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Abstrak :
Indonesia is facing challenge of medicines prices. Many people complaining about high price of medicines. Several efforts have been done by the government, hovewer access people to the medicines is still a big issue....

Abstrak :
Isu globalisasi.dan liberalisasi menimbulkan getaran dalam dunia perumahsakitan. Di kota-kota besar dimulai dengan masuknya modal asing dalam industri bisnis perumah sakitan yang menghasilkan rumah -rumah sakit mewah dengan manajemen canggih. Pemerintah Indonesia mengantisipasi keadaan itu dengan membuka keran bagi modal swasta untuk mendirikan rumah sakit baru. Tumbuhnya rumah-rumah sakit baru memadati dunia perumah sakitan, pada gilirannya menimbulkan dampak persaingan ketat antar rumah sakit. Agar Rumah sakit Pemerintah tidak kalah dalam situasi persaingan ,dikeluarkan kebijakan dengan memberikan peluang bagi rumah sakit Pemerintah untuk berkonversi menjadi rumah, sakit Swadana. Rumah sakit Cideres adalah rumah sakit umum daerah yang terletak di Kabupaten Majalengka, memperoleh lampu hijau dari Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Majalengka untuk mempersiapkan diri menjadi rumah sakit Swadana. Agar pelaksanaan Swadana berjalan lancar, rumah sakit mengadakan uji coba untuk membebaskan salah satu revenue center nya dari pengaturan ICW, dengan pengkelolaan mandiri yaitu melalui Swakelola unit Farmasinya (dengan izin Bupati). Dengan melihat indikator pelayanan resep, ternyata Swakelola ini menyebabkan pelayanan unit Farmasi meningkat pesat yang berarti pendapatan rumah sakit meningkat pula. Hal ini terlihat dari jumlah resep yang keluar dapat ditekan sebesar 72 % pada tahun 1995, sedangkan pelayanan resep unit Farmasi meningkat sebesar 22,29 % pada tahun yang sama. Peningkatan pelayanan resep di Instalasi Rawat Inap adalah 29,9 %, sedangkan di Instalasi Rawat Jalan adalah 16,1 %. Pada penelitian didapatkan bahwa kenaikan pelayanan itu belum optimal, karena didapatkan bahwa manajemen Swakelola tersebut masih lemah, terutama dalam unsur koordinasi internal dan eksternal disertai pengendalian belum mendapat perhatian. Apabila dilakukan penataan-penataan dalam struktur maupun prosesnya, produktivitas yang akan terjadi pasti dapat lebih ditingkatkan. ...... The Analysis of Self Managed Medicines Supply System at the Pharmacy Instalation Cideres Public Regency Hospital, West JavaGlobalization and liberalization issues have effected the hospital world In big cities it started with foreign investments coming into the hospital business industry which produced luxurious hospitals supported by modern management system. The government of Indonesia anticipates this new trend giving opportunities for private/domestic firms to invest its capital to build new hospitals. The growing of new hospitals will, in turn arouses the hard competition between them. To sustain government hospitals create one government policy to maintain positive competition is in this competitive situation, a policy for called the "Swadana" which was issued in the year 1996, tobe implemented by the hospital in Indonesia`. Cideres public hospital as a local public hospital located in Majalengka regency, has received its permissions from the government of Majalengka regency to prepare things needed to turning to it self a hospital. In order to make the Swadana process runs smoothly, Cideres hospital has arranged a trial to release one of its revenue center from Indische Culture Wet regulation by self-managing its pharmacy unit. In fact, using by prescription service as one of the indicator, the self managing has rapidly increase the performance of the pharmacy services, which means increasing the hospital revenue as well. This can be seen from the number of prescription unable to be served by Hospital's pharmacy decreased 72% in 1995. The number of receipts served by the Hospital Pharmacy increased by the for 22,29% in the same year. The prescription services inpatient installation was 29,9%, whereas in outpatient installation, it increased by 16,1%. The study showed that the effort of Cideres Hospital in developing its way to become a Swadana Hospital, is not yet optimal, since there are some weaknesses in their self-managing system, especially the internal, external coordination and management controlling. Changes and better arrangement in structure, function and system are still recommended to be improve in order receipt to achieve higher productivity.

Abstrak :
The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was widely regarded as the deadliest in modern history, claiming more lives than World War I. Colonial Indonesia was not spared. Several scholars have estimated that around 1.5 to 4.37 million people in the colony perished, making the death rate one of the highest in Asia. In the midst of the chaos and confusion caused by the pandemic, many people in colonial Indonesia turned to traditional medicines, particularly the poorer members of society who were inexperienced in Western medicine. Herbal treatment was considered a viable option for those who frequently faced discrimination when visiting Dutch clinics or hospitals. This essay demonstrates how more than a century ago, various ethnic groups in colonial Indonesia relied on nature to develop their own “vaccine” and medication in the fight against the Spanish flu. In the context of the pandemic, Sin Po and other newspapers played an essential role in spreading information about herbal medicines as an alternative, more affordable remedy than modern Western medicine. These newspapers provided the inspiration to investigate traditional Indonesian therapies more thoroughly. An examination of this subject reveals that there is nothing new under the sun. The colonial government never had a grand design to combat or stop the spread of a pandemic. It made almost no efforts at prevention and the outcome of this lack of preparedness was clear. Unfortunately, even more than a hundred years later, when COVID-19 struck Indonesia, nothing had really changed.

Abstrak :
RSUBY sebagai institusi pemberi Iayanan kesehatan dituntut untuk mengupayakan pemanfaatan setiap fasilitas layanan yang dimiliki secara optimal agar dapat tetap survive dalam situasi yang cukup kompetitif seperti sekarang ini. Salah satu fasilitas layanan yang penting adalah apotek, selain karena keberadaannya dibutuhkan untuk dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan obat pasien, bila dikelola dengan baik, apotek akan menjadi salah satu sumber penghasilan bagi rumah sakit yang bersangkutan. Adanya kesenjangan yang cukup menyolok antara jumlah lembar resep penderita rawat jalan di RSUBY dengan jumlah lembar resep yang dilayani depertemen farmasi akan berpengaruh terhadap kelancaran layanan dan sekaligus mengurangi kesempatan menambah penghasilan bagi RSUBY. Untuk dapat mengoptimalkan peran apotek dalam rangka meningkatkan pendapatan rumah sakit perlu dilakukan penelitien survei dengan analisis kuantitatif dibantu dengan perhitungan statistik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan keputusan pasien dalam pembelian obat di apotek. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara survei dengan bantuan kuesioner, besar sampel 105, terhadap pasien poli anak dipilih sebagai responden, dihitung dengan p = 0,5; Cl = 95%. Analisis data yang digunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Dan hasil penelitian didapatkan responden yang berobat ke RSUBY adalah bukan pegawai negeri sipil, bertempat tinggal dekat, berpendidikan rendah, berpenghasilan rendah, membayar sendiri, berpersepsi biaya obat murah, berpersepsi obat lengkap, berpersepsi lama terhadap kecepatan pelayanan, berpersepsi tidak nyaman terhadap ruang tunggu, dan mengetahui adanya layanan apotek lain disekitar RSUBY. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa dari 10 variabel babas yang diteliti, terdapat 3 variabel (persepsi tentang ketersediaan obat, persepsi kecepatan pelayanan petugas, dan pengetahuan tentang adanya layanan apotek lain) yang terbukti mempunyai hubungan bermakna secara statistik dengan keputusan pembelian obat di departemen farmasi di SUBY.

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Related Factors to the Decision Of Outpatients Associated with Purchasing of Medicines in Pharmaceutical Departement at Bhakti Yudha Public Hospital, 2001The Bhakti Yudha Public Hospital as a service provider is demanded to cany out optimally the use of it's every service facility In order to survive in the current competitive situation. One of the prospective service facilities Is pharmacy departement. Beside to fulfil the whole medicine needed by the patient, if it is well managed, the pharmacy departement could become one of the profit centers of the hospital. The sharp gap between the number of the out-patients prescriptions of the Bhakti Yudha Public Hospital and the number of prescriptions served by the pharmaceutical departement will affect the level of services as well as reducing the opportunity to Increase the Income. In order to optimize the role of pharmaceutical departement to increase revenue of the hospital, a research needs to be done with quantitative analysis by using statistics program analysis. The objective of this research Is to obtain a description on the related factors to the decision of outpatients associated with purchasing of medicines in pharmaceutical departement . The reseach is using survei approach, data collection process is using queslonnaire which were directly asked to respodents, sampel size of 105 and p = 0,5; CI = 95%, Data analysis used are univariate and bivariate. The research has shown that respondents who are come to hospital are having non goverment employes, having residences close by hospital, having low education, having low income, self payment of medicine, having perception that medicine is cheap, having perception that the medicine is available, having perception that quality of service is bed, having perception that waiting room is uncomfortable, and understand that there are pharmacies located surrounding the Bhakti Yudha Public Hospital. The results of this research show that 7 out of 10 variables have no significant statistical relationship with the utilization of pharmaceutical departement.

Abstrak :
Dalam evaluasi kinerja instalasi farmasi dan biaya obat di Rumah Sakit Semen Padang dari tahun 1995 sampai tahun 1999, terjadi peningkatan jumlah resep yang diambilkan ke apotik luar yaitu 8.862 resep tahun 1995, menjadi 10.287 resep (tahun 1996), lalu meningkat lagi menjadi 13.666 resep (tahun 1997), 13.963 resep (tahun 1998) dan 13.735 resep (tahun 1999). Kalau dilihat rata-rata biaya pengambilan obat ke apotik luar adalah 27 % dari total biaya obat Rumah Sakit Semen Padang. Pada tahun 2000 biaya obat apotik luar adalah Rp. 526.469.784. Penulis berpendapat bahwa biaya tersebut cukup besar dan tidak effisien dan berdampak kepada kualitas pelayanan kesehatan di Rumah Sakit Semen Padang. Karena itu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan tingginya resep keluar tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif, dengan wawancara mendalam kepada dokter intern. Selain itu dilakukan penelitian dokumen yang ada di instalasi farmasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penulisan resep keluar cenderung meningkat disebabkan karena jenis obat yang diperlukan tidak tersedia, dan proses perencanaan perbekalan farmasi tidak melibatkan dokter intern. Koordinasi antara manajemen dan dokter belum berjalan seperti yang diharapkan. Telaah dokumen menunjukan ineffisiensi biaya obat. Untuk mengurangi penulisan resep ke apotik luar tersebut, penulis menyarankan sebagai berikut: - Meningkatkan fungsi perencanaan perbekalan farmasi melalui proses Bottom-Up dengan melibatkan dokter. - Membentuk komite medik dan komite farmasi dan terapi agar terbentuknya standard terapi yang dapat dipedomani dalam pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit Semen Padang. - Membuat suatu sistem pengawasan atau aturan mengenai penggantian obat dengan persediaan yang sama di instalasi farmasi. - Meningkatkan peranan dan tanggung jawab apoteker terutama dalam pengawasan penggunaan obat.

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Prescription by Interns at Semen Padang HospitalDuring the performance evaluation of the pharmacy and medicine costs at Semen Padang Hospital, conducted in 1995 to 1999, an increase in the amount of prescriptions filled at other pharmacies from 8,862 in 1995, to 10,287 in 1996, then 13,666 in 1997, 13,963 in 1998, and 13,735 in 1999. The average costs for prescriptions filled at other pharmacies are 27% from the total medicine costs at Semen Padang Hospital. Which in the year 2000 is Rp526,469,784,-. The sizes of those costs are considered quite large by the author, inefficient, and may affect the quality of the health services provided at Semen Padang Hospital. Therefore, a study is performed to discover the factors that caused the high percentage of prescription filled at other pharmacies. This study is conducted qualitatively, through in depth interviews on the interns. A study on the documents at the pharmacy is also performed. The study indicates that the cause of the increase in the amount of prescriptions filled in other pharmacies was the absence of the required medicine and the non-involvement of the interns during the pharmaceutical supplies planning process. Coordination between the management and the doctors have not functioned as expected. Documentary studies indicate inefficient medicine costs. To reduce the amount of prescriptions filled at other pharmacies, the author suggests: - To increase the pharmaceutical planning function through a Bottom-Up by involving the doctors. - Forming a medical committee, a pharmacy and therapy committee to establish a therapy standard as guidelines for health services that Semen Padang Hospital. - Create a inspection system or regulations on the replacement of the medicine according to the available supplies at the pharmacy. - Increase the rote and responsibility of the pharmacist, particularly in supervising the use of the medicine.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Peran obat yang aman, bermutu dan berkhasiat dalam pelayanan kesehatan tidak tergantikan. Salah satu isu penting terkait distribusi obat adalah maraknya peredaran obat ilegal sebagaimana diangkat oleh WHO sejak tahun 1985. Sebagai bentuk antisipasi, ICPO-Interpol sejak tahun 2008 menginisiasi operasi Pangea bagi negara anggota dimana Indonesia mulai ikut berpartisipasi dalam operasi Pangea IV tahun 2011. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peredaran obat ilegal di Indonesia. Data peredaran obat ilegal diperoleh dari hasil Operasi Pangea 2011-2014 yang mencakup 18 kota. Estimasi empiris dilakukan berdasarkan model Parkman (1978) dengan teknik Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil menunjukkan peredaran obat ilegal berhubungan positif dengan harga relatif obat dan tingkat pendapatan, serta berhubungan negatif dengan jumlah apotek dan tingkat pendidikan.

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ABSTRACT
The role of medicine safety, quality and efficacy in health care is not replaceable. One of the important issues related to the distribution of medicines is widespread circulation of illegal medicines, as stated by the WHO since 1985. As a form of anticipation, ICPO-Interpol since 2008 has initiated operation Pangea to its member countries which Indonesia has begun to participate in the operation Pangea IV in 2011. This study aimed to analyze the distribution of illegal drugs in Indonesia. Data circulation of illegal drugs obtained from Operation Pangea 2011-2014 covering 18 cities. The empirical estimation is done based on the model Parkman (1978) with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The results showed illegal drug distribution is positively related to the relative price of the drug and the level of income, and negatively related to the number of pharmacies and level of education.

Abstrak :
Industri farmasi di Indonesia merupakan industri dengan persaingan yang cukup ketat. Banyak pemain di pasar ini, dari produk obat yang dijual bebas hingga obat yang harus diresepkan dokter. Kompetisi yang terjadi tidak hanya dalam hal harga namun juga keunggulan obat serta kecocokan bagi konsumen. Penelitian melalui statistik deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa perilaku konsumen dalam keputusan pembelian obat batuk terkait dengan alasan kepraktisan (self medication). Saat membeli obat batuk konsumen dipengaruhi oleh iklan dan juga saran dari keluarga. Konsumen peduli dengan jenis batuk yang mereka derita sehingga mereka juga memperhatikan jenis obat batuk yang mereka beli. Selain itu mereka juga sangat mempertimbangkan kemanjuran obat. Konsumen lebih memilih apotik sebagai tempat pembelian obat batuk. Dalam penelitian ini OBH Combi merupakan merek obat batuk yang menduduki Top Of Mind sekaligus sebagai merek obat batuk yang paling sering dibeli. Loyalitas konsumen terhadap merek obat batuk ditunjukkan oleh sikap responden yang mempertahankan pertimbangan merek dalam keputusan pembelian obat batuk. Melalui analisis faktor penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam keputusan pembelian obat batuk adalah jenis obat batuk, kemanjuran serta efek samping obat. Sedangkan melalui analisis korelasi, atribut yang memiliki hubungan kuat terhadap keputusan pembelian obat batuk juga merujuk ketiga atribut tersebut ditambah dengan atribut harga. Dari perhitungan melalui analisis anova menunjukkan pengaruh harga terhadap keputusan pembelian obat batuk adalah signifikan. Demikian juga untuk atribut merek dan juga jenis obat. Sedangkan analisis manova menunjukkan konsumen lebih tertarik dengan kombinasi merek dan jenis obat batuk yang akan mereka beli. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan konsumen cukup mengerti tentang obat batuk. Implikasi manajerial yang dapat diterapkan dari penelitian ini adalah desain dan aktifitas komunikasi pemasaran melalui penggunaan iklan sangat berperan dalam pemasaran obat batuk yang dijual bebas. Iklan akan meningkatkan brand awareness dan juga pangsa pasar. Aktifitas below the line yang mengacu pada tema keluarga juga dapat menjadi pertimbangan mengingat keluarga mempunyai pengaruh paling besar dalam keputusan pembelian obat batuk. Konsumen saat ini telah teredukasi secara memadai mengenai perbedaan jenis obat batuk sehingga pengembangan produk obat batuk perlu mengacu pada hal ini. Komunikasi pemasaran dan edukasi konsumen merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Dengan menggunakan iklan yang kreatif konsumen akan lebih aware dan loyal. Tak hanya itu, pesan utama yang disampaikan sebaiknya berasal dari sudut pandang konsumen.

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Indonesia pharmaceutical industry has a tight competition. There is a lot of players in this categories, ranging from over the counter drugs to prescription drugs. The competition is not only in the price, but also in the benefit for the customer. According to this research by using descriptive statistic, the consumer behavior in buying decision of cough medicine connected by self medication reason. When consumers bought cough medicine it was influenced by advertisement and family suggest. In fact, some consumers really concern with the importance what are the triggers make them bought and choose medication for their plaint. As a part of information, consumer of cough medicine also give considered that the effectiveness of medicine is the most important things for getting medication. Consumers always choose buy cough medicines from pharmacy. Based on this research OBH Combi cough medicine was become top of mind for consumers. Accordingly, the loyalty of consumers in this research found that the majority of consumer still concern about brand. Brands are very important thing because it was one of consideration in term of choice of medicines. By using factor analysis the research reported that factor that become consideration for consumers in term of buying decision are; variety of cough medicines; efficacious; and the last one are the side effect of medicines. The strong correlation among the buying decision with variety of cough medicines; efficacious, side effect and also price reflected that till now, consumers aware and understand in cough medicines. Anova analysis shows that effect of brand, price and variety of cough medicines in buying decision are significant. Consumers also more interest on the combination of brand and variety of cough medicines. As part of managerial implication, design and activities of marketing communication by using ads is very crucial because it will develop brand awareness and become one of policy to keep the market share. However, in some cases management has to be concern that nowadays consumers educated enough for cough medicine product. Once, below the line activities also really important because this research presented that family were the main factor in term of buying decision for cough medicine. Marketing communication and education for consumer were very important. By using creative ads it could make consumers more aware and loyal. The main message to consumers must be design from consumers point of view.