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"ABSTRAKMaxillary permanent canines are impacted in about 2% of orthodontic patients, second only in frequency of impaction to third molars. Bringing an impacted canine into the arch creates a set of problems primarily because it is usually a long way from the line of occlusion. Four cases of impacted maxillary canines are presented to show some of the problems encountered during orthodontic traction of these teeth. The cases were treated using a preadjusted edgewise appliances. Careful judgement are needed to treat impacted maxillary canines successfully and to minimize discouraging side effects that often occurs during the procedure."

"Impacted third mandibular molar seems as a common and easy case but actually a difficult one when the odontectomy proceeds. besides, another unpredicted problems ofte appear such as fractured lip, traumatized and damaged of the mandibular canal. To decide the odontectomy procedure, a dentist has to do the examination systematically. In this case, radiographic examination is very important to perceive the location as well as shape of the third molar, especially its position to the adjacent anatomic structure that has to be considered during operation. This whole view will help dentist to decide appropriate approach.A special radiographic examination enables dentist to predict the treatment result more accurately, since the location and shape of the tooth correctly perceived. With this more complete diagnostic information, an appropriate treatment plan could be arranged and unfavorable risk could be limited, therefore complication and failure could be avoided."

"ABSTRAKImpacted mandibular molars often caused by locking of the adjacent teeth, lack of space and many other reasons. Surgical extraction used to be the first choice in treating the severely impacted molars. In this article, firstly a horizontally impacted mandibular first molar and a mandibular second molar were diagnosed radiographically. By surgical crown exposure, combined with elastic traction, the teeth can be pulled occlusally into proper position. However, a thorough observation to control the position of the impacted molars during traction is still necessary."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Distribusi frekuensi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi berdasarkan Pell-Gregory dan Winter serta hubungannya dengan kanalis mandibula dapat berguna untuk diagnosis dan menentukan rencana perawatan. Kebijakan BPJS belum dinyatakan dengan jelas tentang cakupan pelayanan pencabutan gigi molar tiga impaksi. Tujuan: Memperoleh frekuensi kasus impaksi gigi molar tiga mandibula berdasarkan klasifikasi Winter dan Pell-Greory, serta hubungannya dengan kanalis mandibula dari radiograf panoramik di RSKGM FKG UI dan dapat berkontribusi dalam kebijakan BPJS untuk cakupan pelayanan pencabutan gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kategorik, dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medik pasien di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Peneliltian dilakukan pada 109 sampel kasus gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi, dimana 55,96% kasus adalah pada pasien perempuan. Hasil uji Chi-Square dan Mann-Whitney yang dilakukan menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p ≥ 0,5) pada frekuensi klasifikasi molar tiga mandibula impaksi berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Frekuensi tertinggi berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell Greory adalah Kelas 2 (57,8%), Posisi A (59,6%), klasifikasi Winter adalah mesioangular (31,2%), dan hubungan antara molar tiga mandibula impaksi dengan kanalis mandibula tertinggi adalah Relasi C, yaitu garis radiopak dari kanalis mandibula terputus, sebanyak 28,4%. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil distribusi gigi molar tiga mandibula impaksi yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam penilaian kesulitan dalam penatalaksanaannya.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar based on Pell-Gregory and Winters classification and its relationship with mandibular canal could be used to establish the diagnosis and determain the treatment plan. The coverage of impacted third molar extraction has not been clearly stated in the BPJS policy. Objective: This study aims to obtain the frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar and the relation with mandibular canal from panoramic radiograph at RSKGM FKG UI. Methods: This was a descriptive study using secondary data which is patients medical record at RSKGM FKG UI. Results: There are 109 cases of impacted mandibula third molar, and 55,96% of the cases are in female patients. The results of Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney test shows that statistically there are no significant differences (p ≥ 0,5) in the frequency of impacted mandibular third molar based on the gender. The highest frequency of Pell-Gregorys classification are Class 2 (57,8%) and Position A (59,6%), Winters classification is mesioangular (31,2%), and the highest frequency of the relation between impacted mandibular third molar with the mandibular canal is Relation C, that is interruption of the white line (28,4%). Conclusion: The results of the frequency and distribution of impacted mandibular third molar in this study could be used as a reference in assessing the difficulties of its management."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis tingkat cash holdings pada perusahaan nonkeuangan di Indonesia yang terdampak pandemi COVID-19. Dengan menggunakan variabel dummy impacted untuk mengidentifikasi perusahaan terdampak, penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi faktor-faktor determinan (size, leverage, growth, NROA) selama pandemi (2020-2022) dan setelah pandemi COVID-19 (2023), serta peran moderasi goodwill dan goodwill impairment. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama pandemi, perusahaan terdampak lebih tinggi oleh COVID-19 memiliki tingkat cash holdings lebih rendah. Size berpengaruh positif signifikan, sedangkan leverage dan growth tidak signifikan pada periode pandemi dan pasca pandemi COVID-19. Pada periode pasca pandemi, NROA mulai mempengaruhi cash holdings, tetapi goodwill dan goodwill impairment tidak memoderasi hubungan dampak pandemi terhadap cash holdings.

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This study analyzes the level of cash holdings in non-financial companies in Indonesia affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the dummy variable "impacted" to identify affected companies, the study also evaluates determining factors (size, leverage, growth, NROA) during the pandemic (2020–2022) and post-pandemic COVID-19 (2023), as well as the moderating roles of goodwill and goodwill impairment. The results show that during the pandemic, companies more severely impacted by COVID-19 had lower cash holdings. Size had a significant positive effect, while leverage and growth were not significant during both the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. In the post-pandemic period, NROA began to influence cash holdings, but goodwill and goodwill impairment did not moderate the relationship between the pandemic's impact and cash holdings."

"Latar Belakang: Impaksi pada gigi M3 RB adalah impaksi gigi yang paling sering ditemui. Klasifikasi angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB umumnya bergantung pada pemeriksaan visual (subjektif) terhadap radiograf panoramik menggunakan klasifikasi Winter. Metode subjektif rentan akan variabilitas dan bias pengamat, sehingga perlu adanya metode objektif untuk mengukur angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB menggunakan alat ukur digital yang lebih akurat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menganalisa perbedaan hasil klasifikasi impaksi M3 RB pada pasien RSKGM FKG UI antara metode subjektif dan objektif. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi retrospektif analitik, yang menggunakan data rekam medis dan radiograf panoramik pasien RSKGM FKG UI. Data subjektif dikumpulkan dari catatan dokter gigi pada rekam medis, sedangkan pengukuran objektif dilakukan oleh 2 peneliti menggunakan alat ukur digital. Data dianalisis menggunakan tabel tabulasi silang dan analisis Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat 101 kasus impaksi gigi M3 RB dari 89 pasien yang berhasil dikumpulkan, impaksi mesioangular adalah jenis yang paling umum ditemukan baik dalam analisis subjektif (53,47%) maupun objektif (76,24%). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara metode subjektif dan objektif dalam mengidentifikasi impaksi horizontal, vertikal, dan distoangular. Pada analisis subjektif, jenis impaksi horizontal banyak dilaporkan (22,77% subjektif dan 2,97% objektif), sedangkan impaksi distoangular kurang dilaporkan (2,97% subjektif dan 19,80% objektif). Kesimpulan: Ditemukan perbedaan signifikan (p = 0,000–0,012) pada angulasi impaksi gigi M3 RB antara metode subjektif dan objektif, menunjukkan pentingnya penggunaan metode objektif untuk meningkatkan akurasi diagnosis.

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Background: Mandibular third molars are regarded as the teeth most affected by impaction. Their assessment typically relies on subjective visual inspection of panoramic radiographs using classification systems such as Winter’s classification. However, these methods are prone to variability and observer bias, emphasizing the need of objective methods which offer precise, reproducible measurements using digital tools. This study addresses the gap in data by comparing subjective and objective methods in classifying mandibular third molar impactions within RSKGM FKG UI population. Methods: An analytic retrospective study was conducted using secondary data from patient medical records and panoramic radiographs at RSKGM FKG UI. Subjective assessments were performed by practitioners, and objective measurements performed by 2 practitioners utilizing digital measurement tools. Data were analyzed using crosstabulation table and Mann-Whitney analysis. Results: The study included 101 cases from 89 patients. Mesioangular impactions were the most common type in both subjective (53.47%) and objective analyses (76.24%). Significant disparities were found between subjective and objective methods in identifying horizontal, vertical, and distoangular impactions. Horizontal impactions were overestimated (22.77% subjective dan 2.97% objective), while distoangular impactions were underreported (2.97% subjective dan 19.80% objective). Conclusion: Significant disparities were found between subjective and objective methods in most pairwise comparisons (p = 0.000 – 0.012), highlighting the importance of adopting objective digital measurement tools for precise diagnosis."