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"Untuk memperoleh koleksi kekayaan hayati Nostoc Indonesia dilakukan isolasi mikroflora tanah dari beberapa lahan persawahan di wilayah di Jawa, Bali, dan Sulawesi Selatan. Isolat-isolat yang tumbuh cepat diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler mengunakan sekuen parsial dari gen 16S rRNA. Walaupun hubungan kekerabatan antar isolat belum sepenuhnya dapat dijelaskan, pohon filogeni yang dihasilkan dari analisis sekuen mendukung identifikasi secara morfologi bahwa isolat-isolat yang diteliti berbeda jenis. Uji coba 6 strain Nostoc , dalam bentuk inokulum tunggal,sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk padi dilakukan. Sebanyak 2 g biomasa basah dari masing-masing strain Nostoc diinokulasi ke dalam pot-pot yang telah berisi 3 tanaman padi. Percobaan dilakukan di rumah kaca selama 115 hari.Secara statistik (ANOVA;α= 0.05) hanya strain GIA13a yang mempengaruhi panjang akar dan jumlah bulir padi bernas.

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AbstractIn order to collect Indonesian Nostoc, isolation of soil microflora from several paddy fields in West Java, Bali, andSouth Celebes was carried out. Fast-growing isolates ofNostoc were selected to describe and perform molecularidentification using partial sequences of 16S rRNA. The results showed that partial sequences of 16S rRNA could not resolve the phylogeny of the isolates. However, it supported the morphological studies that recognize isolates as different species of Nostoc. Potential use of Nostoc as a nitrogen source for paddy growth was carried out using sixstrains as single inoculums. A total biomass of 2 g (fresh weight) for each strain was inoculated, respectively, into thepot planted with three paddy plants. This experiment was conducted in the green house for 115 days. Statistical analyses(ANOVA;α= 0.05) showed that of six strains tested in this study, only strain GIA13a had influence on the augmentation of root length and the total number of filled grains."

"Java is the biggest rice supplier with the largest paddy field compared to other islands in Indonesia. On the other side, economic growth needs more and more land for infrastructure growth. It was suggested that the growth would convert paddy field in Java to non-agriculture use. This paper reports the growth of land conversion, especially from paddy field to other utilization, in Java Island using panel data (provincial data 1995-2013). The data then treated as the dependent variable in the regression analysis for determining the factors that are significantly influential. The relative strengths of the influential factors are then compared using the concept of elasticity. It is found that farmers term of trade and GDP of manufacturing industries sectors significantly influence the land conversion. Meanwhile, the size of the population and the size of medium and large companies of manufacturing industries do not significantly influence the land conversion."

"The objective of this research is to evaluate the availability of the fertilizers from the second line to the small distributor and the use of the fertilizer in the farming based on the SK Memperindag No 93/MPP/Kep/3/2001. Perception about the effectivity and benefit of the many kind of fertilizer for the paddy productivity also evaluated. Data are from three province (Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur) both primary and secondary. Two Kabupatens are chosen from each province which one has higher and the other has lower productivity than province average. Data and Information using the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method which analyzed with the descriptive statitics. Some conclution found are: (1) the decision of the Menperindag is quite effective to derive the availability of fertilizer to the small distributor level, (2) one of the reason of the decrease of the paddy productivity is the using of imbalance fertilizer, which is caused by the relative price of the fertilizers, (3) If the price of the fertilizer below the parity price, the force of the illegal export of the fertilizer increase, (4) because the high price of the fertilizer SP-36, the farmer will reduce the using of that, caused the low of purchasing power parity. "

"This research intends to detemine paddy farming in Serang District, including the application of insus type D, production per season, and the effect of such tehcnological application to the production and income of paddy farming. The study employs survey method while the research sites are purposevely selected, i.e.Pontang, Kasemen, and Tirtayasa subdistricts. The study interveiwed 30 farmers who were selected using stratified random sampling, i.e: board and regular member of farmers group. The study suggests that production of paddy farming has improved by 94% after using insus type D technology. Average production of irrigated paddy farming is 61,2 quintal per hectare of GKP which is only 68% of the intended production target, i.e. 90 quintal per hectare per season. Break Even Point is reaced at Rp. 2.468.449, or production of 2.194 kg, or at farm size of 0,36 ha, with ratio of revenue to cost or R/C at 1,74. In conclusion, the tehcnology is proved to be profitable for farmers."

"Java, as the largest populated island i Indonesia, has experienced tremendous agricultural land use conversion, mostly to industrial and settlement uses...."

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Kesejahteraan petani bergantung pada produksi tanaman dan kesuburan tanah. Penggunaan pupuk dapat meningkatkan produksi tanaman, namun dapat menurunkan kesuburan tanah. Dalam kasus padi, ada indikasi penggunaan pupuk didorong oleh keinginan meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman tanpa mempertimbangkan efek pada kesuburan tanah. Beberapa penelitian telah meneliti perilaku petani tentang penggunaan pupuk. Namun, studi tersebut terbatas pada respon petani terhadap subsidi pupuk dan dampak penggunaan pupuk pada produktivitas tanaman padi. Studi ini mengisi kesenjangan yang ada dalam penelitian tentang hubungan antara preferensi risiko petani dan penggunaan pupuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi logit data panel sekunder Survei Panel Rumah Tangga Petani Nasional tahun 2007 dan 2010 dengan memperkirakan preferensi risiko petani. Studi ini menemukan bahwa petani Indonesia menghindari risiko. Hasilnya konsisten dengan hipotesis yang menunjukkan bahwa preferensi risiko memiliki hubungan negatif yang signifikan dengan variabel dependen. Ini berarti bahwa petani dengan kecenderungan menghindari risiko akan mengalokasikan pupuk di atas tingkat yang direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman padi. Variabel kontrol lainnya juga memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap variabel dependen.

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Farmers’ welfare depends on crops production and soil fertility. The use of fertilizer is expected to increase crops production, yet it may cause the soil fertility to decline. In case of paddy, there is an indication that the use of fertilizer is most likely driven by productivity without considering the effect on soil fertility. Several studies have examined farmer’s behavior concerning fertilizer usage. However, those studies are limited to farmer’s response towards fertilizer subsidy and the impact of fertilizer usage on productivity. This study fills the gap that exists in research on the link between farmer’s risk preference and the use of fertilizers. This study employed logistic regression using secondary panel data from The National Farmer Household Panel Survey conducted in 2007 and 2010 by estimating the farmers’ risk preference. This study found that Indonesian farmers are risk-averse. The result is consistent with the hypothesis showing that risk preference has a significant negative relationship with the dependent variables. It means that farmers with a tendency to be risk-averse will allocate fertilizer above the recommended level to increase the productivity. Other control variables also have significant impacts on the dependent variables.

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Padi merupakan tanaman pangan utama yang dikonsumsi oleh sebagian besar populasi penduduk di Indonesia untuk makanan pokok sehari-hari. Hal tersebut didukung dengan konsumsi beras yang mencapai hingga 1,55 ton pada tahun 2018, dan Kabupaten Sukabumi berada pada lima besar kabupaten dengan produksi beras terbesar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis musim tanam padi berdasarkan indeks vegetasi dan menganalisis estimasi produktivitas padi di Kecamatan Cikakak. Untuk dapat mengetahui pola musim tanam di Kecamatan Cikakak, digunakan indeks tiga vegetasi, yaitu NDVI, ARVI, dan MSAVI. Indeks vegetasi terebut diolah dalam citra Sentinel-2 menggunakan Google Earth Engine. Setelah itu, untuk mendapatkan estimasi produktivitas dilakukan validasi lapangan dari nilai indeks vegetasi yang didapatkan. Estimasi akan dikaitkan dengan faktor fisik dari Kecamatan Cikakak, yaitu ketinggian. Oleh karena itu, maka hasil dari validasi tersebut akan dibandingkan pada setiap titik dengan faktor tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pola fase dan musim tanam dari sawah di Kecamatan Cikakak, serta waktu tanam yang berbeda-beda pada setiap sawahnya dan pada setiap desanya. Estimasi produktivitas padi di Kecamatan Cikakak memiliki rata-rata 8,87 ton/ha untuk NDVI, 8,89 ton/ha untuk MSAVI, dan 6,50 ton/ha untuk ARVI. Sebagian besar sawah yang memiliki produktivitas yang cukup tinggi berada di ketinggian 250 – 500 mdpl. Indeks vegetasi NDVI menjadi indeks dengan akurasi paling tinggi diantara kedua indeks vegetasi lainnya.

 

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Paddy is the main food crop consumed by most of the population in Indonesia for daily staples. This is supported by rice consumption which reaches up to 1.55 tons in 2018 and Sukabumi Regency is in the top 5 districts with the largest rice production in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the rice planting season based on vegetation index and analyze the estimation of rice productivity in Cikakak District. To be able to know the planting season pattern in Cikakak Subdistrict, vegetation index is used, there are 3 vegetation indexes used in this study, there is NDVI, ARVI, and MSAVI. The vegetation index is processed in Sentinel-2 imagery using Google Earth Engine, after that to get an estimate of productivity field validation of the vegetation index value obtained, in addition to the estimation will be associated with physical factors from the District of Cikakak, therefore the results of the validation will be compared at each point with these factors. The results of this study are the phase pattern and planting season of rice fields in the Cikakak sub-district when planting time is different in each rice field and in each village. Then for the estimation of rice productivity in Cikakak Subdistrict, it has an average of 8.87 tons / Ha for NDVI, 8.89 tons / Ha for MSAVI and 6.50 tons / Ha for ARVI, and most rice fields that have quite high productivity are at an altitude of 250 - 500 meters above sea level. In addition to using the NDVI vegetation index, it is the index with the highest accuracy among the two other vegetation indices to be able to estimate rice productivity.

 

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Konversi lahan sawah yang meningkat bisa mengancam ketahanan pangan nasional. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan identifikasi faktor pendorong konversi lahan sawah terutama di Jawa dan Sumatra sebagai lumbung padi nasional. Dengan menggunakan data panel dari 256 kabupaten / kota pada periode 2010-2017, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa faktor pendorong konversi lahan sawah di Jawa adalah PDRB di sektor pertanian dan service, serta kepadatan penduduk. Sementara di Sumatera, konversi lahan sawah dipengaruhi oleh PDRB di sektor pertanian dan sektor  industri, serta kepadatan penduduk. Analisis geospasial menunjukkan bahwa lahan sawah di Jawa sebagian besar beralih fungsi menjadi pemukiman, sementara di Sumatera menjadi tanaman perkebunan.

 

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Recently, the paddy fields conversion rate is alarmingly high, and it can threat national food security. Therefore, identified the main drivers of paddy fields conversion is important, particularly in Java and Sumatra as national rice barn. This study employed the panel data of 256 regencies/cities from 2010–2017, and it identified that the factors which affected the conversion in Java are the GRDP in agriculture and service sectors, also population density. Moreover, the population density, the GRDP in agriculture and industry sectors are the main drivers of the conversion in Sumatra. Geospatial analysis reveals that the most changes of paddy fields in Java is dominated by settlement, and in Sumatra is turned dominated into palm oil.

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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian translokasi klorpirifos (Q,O-diethyl-0-3,5,6-irichloro-2 pyridyl phosphorolhioate) karbofuran (2, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dirnethyl-7-benzo frrranyl metylcarbamate), dan lindan (1, 2, 3,4,5,6-hexachloro cycla hexane) pada tanaman padi dan penurunan konsentrasinya di dalam tanah. Penelitian dilakukan di Instalasi Laboratorium Biokimia & Enzimatik dan Instalasi Rumah Kaca, Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan Bogor.Penelitian translokasi insektisida menggunakan tanaman padi varietas IR. 64 dan 3 jenis insektisida karbofuran, klorpirifos dan lindan dengan dosis setara 1 kg/ha. Translokasi insektisida pada tanaman padi dirunut dengan mengukur kandungan residu insektisida pada daun, batang, malai dan beras dengan selang waktu pengamatan 5, 10, 15, 25 dan 30 had setelah aplikasi (HSA) untuk insektisida karbofuran dan klorpirifos, sedangkan selang waktu 5, 15, 25, 35 dan 45 HSA untuk insektisida lindan. Pada penelitian penurunan konsentrasi insektisida digunakan tiga jenis tanah yang berasal dari Wonosari (Jawa Tengah), Bekasi dan Karawang (Jawa Barat) dan 3 jenis insektisida yaitu karbofuran, klorpirifos dan lindan dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 0,45 ppm. Pengamatan laju penurunan konsentrasi insektisida dilakukan dengan cara mengukur kandungan residu insektisida karbofuran dan klorpirifos pada selang waktu 0, 20, 40, 60 dan 80 HSA dan 0, 25, 50, 75 dan 100 HSA untuk lindan. Aplikasi insektisida dilakukan dua kali pada fase vegetatif (5 MST-minggu setelah tanam) dan fase generatif (10 MST). Kandungan residu insektisida pada tanaman padi dan tanah diukur dengan alat kromatografi gas cairan yang dilengkapi dengan detektor ECD. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) yang disusun secara faktorial dengan 3 faktor dan 2 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa insektisida karbofuran, klorpirifos dan lindan ditranslokasikan ke daun, batang, malai dan beras. Residu insektisida pada daun padi paling banyak ditemukan kemudian diikuti pada batang, malai dan beras, Penurunan konsentrasi residu insektisida pada tanah Karawang lebih tinggi daripada tanah Wonosari dan Bekasi. Laju penurunan konsentrasi insektisida karbofuran (t1/2 = 10,0 hari) lebih cepat daripada insektisida lindan (t1/2 = 63,2 hari) dan klorpirifos (ti.12,9 hari) pada tanah Karawang.

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ABSTRACT

The chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl 0-3,5, 6-trichloro-2 pyridyl phosphoro hioate), carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl metylcarbamate), lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro cyclo hexane) insecticides translocation research has been conducted on paddy and its concentration decrease in soil. The research was conducted at the Biochemistry & Enzymatic Laboratory and the Green House of the Research Institute for Food Crops Biotechnology.

The insecticide research used IR 64 paddy variety and 3 kinds of insecticides, namely: carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and lindane with the dosage equals to 1 kg a.i.lha. The insecticide translocation in the paddy was discovered by measuring the insecticide residues conten on the leaf, stem and panicle on the observation interval time of 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 days after the treatment (DAT) for the chlorpyrifos and carbofuran insecticides and 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAT for the lindane insecticide. Whereas on the insecticide concentration decrease research utilized 3 types of soil come from Wonosari (Middle Java), Bekasi and Karawang (West Java) and 3 types of insecticides, namely: chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and lindane with each concentration of 0.45 ppm. The rate of concentration decrease was observed by measuring the insecticide residue content in the soils at the time interval of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAT (chlorpyrifos and carbofuran) while the lindane at the time interval of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 DAT. The insecticide treatment was done twice on the vegetative phase (5 WAP-weeks after planting) and the generative phase (10 WAP). The insecticide residue content on the paddy and the soil was determined by the gas liquid chromatograph equipped with the ECD detector. The design of the research used the complete random design with 3 factors and 2 replication.

The results showed that the vegetative phase (on the stem and panicle) and in the generative phase (stem, leaf and the panicle) was recognized the chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and lindane insecticide residues. The insecticide residues translocation of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and lindane was higher in leaves than in the stem and panicle. The concentration decrease of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and lindane insecticide residues in Karawang soil's was higher than in the sail from Wonosari and Bekasi. The rate of concentration decrease of carbofuran (ti = 10,0 days) was faster than lindane (t ½ = 63,2 days) and chlorpyrifos (t1/2 = 12,9 days)."

"The determination of the price of paddy is under the control of the Government and the influence of economic and non-economic forces. The price determination of paddy is connected with the general (average) price level. The general (average) price level influences the price of paddy as well as the price of consumption goods bought by paddy farmers. Therefore are influenced also income, cost of living and household welfare of paddy farmers. The increase of general (average) price level tends to increase the price of paddy. If the general (average) price level increases more than the increase of the price of paddy sold by paddy farmers and the price of consumption goods bought by paddy farmers, the real income of paddy farmers tends to decrease, the cost of living tends to increase and the household welfare tends to decrease. By taking into consideration the relationship between the general (average) price level, the price of paddy, the price of consumption goods, the real income and the cost of living, the household welfare tends to change. Because of the rational expectation of paddy farmers to general (average) price level change is lower than of the consumers, then the effect of change in price of paddy is smaller compared with the effect of change in price of consumption goods to the household welfare of paddy farmers. Therefore, to increase the household welfare of paddy farmers, it is needed not to aim at the change in price of paddy produced by paddy farmers, but at the income of paddy farmers or with other words aiming at the change of cost of living of the household of paddy farmers. The more subsistence the farmer is, the less elastic is his marketable supply. If the farmer becomes more commercialized or with other words the marketing output ratio is increased, the elasticity of marketable surplus increases. By taking into consideration the relationship between the general (average) price level, the price of paddy, the price of consumption goods bought by the paddy farmers as consumer, the real income and the cost of living and the household welfare of paddy farmers, then the success of paddy production depend also on the policies mix of the Government on the demand side and the supply side of macroeconomics, which imply also non-economic forces."