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""A person born into a deprived family is unable to obtain a proper education due to poverty and consequently cannot find a good job and so earns a low income....."

"ABSTRAKThis paper examines the implications of language contact in a Malay sub-variety known as Pondok Tinggi, spoken in Sumatra. My focus is on the grammatical phenomenon of phrasal alternation. Phrasal alternation is characterized by the presence of two distinct forms for nearly all lexical items, whose final syllables differ in shape. These are termed absolute and oblique (Steinhauer and Usman 1978: 485). The intergenerational transmission of this uncommon feature offers a way to measure the degree of contact-induced language change in Pondok Tinggi. An experiment was conducted to elicit the usage of the absolute and the oblique forms in order to find out how the distribution of phrasal alternation has changed within the last two generations. I reveal a grammatical simplification caused by contact between Pondok Tinggi and Bahasa Indonesia, a related Malayic variety serving as Indonesia?s prestigious official language. This adds a dimension of loss of local linguistic diversity to more familiar tropes of the national success of Bahasa Indonesia."

"Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa anak dengan banyak saudara kandung cenderung ingin membentuk keluarga besar dibandingkan mereka yang lahir dari keluarga dengan ukuran lebih kecil. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya transmisi norma keluarga antar generasi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat efek perilaku fertilitas ibu terhadap intensi fertilitas anak perempuannya. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS, studi ini menginvestigasi anak perempuan pernah menikah usia 15-49 tahun, yang memiliki informasi lengkap tentang ibu kandungnya. Model logistik dan zero-inflated poisson digunakan untuk mengestimasi efek dari kovariat. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa anak perempuan mengadopsi norma keluarga ibu untuk membentuk intensi fertilitas mereka.

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Previous studies found that children born with many siblings prefer a large family size than those born with fewer siblings. This positive relationship shows the presence of intergenerational transmission of family norm. This study aims to examine maternal fertility effect on daughter rsquo s fertility intention. Using data from IFLS, this study investigates ever married women aged 15 49 years old in 2014 who have a complete information about their biological mother, and uses Logistic and Zero Inflated Poisson regression model to estimate the predictors. As a result, daughters adopt their mother rsquo s childbearing behavior in shaping their own fertility intention."