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"[ABSTRAKPerkembangan situasi ekonomi internasaional semenjak tahun 1970-andiwarnai dengan peningkatan lalu lintas modal antar negara yangt telahmenimbulkan perdebatan di kalangan praktisi dan akademisi. Dengan latarbelakang tersebut, tulisan ini mencoba mengangkat mengenai landasan teoritisdari globalisasi keuangan yang diusung oleh dua pandangan liberal yaituKeynesian dan neoliberal. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa kedua pandangantersebut memiliki posisi yang sama kuat di bidang akademis dan terdapatperdebatan yang tidak berujung mengenai berbagai aspek dari globalisasikeuangan. Tulisan ini kemudian menemukan bahwa literatur globalisasi keuangandi negara berkembang sangat fokus pada pembahasan mengenai penyebab dankonsekuensi dari fenomena tersebut.

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ABSTRACTInternational economics has witnessed a dramatic increase in capital flowsbetween countries since 1970s. It has also sparked debate between practitionersand academician in explaining this phenomenon. Against this backdrop, thisliterature review tries to explain the theoretical foundation of the financialglobalization using liberal and Keynesian perspective. This literature finds thatboth perspectives are well-argued and the debate reaches an inconclusivity. Thisliterature also finds that most of the writings about globalization in developingcountries focus on the cause and effect of that particular phenomenon., International economics has witnessed a dramatic increase in capital flowsbetween countries since 1970s. It has also sparked debate between practitionersand academician in explaining this phenomenon. Against this backdrop, thisliterature review tries to explain the theoretical foundation of the financialglobalization using liberal and Keynesian perspective. This literature finds thatboth perspectives are well-argued and the debate reaches an inconclusivity. Thisliterature also finds that most of the writings about globalization in developingcountries focus on the cause and effect of that particular phenomenon.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses reproduksi neoliberal subjectivity dalam partisipasi mahasiswa sarjana dalam remote working internship dan konstruksi rasionalitas neoliberal mahasiswa. Perubahan metode kerja yang disebabkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan minat mahasiswa untuk secara sukarela mengikuti magang dan membangun nilai-nilai neoliberal. Masih minim penelitian tentang neoliberal governmentality, neoliberal subjectivity, dan rasionalitas neoliberal. Peneliti berpendapat bahwa minat siswa yang meningkat untuk secara sukarela melakukan remote working internship mereproduksi subjektivitas neoliberal dan membentuk rasionalitas neoliberal. Dengan menggunakan konsep Foucault tentang neoliberal governmentality, konsep neoliberal subjectivity, dan konsep rasionalitas neoliberal, temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa remote working internship menghasilkan subjektivitas neoliberal pada mahasiswa dan menciptakan rasionalitas mahasiswa sebagai pelaku ekonomi yang rasional. Penelitian studi kasus ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam dan observasi digital terhadap individu yang secara sukarela mengikuti magang kerja jarak jauh antara Maret 2020 – Desember 2022.

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This research aims to understand the process of the reproduction of neoliberal subjectivity in undergraduate university students’ participation in voluntary remote working and the construe of students’ neoliberal rationality. Changes to working methods caused by COVID-19 pandemic raised students’ interest in voluntarily partaking in internships and garnered neoliberal values. There is still minimal research regarding neoliberal governmentality, neoliberal subjectivity, and neoliberal rationality. The researcher argues that the students’ rising interest in voluntarily partaking in remote working internships reproduce neoliberal subjectivity and form neoliberal rationality. By using Foucault’s concept of neoliberal governmentality, concept of neoliberal subjectivity, and concept of neoliberal rationality, the findings of this research shows that remote working internship produce students’ neoliberal subjectivity and construe students’ rationality as rational economic actors. This case study uses a qualitative method with in-depth interview and digital observation on individuals who have voluntarily participated in a remote working internship in March 2020 – December 2022."

"The purpose of this study is to examine the process of globalization in the Korean context and resultant changes in major social institutions and cultural values, especilly the impact of the recent economic crisis and subsequent neoliberal reform on traditional confucian values. The financial crisis in 1997 forced the Korean government to ask for IMF loans, to which conditionaly in the form of neoliberal economic reform is costumarily attached. Indeed the IMF is one of the many international organizations through which globalization as a hegemonic ideology propagates neoliberalism to the whole world based on the so-called Washington consensus. the economic crisis and the IMF-led neoliberal reform have resulted in changes in many areas: mass unemployement and employement instability; changes in family roles and marriage patterns; and polarization of income distribution with the shrinking middle class. Neoliberalizm also promotes such values as competitiveness, individualism, materialism, efficiency and instrumental rationality, which are in sharp contrast to thee traditional confucian values. In fact the neoliberal reform following the economic crisis created not only the social environment where confucian legacies can no longer hold, but also value conflicts between the upper and the lower classes and between the younger and the older generations."

"Penelitian ini berusaha melihat generasi muda dalam praktiknya. Praktik yang saya pilih adalah praktik kepengurusan Rohkris di SMAN 1 Depok. Praktik ini menjadi penting untuk diamati karena merupakan organisasi kerohanian di tengah sistem pendidikan sekular, serta statusnya yang ekstrakurikuler tetapi diwajibkan bagi siswa Kristen Protestan. Saya berfokus pada kepengurusan Rohkris serta melihatnya sebagai kerja. Dalam proses kerjanya, pengurus Rohkris merefleksikan posisi mereka di tengah relasi antar siswa, dengan sekolah, guru, alumni, maupun masa depan mereka. Refleksi ini berlanjut pada proses terbentuknya nilai kerja mereka yang, dengan pendefinisian kerja dan nilai kerja dari Graeber dan feminis Marxis yang tidak terbatas pada produktivitas. Proses pembentukan nilai kerja ini berkait erat dengan sistem pendidikan neoliberal yang juga dilihat sebagai proses, yang melahirkan proses pembentukan nilai kerja sebagai suatu respons lokal pengurus Rohkris.

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This research seeks to see the younger generation in practice. The practice I chose is the practice of Rohkris management at SMAN 1 Depok. This practice is important to observe because it is a spiritual organization in the middle of a secular education system, and its status is extracurricular but required for Protestant Christian students. I focus on the management of Rohkris and see it as work. In the process of work, Rohkris administrators reflect on their position in the relationship between students, the school, teachers, alumni, and their future. This reflection continues the process of forming their work values, with Graeber and Marxist feminist definitions of work and work values that are not limited to productivity. This process of work value formation is closely related to the neoliberal education system which is also seen as a process, which gave birth to the process of work value formation as a local response of the Rohkris board."

"Penelitian ini berusaha melihat generasi muda dalam praktiknya. Praktik yang saya pilih adalah praktik kepengurusan Rohkris di SMAN 1 Depok. Praktik ini menjadi penting untuk diamati karena merupakan organisasi kerohanian di tengah sistem pendidikan sekular, serta statusnya yang ekstrakurikuler tetapi diwajibkan bagi siswa Kristen Protestan. Saya berfokus pada kepengurusan Rohkris serta melihatnya sebagai kerja. Dalam proses kerjanya, pengurus Rohkris merefleksikan posisi mereka di tengah relasi antar siswa, dengan sekolah, guru, alumni, maupun masa depan mereka. Refleksi ini berlanjut pada proses terbentuknya nilai kerja mereka yang, dengan pendefinisian kerja dan nilai kerja dari Graeber dan feminis Marxis yang tidak terbatas pada produktivitas. Proses pembentukan nilai kerja ini berkait erat dengan sistem pendidikan neoliberal yang juga dilihat sebagai proses, yang melahirkan proses pembentukan nilai kerja sebagai suatu respons lokal pengurus Rohkris.

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This research seeks to see the younger generation in practice. The practice I chose is the practice of Rohkris management at SMAN 1 Depok. This practice is important to observe because it is a spiritual organization in the middle of a secular education system, and its status is extracurricular but required for Protestant Christian students. I focus on the management of Rohkris and see it as work. In the process of work, Rohkris administrators reflect on their position in the relationship between students, the school, teachers, alumni, and their future. This reflection continues the process of forming their work values, with Graeber and Marxist feminist definitions of work and work values that are not limited to productivity. This process of work value formation is closely related to the neoliberal education system which is also seen as a process, which gave birth to the process of work value formation as a local response of the Rohkris board."

"Posisi Barbie sebagai “simbol feminisme” telah dipertanyakan karena representasinya atas pemberdayaan perempuan yang mengaitkan kesuksesan dengan pencapaian individu dan penampilan serta gaya hidup tertentu. Terlepas dari pesan feminis mengenai pilihan dan pemberdayaan, film Barbie (2023) yang disutradarai Greta Gerwig meneruskan narasi posfeminisme Barbie dengan mengangkat pendekatan individualistik terhadap pemberdayaan perempuan. Karya tulis ini menganalisis bagaimana posfeminisme dan, selanjutnya, feminisme neoliberal hadir di sepanjang film Barbie dan membahas ambivalensi gerakan feminisme dalam film tersebut. Dengan menganalisis adegan dan dialog dalam film Barbie dan menerapkan posfeminisme serta feminisme neoliberal sebagai kerangka konseptual, Karya tulis ini menemukan bahwa struktur masyarakat Barbie Land melekat dengan karakteristik posfeminisme. Selain itu, struktur kekuasaan di Barbie Land meniru struktur kekuasaan patriarki di Real World (Dunia Nyata) yang berusaha ditantang oleh narasi film Barbie. Solusi untuk patriarki yang ditawarkan berfokus kepada mengambil Kembali kekuasaan mutlak daripada mengatasi permasalahan yang ada di dalam struktur kekuasaan Barbie Land. Hasil studi ini mendorong kajian kritis terhadap budaya media posfeminis yang dapat berkontribusi terhadap tekanan individu yang dialami oleh perempuan dengan kedok “pemberdayaan.”

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Barbie’s position as a “feminist icon” has been questioned due to her representation of women’s empowerment, which associates success with individual achievements and a particular look and lifestyle. Despite the feminist message of choice and empowerment, the live-action adaptation Barbie (2023), directed by Greta Gerwig, sustains the postfeminist narrative of Barbie as it promotes an individualistic approach to women’s empowerment. This paper analyses how postfeminism and, by extension, neoliberal feminism is present throughout Barbie and addresses the ambivalence of the feminist movement in the movie. By analysing scenes and dialogues in the film and applying postfeminism and neoliberal feminism as conceptual frameworks, the paper finds that the societal structure of Barbie Land adheres to the characteristics of postfeminism. Furthermore, the power structure in Barbie Land mimics the power structure of the Real World’s patriarchy that it supposedly challenges. The solutions to patriarchy that the movie offers focus more on regaining absolute power rather than addressing the issues within the power structure of Barbie Land. The findings call for a critical examination of postfeminist media culture, which may contribute to the individual pressures that women are experiencing under the guise of women’s empowerment."

"Di balik kondisi yang penuh duka saat pandemi, ada gejala diantara para mahasiswa yang membuat mereka merasa ada tekanan untuk menjadi produktif. Dalam tulisan ini saya mencoba menelusuri pengaruh neoliberalisme yang memicu hasrat para mahasiswa berusaha untuk memiliki kegiatan yang produktif di tengah pandemi. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman-pengalaman mahasiswa tingkat akhir tentang produktivitas dengan melakukan wawancara dan observasi digital terhadap akun media sosial informan. Dari penelitian ini saya menemukan, perasaan tertekan yang dirasakan para mahasiswa untuk menjadi produktif hadir karena pengaruh neoliberal yang membuat persepsi mereka tentang diri dan lingkungannya penuh dengan persaingan dan ketidakpastian. Pengaruh neoliberal memicu para mahasiswa untuk berpikir dengan logika neoliberal dan memperlakukan diri sendiri layaknya bisnis agar dapat bersaing dengan bisnis lainnya.

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Despite the miserable conditions amidst the pandemic, there's a phenomenon among university students that make them feel pressured to be productive. In this paper, I try to explore the influence of neoliberalism that triggers the desire of students to find productive activities during a pandemic. This research was conducted through a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of final-year students about productivity by conducting interviews and digital observations of informants' social media accounts. From this research, I found that the pressure to be productive is mainly caused by neoliberal influences that shift their perception of themselves to be full of competition and uncertainty. Neoliberal influence triggers students to think with neoliberal logic and treat themselves as a business to compete with other businesses."

"Di tengah minimnya jaminan sosial dan meningkatnya tekanan hidup bagi orang muda di Indonesia, negara Indonesia justru mendorong tanggung jawab pribadi sebagai jalan keluar dari krisis struktural yang ada. Program beasiswa Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA) hadir dalam konteks ini sebagai sarana mobilitas sosial melalui pendidikan tinggi global. Seiring popularitasnya yang kian meningkat, IISMA memicu perdebatan intensif di media sosial X (X), khususnya mengenai aksesibilitas, meritokrasi, dan beban representasi yang diemban para penerimanya. Studi ini bertujuan memahami bagaimana politik survivabilitas orang muda dimaknai dan dinegosiasikan melalui diskusi mengenai IISMA di media sosial X. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivisme kritis dan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis analisis naratif dan tematik. Data dikumpulkan melalui analisis ribuan cuitan publik dam wawancara mendalam dengan penerima beasiswa. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media sosial bukan hanya sebagai ruang ekspresi, tetapi juga arena produksi makna tentang keberhasilan, privilese, dan ketidakpastian masa depan. Sebagian mahasiswa memandang IISMA sebagai “modal simbolik” yang diperebutkan dalam situasi keterdesakan ekonomi. Namun di sisi lain, beasiswa ini juga menjadi beban representasi atas konstruksi pemuda ideal yang diharapkan masyarakat. Studi ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan literatur tentang konstruksi realitas yang termediatisasi, subjektivitas neoliberal, dan politik afektif di era digital. Penelitian ini juga menyoroti pentingnya mendengar suara orang muda dalam memahami keterhubungan antara pendidikan dan ketimpangan sosial di Indonesia kontemporer.

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Amid the lack of social security and increasing life pressures for young people in Indonesia, the Indonesian state instead promotes individual responsibility as a way out of existing structural crises. The Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA) scholarship program emerges in this context as a means of social mobility through global higher education. As its popularity continues to grow, IISMA has sparked intensive debates on social media platform X (X), particularly regarding accessibility, meritocracy, and the burden of representation carried by its recipients. This study aims to understand how the politics of survivability among young people is interpreted and negotiated through discussions about IISMA on social media platform X. The research employs a critical constructivism paradigm and a qualitative approach based on narrative and thematic analysis. Data were collected through analysis of thousands of public tweets and in-depth interviews with scholarship recipients. The research findings reveal that social media functions not only as a space for expression but also as an arena for producing meanings about success, privilege, and future uncertainty. Some students view IISMA as “symbolic capital” that is contested in situations of economic constraints. However, on the other hand, this scholarship also becomes a burden of representation regarding the construction of ideal youth expected by society. This study contributes to the development of literature on mediatized reality construction, neoliberal subjectivity, and affective politics in the digital era. The research also highlights the importance of listening to young people's voices in understanding the complex interconnections between education and social inequality in contemporary Indonesia. "