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Abstrak :
Screening new bioactive compounds from marine actinomycete organisms associated with corals (Goniopora and Porites) can be an alternative method to discover the natural antifungal compounds. This study aims to determine the density and diversity of actinomycete symbionts based on repetitive sequence-based-polymerase chain reactions (rep- PCR) and to discern the ability of antifungal activity of isolates symbiotic with hard coral mucus by using a pour plate method. A total of 143 isolates were obtained from the hard coral mucus of genera Goniopora and Porites. High genetic diversity was observed among the isolates. Ten isolates with different morphological characteristics were selected to extract its secondary metabolites and then followed by an antifungal test. The isolate with the code of SCAS324 was the one with the antifungal activity, marked by the formation of a very strong inhibition zone of 54.7±0.4 mm toward Aspergillus flavus and 49.2±2.7 mm toward Candida albicans. Antifungal screening showed that the antifungal activity of the isolate SCAS324 was three times as effective as the commercial antifungal.

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Keragaman Aktivitas Antijamur Aktinomisetes Simbion Mukus Karang Keras Genus Goniopora dan Porites. Proses penapisan senyawa bioaktif baru dari aktinomisetes laut yang berasosiasi dengan organisme karang (Goniopora dan Porites) dapat menjadi metode alternatif untuk menemukan senyawa anti jamur alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui densitas dan keragaman simbion aktinomisetes berdasarkan repetitive sequence-based-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) dan mengetahui kemampuan aktivitas anti jamur isolat yang bersimbiosis dengan mukus karang keras dengan menggunakan metode pour plate. Sebanyak 143 isolat aktinomisetes diperoleh dari mukus karang keras genus Goniopora dan Porites. Hasil rep PCR menunjukkan tingginya keragaman isolat. Sepuluh isolat dengan karakteristik morfologi yang berbeda dipilih untuk diekstraksi senyawa metabolit sekundernya yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji anti jamur. Isolat dengan kode SCAS324 merupakan isolat yang memiliki aktifitas anti jamur, yang ditandai dengan pembentukan zona hambat yang sangat kuat sebesar 54,7±0,4 mm terhadap Aspergilus flavus dan sebesar 49,2±2,7 mm terhadap Candida albicans. Hasil penapisan anti jamur menunjukkan bahwa aktifitas anti jamur isolat SCAS324 tiga kali lebih efektif dibanding antijamur komersial.

Abstrak :
Abstrak
The use of levonorgestrel implants as a contraceptive method have undergone changes in the number of implants used, beginning from six rods in the early methods to two rods in the present method and have been proven effective. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of single rod implant (Monoplant®) by measuring serum levonorgestrel concentration and cervical mucus quality. Methods: Thirty healthy women, aged 20-40 year old, and have been proven fertile, underwent single rod implant insertion. Levonorgestrel serum levels was measured every month and cervical mucus viscosity was examined every three month, until six months. Results: Levonorgestrel serum concentration was consistently above minimum effective level (200 pg/mL), from month 3 to 6 respectively 338.9 pg/mL, 424.8 pg/mL, 320.3 pg/mL, and 337.5 pg/mL. Almost all of the acceptors (96.7%) had good cervical mucus viscosity since three months following implant insertion. Conclusion: Levonorgestrel serum concentration in Monoplant® users was still above minimum contraceptive level until the sixth month. Viscosity of cervical mucus increased immediately following implant insertion. This indicates that single rod levonorgestrel implant is effective as a contraceptive method.

Abstrak :
Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa ekstrak rimpang kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.) dan ekstrak kulit batang mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) masing-masing menunjukkan aktivitas gastroprotektif baik pada uji preklinik maupun klinik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas gastroprotektif kombinasi ekstrak rimpang kunyit dan kulit batang mimba pada tikus yang diinduksi dengan asetosal. Penelitian ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague Dawley dengan berat badan 100- 150 gram sebanyak 32 ekor yang dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok dengan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL); kelompok I, II, III, IV, V, dan VI diberikan kombinasi ekstrak selama 7 hari sebelum diinduksi, kelompok VII sebagai kontrol negatif diberikan CMC 1% selama 7 hari sebelum dinduksi, kelompok VIII sebagai kontrol normal diberikan larutan CMC 1% dan tidak diinduksi dengan asetosal. Delapan jam setelah perlakuan, tikus dibedah dan dilakukan pengujian pada organ lambung meliputi perhitungan indeks ulkus, pemeriksaan keasaman lambung, determinasi mukus, dan pengamatan histologi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi ekstrak rimpang kunyit (50 mg/kg bb) dan ekstrak kulit batang mimba (250 mg/kg bb) dapat menurunkan indeks ulkus secara signifikan, pembentukan mukus yang tinggi, serta didukung dengan hasil pengamatan histologi, yakni tidak ditemukannya perubahan bentuk dan ukuran sel parietal yang bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol normal. ......Some studies reported that turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) rhizome and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) bark extracts which each of them demonstrated strong gastroprotective activities on both preclinical and clinical studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the gastroprotective effect of turmeric rhizome and neem bark extracts on acetosal-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Thirty two male Sprague Dawley rats 100-150 g bw used in the study were divided into 8 groups using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) method; group I, II, III, IV, V and VI received combination extracts orally in various doses for 7 days before acetosal, group VII served as negative control received orally 1% CMC for 7 days before acetosal, group VIII received orally 1% CMC solution and served as normal control. Eight hours after treatment, animals were sacrificed and the stomach were taken to measure ulcer index, gastric acid determination, mucus determination and histology examination. The result suggests that pretreatment with combination of turmeric rhizome (50 mg/kg bw) and neem bark extract (250 mg/kg bw) and was observed significantly reduced the ulcer index, demonstrated high mucus production, also suppported by histopatological examination with no significantly changing on parietal cells microscopic appearance compared with normal control.

Abstrak :
Kapal pada saat ditarik di air mempunyai gaya hambat akibat kekentalan zat cair. Daya mesin yang dibutuhkan untuk mendorong kapal pada kecepatannya harus dapat mengatasi gaya-gaya hambat. Pengurangan hambatan dalam aliran fluida bisa didapat dengan memberikan zat aditif jenis polimer, surfactant, fibre, cat atau kekasaran khusus pada permukaan benda. Permukaan kulit ikan yang dilapisi dengan biopolimer cairan kental (lendir) adalah salah satu elemen pengurangan hambatan tarik. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah upaya peneliti untuk mendapatkan pengurangan hambatan tarik pada kapal model dengan menempelkan kulit belut (monepterus albus) yang masih berlendir pada lambung kapal. Penempelan kulit belut diharapkan dapat menghasilkan pengurangan hambatan tarik dan ramah lingkungan. Pengurangan hambatan (drag reduction) didapat bila nilai kerugian hambatan gesek pada fluida yang di beri aditif nilainya lebih kecil dari fluida standart atau air. Pengukuran gaya hambat pada variasi kecepatan dan sarat kapal dilakukan dengan alat pull force gauge yang diletakkan pada haluan kapal. Penempelan kulit ikan belut pada lambung kapal sepanjang 20% dari panjang haluan kapal model.

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When being pulled above water, ship has resisting force because of the viscosity. The engine power needed to push the ship in it's speed must be able to with the drag force. Reduction of the drag in a fluid current can be obtained by adding additive elements such as polymer, surfactant, fiber, paint or something that can add some roughness at the surface of a substance. The surface of fish skin that covered with biopolymer thick fluid (mucus) is one of the element that can reduce thedrag. The goal of this research is to get less drag in model ship by attachment of eel skin (monepterus albus) that still has it's mucus at the surface of the ship's body. The biopolymer additive substance hopefully can produce reduction in drag of the current and environmentally friendly. Drag reduction can be obtained if a loss in friction drag in a fluid that has given with additive is less than standard fluid or water. Measurement of drag force in variety of speed and laden ship is done with pull force gauge which attached with the forepeak model ship. Attachment of eel skin in hull is 20% from the stem (bow) of model ship.

Abstrak :
Hasil penelitian terdahulu memperlihatkan bahwa pada perokok.dengan bronkitis kronis dan Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK) terdapat hipersekresi mukus dan hiperplasia sel goblet pada saluran napas. Beberapa penelitian lain juga mengesankan bahwa faktor utama yang menyebabkan hiperplasia sel goblet adalah pajanan asap rokok pada paru secara konis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hiperplasia sel goblet akibat asap rokok terjadi juga pada keadaan akut. Pada penelitian ini digunakan sampel sebanyak 20 ekor tikus dewasa jantan dari galur Swiss Webster dengan berat badan 250 -- 300 gram yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan diberi paparan asap rokok sebanyak 5 batang perhari selama 20 menit (kecuali hari Minggu) selama 12 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah sel goblet antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan ( p< 0,025) . lni berarti bahwa terjadi hiperplasia sel goblet akibat asap rokok. Hasil ini diperkuat oleh pemeriksaan penunjang Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) untuk radikal bebas dalam darah tikus perlakuan yang menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan (p<0,025 ). Acute Effects of Kretek Cigarette Smoke on Goblet Cell Hyperplasia in the Airway of Swiss Webster RatsPrevious investigations have shown that in smokers with chronic bronchitis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) hyper secretion of mucus and goblet cell hyperplasia at the respiratory tract is present. A number of other investigations suggest that the main factor causing goblet cell hyperplasia is chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. The aim of this investigation is to find out whether goblet cell hyperplasia due to cigarette smoke also occurs in the acute state. In this investigation a sample of 20 adult male rats weighing 250 -- 300 g was used, divided into a treated group and control group. Each animal in the treated group was exposed daily for 20 minute to 5 the smoke of cigarettes for 12 weeks (except on Sunday). The result of the investigation showed that there was a significant difference in the number of goblet cell between the control and the treated group (p value < 0,025), indicating the occurrence of goblet cell hyperplasia due to cigarette smoke. This result was confirmed by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) tests for free radical concentration in blood (p value < 0,025).