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"Miopia merupakan salah satu kelainan refrakai yang sering ditemukan. Pada penelitian di beberapa rumah sakit di Indonesia (Surabaya, Yogyakarta dan Semarang) ditemukan insiden penderita miopia berkisar antara 50% sampai 80.3% dari semua kelainan refraksi. diantaranya terdapat penderita miopi tinggi.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui respon mata miopia tinggi terhadap tes minum air dengan membandingkan perlakuan yang sama pada mata emetropia"

"Latar belakang: Orientasi ruang (spatial orientation) merupakan masalah utama untuk penerbang yang ditentukan dengan menggunakan persepsi penglihatan, vestibuler, dan propioseptif. Miopia merupakan kelainan refraksi yang paling sering terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi timbulnya miopia ringan pada penerbang sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposif. Responden mengisi kuesioner sedangkan data tajam penglihatan dan kadar gula darah didapatkan dari rekam medis. Analisis data dengan regresi cox menggunakan Stata 10. Batasan miopia ringan pada penelitian ini adalah subyek yang mengalami penurunan tajam penglihatan dan menggunakan lensa koreksi -0,25 s/d -0,30. Hasil : Subyek penelitian adalah penerbang pria dengan usia 21-45 tahun yang sedang melaksanakan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Kementerian Perhubungan. Persentase miopia ringan dalam penelitian ini sebesar 36,1%. Faktor risiko dominan terhadap miopia ringan jam terbang [risiko relatif (RRa) = 1,23; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 0,96-1,58; P = 0,108], riwayat orang tua miopia (RRa = 5,29; P = 0,000), gejala kelelahan visual kesulitan fokus (RRa = 1,30; 95% CI = 1,01-1,65; P = 0,039), dan gejala kelelahan visual huruf berkabut (RRa = 1,16 ; 95% CI = 0,89-1,48; P = 0,259). Kesimpulan: Jam terbang total, riwayat orang tua miopia, adanya gejala kelelahan visual kesulitan fokus dan huruf berkabut merupakan faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap miopia ringan pada penerbang sipil di Indonesia. Diperlukan koordinasi antara spesialis mata, spesialis kedokteran penerbangan dan balai kesehatan penerbangan dalam pencegahan miopia dan pengawasan kesehatan mata bagi penerbang sipil inisial dan reguler.

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Background: Spatial orientation is the main problem to pilot that determined by visual, vestibuler and propioseptif. Myopia is more prevalent refraction error in civilian aviator and other populatian. This study aims to identify risk factors that affect the incidence of mild myopia in civilian pilot in Indonesia.

Method: This study using cross-sectional method with purposive sampling. Subjects answered the questionaire. The researcher using the medical record to get data about visual acuity and fasting blood glucose. Cox regression analyses using Stata 10. Mild myopia in this study is defect distant visual acuity with corrected lens power -0.25 s/d -0.30.

Result : Subject of this study are 21-45 years old male civilian aviators which performs scheduled medical check up at Civil Aviatian Medical Centre. Mild myopia percentage in this study is 36.1%. Dominant risk factor for mild myopia is total flight time (RRa 1.23; 95% CI 0.96-1.58; P 0.108), parental myopia (RRa 5.29; P 0,000), visual fatigue; difficulty in focusing (RRa 1.30; 95% CI 1.01-1.65; P 0.039), and visual fatigue foggy letters (RRa 1.16 ; CI 0.89-1.48 P 0,259).

Conclusion: Total flight time, parental myopia, visual fatigue; difficulty in focusing and foggy letters are influenced risk factors for mild myopia in civilian aviator in Indonesia. Suggested to have coordination among ophthalmologist, aviation medicine specialist, airline and Civil Aviation Medical Centre to preventing myopia and eye health surveillance for initial and reguler civilian pilot."

"Latar belakang: Mata merupakan indera yang sangat penting dalam penerbangan. Salah satu fungsi untuk menentukan perkiraan jarak, sehingga diperlukan fungsi kedua mata yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya identifikasi pengaruh jam terbang total terhadap risiko miopia ringan pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan purposif sampel pada pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan dengan rentang waktu 27 April sampai dengan 13 Mei 2015. Definisi miopia ringan jika mata memerlukan koreksi penglihatan jauh dengan lensa < -3 dioptri. Data karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, kebiasaan diperoleh dari kuesioner. Data tajam penglihatan dan kadar gula darah puasa didapatkan dari rekam medis Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Analisis menggunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil: 690 pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, 428 subjek bersedia menjadi responden. Subjek terpilih untuk dianalisis berjumlah 413 pilot dan 15 pilot lainnya menderita miopia berat. Dari 413 pilot, 141(34,1%) miopia ringan dan 272 (65,8%) normal. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi miopia ringan adalah ras, status perkawinan dan jam terbang total secara signifikan. Subjek dengan ras selain Asia dibandingkan dengan ras Asia berisiko 2,1 kali lipat lebih besar menderita miopia ringan [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=2,19; p=0,030]. Dibandingkan dengan subjek tidak menikah, subjek yang menikah berisiko 3,8 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=3,80; p=0,000). Selanjutnya, dibandingkan subjek dengan jam terbang total 16-194 jam, subjek dengan jam terbang total 195-30285 jam mempunyai risiko 4,5 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=4,56; p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Subjek yang menikah, ras non Asia dan yang memiliki 195 atau lebih jam terbang total mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi menderita miopia ringan di Indonesia.

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Background: Eye is very important organ in aviation?s operation. One of the functions is to estimate distance where both healthy eyes are needed. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of total flight hours on the risk of mild myopia among civilian pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: Study design was cross-sectional with purposive sampling among pilots those who got medical examinations at Civil Aviation Medical Center on April 27th - May13th, 2015. Mild myopia is condition the eyes need negatif lens corection for distance visual acuity less than -3 diopters. Demographic characteristic, occupational characteristic, ranking characteristics, and habits were obtained from questionnaire. Visual acuity and fasting blood sugar levels data were obtained from medical records in Aviation Medical Board. Data were analysed with Cox regression.

Resulted: 690 civilian Indonesia?s pilots who conducted medical examination, 428 subjects were willing to participate. Total subjects to be analyzed were 413 pilots and 15 pilots were not involved since severe myopia. Amongst of 413 pilots, 141 (34,1%) mild myopia and 272 (65,8%) normal. Factors influencing mild myopia were race, marital status and total flight hours. Non-Asian subject had 2.1-fold risk of mild myopia compared to Asian race subject [adjusted relative risk (RRa)=2.19; p=0.030]. Subjects who were married had 3.8-fold risk of mild myopia compared with subjects who were not married (RRa=3.80; p=0.000). Subjects who had total flight hours 195-30285 hours had 4.5-fold risk to be mild myopia compared with subjects 194 or less total flight hours (RRa=4.56; p=0.000).

Conclusion: Married subject, non-Asian race and those who have 195 or more total flight hours constitute a higher risk of suffering mild myopia."

"[ABSTRAKTujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan ketebalan kornea dan morfologi sel endotel penderita miopia sedang dengan pemakaian harian lensa kontak lunak hidrogel konvensional (nelfilcon A) terhadap silikon hidrogel (lotrafilcon B) selama 1 bulan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis tersamar tunggal pada 17 pasien (34 mata) dengan miopia sedang yang dibagi secara acak untuk memakai lensa kontak lunak nelfilcon A atau Lotrafilcon B. Ketebalan kornea sentral (CCT), Coefficient of variation (CV), dan persentase sel heksagonal (6A) diukur menggunakan mikroskop spekuler non-con robo Konan sebelum penelitian (pre-fitting), 1 minggu serta 1 bulan setelah pemakaian lensa kontak lunak. Pasien juga dievaluasi mengenai adanya efek samping subyektif dan komplikasi selama memakai lensa kontak.Hasil: Terdapat 64,7% subyek dengan riwayat pemakaian lensa kontak lunak sebelumnya, dimana 52,9% diantaranya adalah pemakai hidrogel konvensional yang tidak teratur. Setelah evaluasi 1 bulan, tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara pemakai Nelfilcon A dengan Lotrafilcon B dalam hal: ketebalan kornea sentral (p=0,285; uji Mann Whitney), CV (p=0,587; uji t tidak berpasangan), dan 6A (p=0,353; uji t tidak berpasangan). Analisis general linear model terhadap waktu pengukuran mendapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada seluru subyek meliputi penurunan CCT (p=0,001) dan CV (p=0,001), serta peningkatan 6A (p=0,022) pada test within subject effect.Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan CCT, CV, dan 6A yang bermakna secara statistik antara pada pemakaian harian lensa kontak lunak Lotrafilcon B dan Nelficon A. Pasien dengan riwayat penggunaan lensa kontak sebelumnya mendapatkan manfaat dengan pemakaian nelfilcon A dan lotrafilcon B dalam hal perbaikan hipoksia jaringan berupa: penurunan ketebalan kornea dan perbaikan morfologi sel endotel.

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ABSTRACTObjective: To compare corneal thickness and endothelial cell morphology in myopic patients wearing 1 month hydrogel conventional and silicon hydrogel contact lenses in daily wear.Methods: This is a prospective, single blind, randomized study. Seventeen (34 eyes) myopic patients were randomly assigned to wearing either nelfilcon A or lotrafilcon B. Central corneal thickness (CCT), Coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage of six-sided cell (6A) were examined using specular microscope non-con robo Konan. Changes in CCT, CV, and 6A were evaluated before contact lenses fitting as well as 1 week and 1 month after the treatment. Patients were also evaluated for any subjective side effects and complications during the treatment period.Results: There were 64,7% subjects with history of contact lens weares and 52,9% of them was hydrogel wearers. After 1 month daily wear of nelfilcon A and lotrafilcon B, no statistically differences changes in CCT (p=0,285; Mann Whitney test), CV (p=0,587; unpaired t test) dan 6A (p=0,353; unpaired t test). General linear model analysis in follow up evaluation with test of within subject effect revealed decreased CCT(p=0,001) and CV (p=0,001), also increased 6A (p=0,022) in all subjects.Conclusions: There were no statistically difference CCT, CV, and 6A between daily wear of nelfilcon A and lotrafilcon B. Subjects with history of contact lens weares gained advantages in oxygen availability, which is decrease in corneal thickness and improvement of endothelial cell morphology., Objective: To compare corneal thickness and endothelial cell morphology in myopic patients wearing 1 month hydrogel conventional and silicon hydrogel contact lenses in daily wear.Methods: This is a prospective, single blind, randomized study. Seventeen (34 eyes) myopic patients were randomly assigned to wearing either nelfilcon A or lotrafilcon B. Central corneal thickness (CCT), Coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage of six-sided cell (6A) were examined using specular microscope non-con robo Konan. Changes in CCT, CV, and 6A were evaluated before contact lenses fitting as well as 1 week and 1 month after the treatment. Patients were also evaluated for any subjective side effects and complications during the treatment period.Results: There were 64,7% subjects with history of contact lens weares and 52,9% of them was hydrogel wearers. After 1 month daily wear of nelfilcon A and lotrafilcon B, no statistically differences changes in CCT (p=0,285; Mann Whitney test), CV (p=0,587; unpaired t test) dan 6A (p=0,353; unpaired t test). General linear model analysis in follow up evaluation with test of within subject effect revealed decreased CCT(p=0,001) and CV (p=0,001), also increased 6A (p=0,022) in all subjects.Conclusions: There were no statistically difference CCT, CV, and 6A between daily wear of nelfilcon A and lotrafilcon B. Subjects with history of contact lens weares gained advantages in oxygen availability, which is decrease in corneal thickness and improvement of endothelial cell morphology.]"

"Koroid memiliki peran dalam mengatur metabolisme fotoreseptor dan epitel pigmen retina (EPR) serta sumber perdarahan ke lapisan luar retina. Pada miopia terjadi elongasi aksial yang berdampak pada penipisan ketebalan koroid dan memengaruhi prognosis visual. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan koroid dengan derajat miopia dan ketebalan fotoreseptor-EPR. Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 102 mata. Setiap subjek dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu emetropia, miopia ringan, sedang, dan berat. Setiap subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan mata menyeluruh dan pemindaian makula menggunakan spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), dengan pengaturan HD-1-Line100x dan enhanced depth imaging (EDI). Gambar pemindaian dinilai secara manual dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. Hasil studi menunjukkan ketebalan koroid terbesar ditemukan di subfovea atau lingkar superior bergantung pada kelompok, dan ketebalan terendah ditemukan pada regio nasal setiap kelompok. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan ketebalan koroid dengan derajat miopia pada setiap kelompok. Korelasi signifikan ketebalan koroid dan ketebalan lapisan fotoreseptor-EPR hanya ditemukan pada lingkar inferior dalam (r=0,34; p<0,001). Penelitian ini menunjukkan ketebalan koroid yang beragam dan signifikan tiap derajat miopia, serta korelasi negatif lemah antara ketebalan koroid dan ketebalan lapisan fotoreseptor-EPR pada di regio inferior.

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The choroid is crucial for regulating the metabolism of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while supplying blood to the outer retinal layer. Myopia, characterized by axial elongation, is linked to choroidal thinning, impacting visual prognosis. This study investigates the relationship between choroidal thickness (CT), different myopia degrees, and photoreceptor-RPE thickness. In a cross-sectional study of 102 eyes, categorized into emmetropia, mild, moderate, and high myopia groups, comprehensive eye exams and macular scans using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with HD-1-Line100x settings and enhanced depth imaging (EDI) were conducted. Manual evaluations of scan images based on the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid revealed varied and significant CT across myopia degrees. The thickest CT found either in the subfovea or superior ring depending on the group, and the thinnest consistently in the nasal region for all groups. A significant correlation between choroidal thickness and photoreceptor-RPE layer thickness was noted in the inner inferior circle (r=0.34; p<0.001). In summary, this study unveils varying and significant CT across myopia degrees, emphasizing weak negative correlations between choroidal thickness and photoreceptor-RPE layer thickness, specifically in the inferior region."