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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan-hubungan antara ketimpangandistribusi pendapatan masyarakat dengan PDRB Perkapita, angkatan kerja,pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan masyarakat dalampenelitian ini menggunakan Gini ratio, angkatan kerja diukur dari Tingkat PartisipasiAngkatan Kerja (TPAK), pendidikan diukur dari Angkatan Partisipasi Sekolah (APS)SMA, dan kesehatan diukur dari rasio jumlah Dokter dengan Puskesmas. Penelitian inimenggunakan model regresi data panel dengan objek penelitian pada keuangan daerahKabupaten/Kota di Jawa Tengah selama periode 2009-2015. Hasil penelitian telahmenunjukkan bahwa secara simultan, PDRB Perkapita, TPAK, pendidikan dankesehatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatanmasyarakat di Jawa Tengah. Secara parsial, PDRB Perkapita berpengaruh positifterhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan masyarakat di Jawa Tengah, TPAK danpendidikan berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatanmasyarakat di Jawa Tengah. Sedangkan kesehatan yang diukur dari rasio jumlahDokter dengan Puskesmas tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan distribusipendapatan masyarakat di Jawa Tengah.

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ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analysis the correlations between communitys income disparity

and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) Percapita, labor force, education and

health sectors. The communitys income disparity is measured by gini ratio, the labor

force is measured by labor force participation level, education sector is measured by

school participation level, and health sector is measured by the ratio of doctor number

to community health center. The study used panel data regression model which

involving the data of municipalities and regencies financial reports in the Central

Java for period 2009-2015. The result indicated that simultaneously, GRDP Percapita,

labor force participation level, education and health sectors have significant effects on

communitys income disparity in the Central Java. Partially, GRDP Percapita has

positive effects on the communitys income disparity in the Central Java, labor force

participation level and education sector have negative effects on the communitys

income disparity in the Central Java. Meanwhile, the health sector is measured by the

ratio of doctor number to community health center has no significant effects on the "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh belanja pemerintah terhadapketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan denganmenggunakan metode regresi data panel yang meliputi 32 propinsi dalam periodepenelitian 2007−2013. Variabel ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan diwakili olehangka rasio gini, sedangkan variabel belanja pemerintah sebagai variabel utamapenelitian diwakili oleh belanja pemerintah menurut empat fungsi, yaitu fungsipendidikan, kesehatan, perumahan dan permukiman, serta perlindungan sosial.Selain itu, penelitian ini memasukkan pula variabel kontrol yang terdiri atas lajupertumbuhan penduduk, PDRB per kapita, tingkat ketergantungan penduduk, rataratalama sekolah, dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka. Hasil analisis regresidengan menggunakan metode random effect menunjukkan bahwa belanjapemerintah fungsi pendidikan, perumahan dan permukiman, serta perlindungansosial berkorelasi signifikan terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan,sedangkan untuk fungsi kesehatan tidak berkorelasi. Belanja fungsi perumahandan permukiman merupakan satu-satunya variabel yang berpengaruh signifikandalam menurunkan ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan, sedangkan belanjapendidikan dan perlindungan sosial justru menyebabkan distribusi pendapatansemakin timpang. Meskipun belanja kesehatan tidak berkorelasi signifikan, tetapibelanja fungsi ini dapat menurunkan ketimpangan. Diharapkan Pemerintah Pusat,Propinsi, dan Kabupaten/Kota dapat memperbaiki kualitas belanja APBN danAPBD dengan mengurangi belanja administrasi dan birokrasi sehingga setiaprupiah yang dikeluarkan dari APBN dan APBD dapat mengurangi jumlahpenduduk miskin dan mempersempit ketimpangan distribusi pendapata

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to analyse the impact of government expenditureon income inequality in Indonesia. This research uses econometric approach withpanel data with 32 provinces as cross section data and in 2007−2013 period astime series. To quantify the impact of government expenditure on incomeinequality, this research estimate the income inequality, measured by the ginicoefficient is a function of government expenditure program on sector education,health, housing, social protection, and a set of control variables that is commonlyused in the literature to explain income inequality (population growth,dependency ratio, regional GDP per capita, schooling, and unemployment rate).The result shows that only government expenditure for housing which has positifimpact or reducing income inequality. The other independent variables have noimpact, and even for education and social protection expenditure make conditionof income inequality getting worse. It is guessed that government spending qualitywhich is bad is the main reason why some independent variables have nocorrelation with income inequality."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi kebijakan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor, penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan dan gabungan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor dan penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan. Penulis mengkaji dampak kebijakan-kebijakan ini terhadap kinerja perekonomian, kemiskinan, dan ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan dengan menggunakan pendekatan komputasi keseimbangan umum.Penulis menemukan bahwa kebijakan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor di sektor pertanian dan di sektor industri pertanian meningkatkan kinerja perekonomian. Sementara itu kebijakan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor di sektor industri non pertanian menurunkan PDB riil. Kebijakan penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan dan gabungan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor dan penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan meningkatkan kinerja perekonomian dengan besaran yang lebih besar. Insiden kemiskinan di perkotaan menurun namun di perdesaan dan di tingkat nasional meningkat akibat kebijakan penurunan tarif di sektor pertanian. Kebijakan penurunan tarif di sektor industri pertanian menunjukkan penurunan insiden kemiskinan di perkotaan dan di tingkat nasional namun netral di perdesaan. Sementara itu penurunan tarif di sektor industri non pertanian menunjukkan penurunan kemiskinan di perkotaan, di perdesaan dan di tingkat nasional. Kebijakanan penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan dan gabungan penurunan tarif bea masuk impor dan biaya transaksi perdagangan menurunkan insiden kemiskinan di perkotaan, di perdesaan dan di tingkat nasional dengan keuntungan lebih besar pada rumah tangga di perdesaan.Ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di perdesaan meningkat akibat penurunan tarif di sektor pertanian, penurunan tarif di sektor industri pertanian dan menurun akibat penurunan tarif di sektor industri non pertanian, penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan, gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor industri pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan, gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor industri non pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan serta netral akibat gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan. Sementara itu ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di perkotaan meningkat akibat penurunan tarif di sektor pertanian, gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan, gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor industri pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan dan menurun akibat penurunan tarif di sektor industri non pertanian, gabungan penurunan tarif di sektor industri non pertanian dan biaya transaksi perdagangan serta netral akibat penurunan tarif di sektor industri pertanian, penurunan biaya transaksi perdagangan.

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This study aims to evaluate the policy to reduce import tariffs, reduction in trade transaction costs and the combined reduction in import tariffs and reduced trade transaction costs. Author examines the impact of these policies on the performance of the economy, poverty, and inequality of income distribution using computational general equilibrium approach.

The authors found that the policy of reduction in import tariffs in the agricultural sector and in the agricultural industry sector improve economic performance. While the policy to reduction in import tariffs on non-agricultural sector lowers real GDP. Policy to reduction in trade transaction costs and the combined reduction in import tariffs and trade transaction costs increase the performance of the economy. The incidence of poverty in urban and rural decline but at a national level rise due to tariffs reduction policies in the agricultural sector. Tariffs reduction policies in the agricultural sector showed a decrease in the incidence of poverty in urban areas and at the national level but is neutral in the rural areas. While the policy to reduction in import tariffs on non agricultural sector showed a decline in urban poverty, in rural areas and at the national level. Policy to eduction in trade transaction costs and the combined reduction in import tariffs and trade transaction costs reduce the incidence of poverty in urban areas, in rural areas and at the national level with a greater advantage in rural households.

Inequality of income distribution in rural areas increased due to tariffs reduction in agriculture sector, tariffs reduction in agriculture industrial sector and decreased due to tariffs reduction policies in the non agricultural sector, reduction in trade transaction costs, the combined tariffs reduction in the agriculture industry sector and trade transaction costs, the combined tariffs reduction in the non-agricultural industry sector and trade transaction costs as well as neutral due to the combined tariffs reduction in the agriculture sector and trade transaction costs. While the inequality of income distribution in urban areas increased due to tariffs reduction in the agriculture sector, the combined tariffs reduction in the agriculture sector and trade transaction costs, the combined tariffs reduction in the agriculture industry sector and trade transaction costs and decrease due to reduction in import tariffs of non agricultural sector, the combined tariffs reduction in the non-agricultural industry sector and trade transaction costs as well as neutral due to tariffs reduction in the agricultural sector, reduction in trade transaction costs."