indonesia classified as vulnerable, is conducted at Gembira Loka Zoo. Observations of social interactions and reproductive can be supportive factors for the success of rehabilitation in captivity. Research has been conducted on the social interactions and reproduction of male and female Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy, 1812) at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze the social interactions and reproductive of two groups of male and female Javan langurs in two different enclosures. Observations were made on four pairs, consisting of P1 (male A and female 1A), P2 (male A and female 2A), P3 (male 1B and female B), and P4 (male 2B and female B). The methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with a 10-minute interval. Based on the results of the study, observed social interactions included body contact, proximity, allogrooming, non-contact aggression, and contact aggression. Social interactions were dominated by affiliative social interactions compared to agonistic ones. The highest frequency of affiliative social interactions was observed in P3 (30.44%), while the highest frequency of agonistic social interactions was observed in P1 (1.29%). Meanwhile, observed reproductive interactions included attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity, with the highest frequency of receptivity was observed in P2 (3.45%). Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences (Asymp. Sig < 0.05) in proximity behavior, allogrooming, attractiveness, and proceptivity, while showing no significant differences (Asymp. Sig > 0.05) in body contact, non-contact aggression, contact aggression, and receptivity behaviors. During the observation, social and reproductive interactions between different enclosures of Javan langurs were observed."

"Monyet dige (Macaca hecki) merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang hidup berkelompok dengan struktur multimale dan multifemale dan sistem perkawinan promiscuity. Komposisi monyet dige di Gembira Loka Zoo hanya terdiri dari dua individu betina tanpa keberadaan jantan, yang dapat saja memicu munculnya perilaku homoseksual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial antarbetina tanpa keberadaan jantan di Gembira Loka Zoo dan mengamati siklus estrus melalui kemunculan sexual swelling. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap dua individu betina (B1 dan B2) monyet dige dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum, sebanyak 30 kali pengulangan data dengan interval waktu 10 menit. Hasil menunjukkan proporsi perilaku harian kedua individu tertinggi hingga terendah, yaitu resting > moving > autogrooming > feeding > stereotype. Perilaku stereotype hanya ditunjukkan oleh Individu B1. Hasil interaksi sosial antarbetina menunjukkan proporsi perilaku afiliatif lebih tinggi (91,03%) dibanding perilaku agonistik (8,97%), perilaku teramati meliputi close proximity, allogrooming, contact sitting, hugging, genital inspection, mounting, pelvic thrusting, contact aggression, non-contact aggression, dan submissive. Teramati terdapat bentuk hierarki di antara kedua individu, yaitu B1 cenderung dominan dibanding B2 cenderung subordinat. Dominasi B1 tercermin dalam perilaku agonistik seperti contact aggression dan non-contact aggression, yang direspons oleh B2 melalui perilaku submissive. Perilaku homoseksual teramati antara individu dominan terhadap subordinat sebagai bentuk kompensasi ketiadaan individu jantan yang dipengaruhi oleh hormon, meliputi genital inspection (9,38%), mounting (1,83%), dan pelvic thrusting (0,41%). Kedua individu memperlihatkan sexual swelling sebagai indikator kesuburan pada masa estrus dan menandakan siklus reproduksi aktif. Kondisi ini berpotensi dapat dikawinkan dengan individu jantan dalam mendorong keberhasilan reproduksi Gembira Loka Zoo.

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Heck’s macaques (Macaca hecki) are endemic animals of Sulawesi that naturally lives in multimale–multifemale social groups and promiscuous mating system. The composition of heck’s macaques at Gembira Loka Zoo consists of only two female individuals without the presence of a male, potentially triggering homosexual behavior. This research to analyze social interactions between female in the absence of a male at Gembira Loka Zoo and to observe the estrus cycle through the occurrence of sexual swelling. Observations were conducted on two female individuals (B1 and B2) using scan sampling and ad libitum methods, repeated 30 times at 10-minute intervals. The results of both individuals daily behavior from highest to lowest, resting > moving > autogrooming > feeding > stereotype. Stereotype behavior was only observed in B1. The results of social interactions, a higher proportion of affiliative behaviors (91.03%) compared to agonistic behaviors (8.97%), including close proximity, allogrooming, contact sitting, hugging, genital inspection, mounting, pelvic thrusting, contact aggression, non-contact aggression, and submissive behaviour. A hierarchy was observed, with B1 being more dominant and B2 subordinate. B1’s dominance was reflected in agonistic behaviors such as contact and non-contact aggression, while B2 responded with submissive behavior. Homosexual behaviors were observed from dominant to subordinate individual as form of hormonal compensation of absence male, including genital inspection (9.38%), mounting (1.83%), and pelvic thrusting (0.41%). Both individuals displayed sexual swelling during estrus, indicating active reproductive cycles. This condition suggests that introducing a male could support breeding efforts and enhance reproductive success at Gembira Loka Zoo."

"Owa kelawat (Hylobates muelleri Martin, 1841) merupakan spesies endemik Kalimantan yang tergolong sebagai spesies terancam punah. Spesies ini hidup dalam kelompok kecil beranggotakan empat individu dengan sistem monogami sosial yang mendukung pola pengasuhan biparental. Keluarga owa kelawat di Gembira Loka Zoo ditempatkan dalam kandang terpisah karena adanya barrier fisik antarkandang. Penelitian sebelumnya terhadap spesies ini pernah dilakukan pada individu betina. Oleh karena itu, telah dilakukan penelitian untuk melengkapi informasi mengenai strategi keluarga owa kelawat dalam kondisi kandang terpisah, dengan fokus pada perilaku individu jantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku sosial individu jantan owa kelawat terhadap betina dan anak yang dipisahkan oleh barrier fisik di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri atas individu jantan sebagai subjek utama yang dikandangkan secara terpisah dari individu betina dan anak yang dikandangkan bersama. Metode yang digunakan adalah focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling, dengan total 30 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa individu jantan memperlihatkan perilaku sosial terhadap betina dan anak sebagai bentuk strategi dalam mempertahankan hubungan sosial. Perilaku sosial afiliatif yang teramati meliputi positive approach, proximity, allogrooming, dan body contact. Proximity merupakan perilaku dengan durasi tertinggi di antara keempat perilaku yang teramati, dengan alokasi 66,11% terhadap anak dan 33,89% terhadap betina. Perilaku vocalization dan aggression tidak ditemukan selama pengamatan. Adapun perilaku pengasuhan oleh induk jantan terhadap anak meliputi playing (88,72%) dan following (11,28%). Perilaku food sharing tidak teramati selama pengamatan. Seluruh hasil yang diperoleh merupakan akibat dari inisiatif individu jantan.

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Muller’s gibbon (Hylobates muelleri Martin, 1841) is an endemic species of Kalimantan and is classified as endangered. This species lives in small family groups of around four individuals and exhibits a social monogamy system supporting biparental care. The Muller’s gibbon family at Gembira Loka Zoo is housed in separate enclosures due to physical barriers between the cages. Previous studies on this species have focused on female individual. Therefore, this research was conducted to complement existing information by examining the behavioral strategies of a Muller’s gibbon family in a separated enclosure, focusing on the male. The research aimed to analyze the social behavior of the male Muller’s gibbon toward the female and offspring, separated by a physical barrier at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. The subjects of this research consisted of a male gibbon as the primary subject housed separately from a female and offspring housed together. The observation methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling, with 30 repetitions. The results showed that the male exhibited social behavior toward the female and offspring as a strategy to maintain social bonds. Observed affiliative behaviors included positive approach, proximity, allogrooming, and body contact. Among these, proximity had the highest duration, with 66.11% directed toward the offspring and 33.89% toward the female. Vocalization and aggression were not observed. As for paternal care, the male exhibited playing (88.72%) and following (11.28%). Food sharing was not recorded. All observed results were initiated by the male."

"Populasi global berang-berang cakar kecil telah menurun lebih dari 30% selama 3 dekade terakhir dan diperkirakan akan terus menurun. Pada tahun 2021, IUCN menyatakan bahwa status konservasi spesies ini telah diklasifikasikan sebagai “vulnerable” sejak tahun 2028. Perlu dilakukan salah satu langkah konservasi, seperti konservasi ex-situ di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perilaku harian Aonyx cinereus, mengetahui ada atau tidaknya perilaku stereotip, kemudian menilai serta mengetahui tingkat kesejahteraannya berdasarkan 5 prinsip kesejahteraan satwa (five freedoms). Metode yang digunakan yaitu scan animal sampling dan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan pada satu koloni terdiri dari tujuh ekor berang-berang cakar kecil. Tujuh ekor tersebut yaitu satu pasang induk jantan dan betina berikut ke lima anaknya berkelamin jantan. Durasi pengamatan selama enam jam per hari dengan 36 interval selama dua bulan (Januari—Februari 2024) di kandang peraga indoor berangberang cakar kecil, Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu teramatinya seluruh perilaku harian termasuk perilaku seksual dan perilaku stereotip yang terkadang muncul, seperti mengemis, mondar-mandir, melempar kepala ke belakang, dan gerakan memutar. Kategori perilaku harian dengan frekuensi tertinggi adalah perilaku individu (75,70%) dengan perilaku yang mendominasi istirahat atau resting (38,37%). Diikuti perilaku sosial (14,59%), dan perilaku stereotip (9,71%). Perilaku harian yang teramati dan hasil penilaian kesejahteraan satwa berdasarkan lima prinsip kesejahteraan satwa (five freedoms), menunjukkan bahwa Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta sangat baik sebagai salah satu konservasi ex-situ dalam capaian implementasi five freedoms pada pelaksanaan kesejahteraan satwa dengan total skor 81,5.

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The global population of small-clawed otters has declined by more than 30% over the past three decades and projected to continue decreasing. In 2021, the IUCN stated that the conservation status of this species has been classified as vulnerable since 2008. Conservation measures, such as ex-situ conservation at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, are necessary. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior of Aonyx cinereus, determine the presence of stereotypic behaviors, and assess their welfare based on the five principles of animal welfare. The methods used include scan sampling and ad libitum sampling. Observations were conducted on a colony consisting of seven small-clawed otters: an adult pair (one male and one female) and their five male offspring. Observations were carried out for six hours per day, with 36 intervals over two months (January–February 2024) in the small-clawed otter indoor exhibit enclosure at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. The results indicated that all daily behaviors were observed, including occasional stereotypic behaviors such as begging, pacing, twisting head back and forth, and circling. The category of daily behavior with the highest frequency was individual behavior (75.70%), with resting being the predominant behavior (38.37%), followed by social behavior (14.59%), and stereotypic behavior (9.71%). The observed daily behaviors and animal welfare assessment based on the five principles of animal welfare indicate that Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, as an ex-situ conservation site, has excellently implemented the five freedoms of animal welfare with total score of 81.5."

"Macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) adalah salah satu spesies endemik dengan pola tutul yang menjadi identitasnya. Hewan soliter ini memiliki tingkat keterancaman kepunahan yang tinggi dengan status Endangered (En) menurut IUCN. Oleh karena itu, konservasi macan tutul jawa terutama di Indonesia sangat penting dilakukan baik secara in-situ maupun ex-situ untuk menyelamatkan populasinya. Salah satu upaya konservasi macan tutul jawa dapat dilakukan di lokasi konservasi ex-situ Gembira Loka Zoo yang terletak di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian dan tingkat kesejahteraan populasi macan tutul jawa yang berlangsung selama 32 kali pengulangan dengan menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah empat individu macan tutul jawa yang terdiri dari dua individu jantan dan dua individu betina. Penelitian dilakukan pada periode Januari—Februari 2024 selama 8 pekan dengan total waktu 11.520 menit. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan keempat individu memiliki frekuensi perilaku harian dari tertinggi ke rendah adalah inactive (60,79%) > locomotion (15,46%) > feeding (7,42%) > grooming (7,13%) > individu (6,83%) > playing (2,69%) > stereotip (0,23%). Perilaku lainnya, seperti perilaku reproduksi juga teridentifikasi dikarenakan periode pengamatan bertepatan dengan dilakukannya pemasangan satu individu jantan dan satu individu betina di dalam kandang. Kesejahteraan macan tutul jawa terpenuhi dengan sangat baik sesuai prinsip Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare dengan hasil skor akhir adalah 80,32.

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The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is an endemic species distinguished by its unique spotted pattern. This solitary animal faces a high risk of extinction, classified as Endangered (En) by the IUCN. Consequently, conservation efforts for the Javan leopard, particularly in Indonesia, are crucial to safeguard its population. One such conservation endeavor can be undertaken at the ex-situ conservation site of Gembira Loka Zoo, situated in Yogyakarta City. This study aims to analyze the daily behavior and welfare level of the Javan leopard population over 32 repetitions, employing focal animal sampling and ad libitum methods. The subjects of this study were four Javan leopards, comprising two males and two females. The research was conducted during the January—February 2024 period for 8 weeks, with a total observation time of 11,520 minutes. The findings indicate that the four individuals exhibited daily behaviors in the following order of frequency, from highest to lowest: inactive (60.79%) > locomotion (15.46%) > feeding (7.42%) > grooming (7.13%) > individual (6.83%) > playing (2.69%) > stereotypy (0.23%). Other behaviors, such as reproductive behaviors, were also identified due to the observation period coinciding with the pairing of one male and one female in the enclosure. The welfare of the Javan leopards was met very well according to the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare principles, with a final score of 80,32."

"Kucing bakau (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833) merupakan satwa endemik dari Famili Felidae yang dilindungi oleh negara. Adanya perubahan fungsi lahan, perburuan liar, dan konflik dengan masyarakat menyebabkan penurunan jumlah kucing bakau yang memiliki status konservasi dalam kategori vulnerable. Gembira Loka Zoo merupakan salah satu lembaga konservasi ex situ yang melakukan pemeliharaan terhadap kucing bakau. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku harian dan tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian kucing bakau, baik dari perilaku umum maupun perilaku stereotip di dalam kandang peraga. Tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau juga dianalisis dengan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi prinsip lima kebebasan (Five Freedoms). Pengamatan kedua ekor kucing bakau dilakukan selama 180 jam atau 10.800 menit secara bergantian, dengan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah persentase perilaku kucing bakau dari yang tertinggi, yaitu perilaku inactive (68,77%), locomotion (13,82%), maintenance (8,81%), exploratory (5,29%), calm (2,10%), feeding (0,88%), out of sight (0,21%), dan vocalization (0,12%). Penilaian terhadap kesejahteraan kucing bakau mendapatkan skor sebesar 79,04 dari 100. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah perilaku harian kucing bakau di Gembira Loka Zoo didominasi oleh kegiatan resting dan tidak teramati adanya perilaku stereotip. Tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau termasuk dalam klasifikasi baik karena adanya penerapan dan pelaksanaan prinsip Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare dengan baik.

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Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833) is an endemic species from the Family Felidae that is protected by the state. Land use changes, illegal hunting, and human-wildlife conflict have led to a decline in the population of fishing cat, which are classified as vulnerable in conservation status. Gembira Loka Zoo is one of the ex situ conservation institution that maintains fishing cats. Research has been conducted on the daily behavior and welfare level of fishing cats at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. The study aimed to analyze the daily behavior of fishing cats, including both general and stereotypic behaviors within the exhibit enclosure. The welfare level of fishing cats was also assessed by identifying factors influencing the Five Freedoms principle. Observations of the two fishing cats were carried out alternately for a total of 180 hours, or 10,800 minutes, using focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. The research findings indicate the percentage of fishing cat behaviors as follows: highest inactive behavior (68.77%), locomotion (13.82%), maintenance (8.81%), exploratory (5.29%), calm (2.10%), feeding (0.88%), out of sight (0.21%), and vocalization (0.12%). The assessment of the fishing cats welfare scored 79.04 out of 100. The conclusion from this research is that the daily behavior of fishing cats is dominated by resting activities, and no stereotypic behaviors were observed. The welfare level of fishing cats is classified as good due to the effective implementation and execution of the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare principles."