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ABSTRAK
Orofacial pain includes pain associated with the hard and soft tissues of the head, face, neck and all of the intraoral structures. Upon painful episodes, consuming analgesics or traditional medicine are relatively common. It is also a common sense that high cholesterol and hypertension may contribute to the pain. Since most pain sufferers are women, estrogen is proposed to be a modulator of pain perception. Nevertheless, the mechanism of pain modulation in women is still in controversy. Systemic manivestations of periodontal disease are widely accepted. However, the role of pedodontal disease as an etiology of orofacial and musculoskeletal pains is rarely discussed. Recent study in medical psychoneuroimmunology may reveal the possibility of periodontal disease as an etiology of these painful symptoms. The objective of this study is to reveal the possibility of periodontal disease as an etiology of orofacial and musculoskeletal pains. Periodontal treatments were done to women who suffered from orofacial and musculoskeletal pains, resulting in the dissapearing of the symptoms. Regarding to the amazing results, the conclusion is that especially in women, periodontal disease may cause orofacial and musculoskeletal pains especially in women.

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Latar Belakang: Orofacial cleft merupakan salah satu dari banyak malformasi bawaan lahir yang sering terjadi pada manusia. Keadaan ini ditandai dengan kelainan morfologi yang dapat mengubah struktur wajah dan mempengaruhi struktur anatomi, juga fungsi otot dengan tingkat keparahan yang bervariasi. Adapun, penyebab celah bibir dan palatum ini dihasilkan dari banyak faktor, dimana terjadi kombinasi antara faktor genetik dan faktor lingkungan. Tujuan: Mengetahui distribusi polimorfisme gen Wnt10a C392T pada penderita orofacial cleft. Metode: Analisis polimorfisme gen Wnt10a C392T dilakukan dengan metode PCR-RFLP dengan enzim restriksi AfeI. Hasil: Menggunakan 25 sampel orofacial cleft dan 75 sampel kontrol, ditemukan 25 sampel orofacial cleft memiliki genotip TT 100 , 20 sampel kontrol memiliki genotip CC 26,6 , 53 sampel memiliki genotip CT 70,6 , dan 2 sampel memiliki genotip TT 2,8 . Tidak ditemukan alel C pada sampel orofacial cleft, semenatara sampel kontrol memiliki 91 alel C 60,7 dan 59 alel T 39,3. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada distribusi genotip dan alel polimorfisme Gen Wnt10a C392T antara penderita orofacial cleft dan kontrol p value genotip = 0,003, p value alel =0,001.

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Background: Orofacial cleft is one of the many congenital malformations that often occur in humans. It is characterized by morphological abnormalities that can alter the facial structure and affect the anatomical structure, as well as muscle function with variations of severity. The cause of orofacial cleft is generated from many factors, where there is a combination of genetic factors and environmental factors. Aim: To describe the distibution of Wnt10a C392T gene polymorphism in orofacial cleft patients. Methods: Analysis of Wnt10a C392T gene polymorphism was performed by PCR RFLP method with AfeI restriction enzyme. Results: Using 25 orofacial cleft samples and 75 control samples, 25 orofacial cleft samples had 25 TT genotype 100 , 20 control samples had CC genotype 26,6 , 53 samples had CT genotype 70,6 , and 2 samples had TT genotype 2,8 . No C alleles were found in orofacial cleft samples, while control samples had 91 C allele 60,7 and 59 T alleles 39,3. Conclusions: There were significant differences in genotype distribution and allele of Wnt10a C392T gene polymorphism between orofacial cleft and control patients p value genotype 0.003, p value allele 0.001.

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ABSTRACT
The AAOP Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management of Orofacial Pain is an invaluable resource for all health care professionals who evaluate and treat patients with orofacial pain and face the daunting task of "keeping up with the literature" in the rapidly emerging arena of pain management in clinical practice. This new edition continues to emphasize evidence-based knowledge and, for the first time, offers a summary of key points at the beginning of each chapter. Other important changes include an entirely new chapter on sleep and its relationship to pain and well-being; new imaging guidelines for the diagnosis of headache, TMD, and neuropathic pain; a new section on dysesthesias related to neuropathic pain; comprehensive descriptions of SUNCT/SUNA in the chapter devoted to primary headache disorders; and recommendations for quantitative sensory testing, narcotic agreement, and brief screening questionnaires used in patient assessment. Most important, the differential diagnosis and TMD chapters reflect the recommendations of the long-awaited RDC/TMD taxonomy, which will have a significant impact on clinical practice.

Abstrak :
Penampilan fisik memainkan peran penting individu dalam berinteraksi di masyarakat. Seseorang dengan gangguan estetika pada wajah, gigi, dan mulut atau ‘orofasial’ akan berdampak pada perasaan, pikiran, sikap dan perilaku terhadap dirinya sendiri dan lingkungan sosialnya, atau yang disebut sebagai dampak psikososial dan lebih lanjut terhadap kualitas hidupnya. Aspek dimensi psikososial ini belum terungkap pada pasien prostodonsia dan belum adanya alat ukur yang tepat dan sudah tervalidasi untuk menilai persepsi estetika pada pasien prostodonsia termasuk dampaknya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Ada beberapa alat ukur yang dapat menilai hal-hal tersebut yaitu Orofacial Esthetic Scale OES), Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire PIDAQ), Prosthetic Esthetic Index PEI). Namun penggunaannya secara komprehensif ditambah dengan penilaian parameter estetika yang terukur serta faktor sosio demografi belum pernah dilakukan baik di luar negeri maupun Indonesia untuk kasus prostodontik. Tujuan: Memperoleh model prediksi dan alat ukur yang valid dan reliabel untuk menilai persepsi pasien akan dampak psikososial dari adanya gangguan estetika orofasial untuk kasus prostodontik. Bahan dan Metode: Pengembangan alat ukur yang menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi dampak psikososial pada gangguan estetika orofasial melalui dua tahap yaitu tahap adaptasi lintas kultural dan uji psikometri dari kuesioner OES, PIDAQ dan PEI. Tahap berikutnya pengembangan model prediksi dengan analisis regresi logistik dari seluruh faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Total subjek penelitian adalah 163 orang yang terbagi menjadi kelompok dengan gangguan estetika (55%) dan estetika normal (45%) dengan rentang usia antara 18-73 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Uji validitas dan reliabilitas ke tiga alat ukur yaitu pertama, kuesioner untuk menilai kepuasan estetika orofasial diri sendiri (OES-Id), kedua kuesioner untuk menilai dampak psikososialnya (PIDAQ-Id), dan alat ukur untuk mengevaluasi estetika orofasial pasien oleh klinisi (PEI-Id) dapat dipercaya dan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh dapat memprediksi terjadinya dampak psikososial yang buruk adalah keselarasan inklinasi enam gigi anterior rahang atas, keberimpitan garis tengah wajah dan garis tengah lengkung gigi, letak titik kontak anterior gigi rahang atas dan kepuasan pasien akan kondisi estetika orofasialnya. Ke empat variabel ini ditambahkan dengan variabel keharmonisan warna gigi dan posisi kehilangan gigi yang belum diganti menjadi variabel pada model prediksi. Model ini memiliki nilai sensitifitas 81,3%, nilai spesifitas 72,5 % dan area under the curve 83,1% (CI 95% 0,760-0,901). Kesimpulan: Alat ukur OES-Id, PIDAQ-Id, PEI-Id serta indeks prediksi dampak psikososial dapat digunakan bersamaan dengan hasil pemeriksaan klinis dalam menentukan persepsi pasien dan dampak psikososialnya pada kasus prostodonsia dengan gangguan estetika. Dengan diketahuinya hal ini, diharapkan keberhasilan perawatan prostodonsia terutama yang melibatkan estetika makin baik. ......Physical appearance plays essential role in people's interaction. Individuals with aesthetic impairment on facial, dental, and mouth or 'orofacial' will have impacts on feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behavior toward themself and their social life, or referred as the psychosocial and further impact on the quality of life. Patient-based measure outcomes to identify, analyze, and diagnose esthetic and functional problems are mandatory. However, the psychosocial impact and esthetic impairments have not been widely investigated in the discipline of prosthodontics despite their divergence with orthodontic research. This may be attributed in part by the lack of valid and reliable tools with good sensitivity for identifying the relations between them. Valid and reliable questionnaires are needed to systematize and hasten this perception process. The Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES), the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire (PIDAQ), and the Prosthetic Esthetic Index (PEI) are available for orofacial aesthetic evaluation, but further research will be needed for prosthodontics concern and Indonesian population. However, comprehensive methods with appropriate measuring instruments combine with quantifiable aesthetic parameters and socio-demographic factors that influence the psychosocial impact of prosthodontics patients with various orofacial esthetics impairment can be known. Objective: To develop and validate orofacial esthetic evaluation instruments in prosthodontics patients, which are the instrument for clinician's and patient's appraisal of esthetic and instrument for psychosocial impact of esthetic impairment. And to obtain a model to predict the psychosocial impact of orofacial aesthetics impairment in prosthodontics patients. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design. It consists of two phases: first was the development and validation of orofacial esthetic evaluation instrument in prosthodontics patients, there were the OES, the PIDAQ and the PEI questionnaires. The next stage was the development of predictive model with logistic regression analysis of all the contributing factors. Results: The subjects of 163 were divided into two groups; esthetically impaired group (55%) and esthetically normal group (45%) with an age range between 18-73 years. Validity and reliability testing of the Indonesian version of OES, PIDAQ, and PEI questionnaires has proved can be trusted and used in this study. The most influential factors that can predict the occurrence of the negative impact of psychosocial were the inclination of six anterior maxillary teeth, the coincidence between facial and dental midlines, the location of the anterior contact points of the maxillary teeth and patient satisfaction with the orofacial aesthetic conditions. To developed a predictive model, two critical variables for esthetics evaluation were added, the harmony of tooth color, and the position of tooth loss. This model has a sensitivity value of 81.3%, a specificity value of 72.5% and an area under the curve 83.1% (CI 95% 0.760-0.901). Conclusion: The measuring tools of the OES-Id, the PIDAQ-Id, the PEI-Id, and the psychosocial impact prediction index can be used together with quantifiable aesthetic parameters to determine clinician's and patient's appraisal of the esthetic and psychosocial impact of esthetic impairment in prosthodontics.

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ABSTRACT
Latar belakang: Gangguan sendi temporomandibula dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup seseorang. Belum ada penelitian yang membahas hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup khususnya dengan menggunakan indeks OHIP-TMD-ID dan ID-TMD di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup, hubungan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan tingkat ekonomi , hubungan kualitas hidup dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan tingkat ekonomi . Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada 115 subjek berusia 20-40 tahun dari pasien Klinik Integrasi RSGM Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Dilakukan pencatatan data diri subjek dan wawancara untuk pengisian kuesioner ID-TMD dan OHIP-TMD-ID. Hasil penelitian: uji analisis Man-Whitney menunjukan perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan kualitas hidup. Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara kualitas hidup dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat ekonomi . Hasil uji analisis Chi Square menunjukan tidak perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan antara gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan faktor sosiodemografi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat ekonomi . Kesimpulan: Penderita gangguan sendi temporomandibula mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup dari aspek nyeri orofacial.

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ABSTRACT
Abstract Background Temporomandibular disorders may have an impact on quality of life. No studies have been done to analyze relationship between temporomandibular disorders and quality of life in particular by using OHIP TMD ID and ID TMD in Indonesia. Objectives To analyze the relationship between temporomandibular disorder and quality of life, temporomandibular disorder and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level economic level , quality of life and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level . Methods Cross sectional study was conducted on 115 subjects aged 20 40 years from patients at Integration Clinic of RSGM FKG UI. Subject rsquo s personal data were obtained and interview for ID TMD questionnare and OHIP TMD ID questionnare were conducted. Results Man Whitney test showed significant differences between temporomandibular disorders and quality of life. However, there are no significant differences between the quality of life and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level . Chi Square test showed no significant differences between temporomandibular disorders and sociodemographic factors age, gender, education level, economic level . Conclusion Temporomandibular disorders patients suffered from impaired orofacial pain related quality of life. Keywords temporomandibular disorder, quality of life, OHIP TMD ID, ID TMD.