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"Perlindungan konsumen merupakan hal yang penting sehingga dibuatlah Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Perlindungan konsumen dalam bidang kesehatan yang dibutuhkan oleh konsumen dalam memperoleh produk obat yang beredar di masyarakat, dimana produk obat tersebut telah diawasi oleh suatu instansi yang dapat bertanggung jawab atas pengawas obat. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) merupakan instansi yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah dalam melakukan pengawasan obat, sehingga pelaku usaha yang beritikad baik yang dapat mengedarkan obat tersebut harus mendaftarkan obat tersebut kepada BPOM. Hal-hal yang menjadi pembahasan oleh penulis adalah bagaimana pengaturan peredaran obat; peran BPOM terhadap peredaran dan pengawasan obat keras; serta pelaku usaha mana yang dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban oleh konsumen yang mengalami kerugian akibat mengkonsumsi obat keras yang dibeli oleh Pedagang Eceran Obat (PEO). Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis, maka diperoleh bahwa peredaran obat dimulai dari Pedagang Besar Farmasi (PBF) sampai pada Apotek, Rumah Sakit, dan Toko Obat. Peredaran obat keras ilegal masih banyak terjadi dan sering disalahgunakan. Pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh BPOM dilakukan dengan penertiban produk obat keras ilegal. Pelaku usaha yang dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban adalah Pedagang Eceran Obat (PEO) apabila konsumen mengalami kerugian akibat mengkonsumsi obat keras yang dijual oleh PEO tersebut.

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Consumer protection is an important thing so Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen were made, Consumer protection in medical scope is needed when the consumers get the medicine had to bo checked and evaluated by the responsible instance. National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) is the selected instance by the government to control the drug, so the drug vendors who could distribute the drugs have to register their drugs to BPOM. Things those are under discussion by the author is how the drug distribution arrangements; BPOM role in drug distribution and control; also which one who is in charge to held accountable by consumers who suffered losses as a result of consuming drugs purchased by retail drug dealers (PEO).

In this study conducted with the author, it was found that the circulating drugs from Pharmaceutical Wholesalers (PBF), to pharmacies, hospitals, and retail drug dealers. Illegal drug distributions are still common and missed used. BPOM made some policies to control the drug distributions. Vendors who held accountable are the retail drug dealers (PEO) if the counsumers harmed after consuming the drugs sold by the PEO."

"Advertising control of medicine and traditional medicine was based on the Decree of the Minister of Health of Indonesian number 386/Menkes/SK/IV/1994 about advertising guidelines medicine, traditional medicine, cosmetics, medical devices and foods. The purpose of the study are (1) to identity regulation related to the advertising of medicine and traditional medicine, (2) to identity the institutional related to the advertising of medicine and tradisional medicine, and (3) to identity the implementation of regulation related to the advertising of medicine and traditional medicine. The study design was cross sectional with descriptive approach. The research locations are in jakarta , Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Medan dan Yogyakarta in 2009. The samples were institution related to the advertising of medicines and traditional medicines in central, provincial, and district level , i.e: Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi (Provincial Health Office), dinas Kesehatan Kota 9District Health Office), Badan POM, Gp farmasi, PPPI, KPID, and YKLI. The primary data were collected by using indepth interviews and focus group discussion. The secondary Prelimininary results enhanced by round table discussion in Jakarta. The data were analyzed by descriptive method. The Regulation related to the advertising are still based on decree of the minister of health og Indonesia no. 386/Menkes/SK/IV/1994 that has been inadequate. Another regulation in the central, provincial and district associated with the advertising control of medicine and traditional. The authority of institutions related to the advertising control of medicine and traditional medicine were: Badan POM conduct surveillance and repression advertising of medicine and traditional medicine, GPFI received a complain against the pharmaceutical industries that display advertising medicine and traditional medicine in violation of ethics, PPI is responsible for broadcast creative, KPID oversee broadcast media , the Board Press oversee the print media, and YLKI protect the public from advertising medicine and traditional medicines are still commonly found advertising that distorted, particularly it's advertisements in local media."

"Penelitian ini membahas peredaran antibiotik tanpa resep dokter atau dokter gigi sebagai upaya mencegah resistensi antimikroba yang mengancam kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian menggunakan metode doktrinal dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif. Penggunaan antibiotik secara tidak rasional dapat memicu resistensi antimikroba, sehingga bakteri menjadi kebal terhadap pengobatan dan meningkatkan risiko komplikasi serius. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaturan hukum terkait peredaran serta pengawasan antibiotik. Meskipun kebijakan mengenai penggunaan antibiotik telah tersedia, implementasi dan efektivitas pengawasan terhadap pengaturan tersebut masih lemah. Penjualan antibiotik tanpa resep dokter tetap menjadi permasalahan utama yang berkontribusi pada peningkatan kasus resistensi antimikroba. Melalui analisis Putusan Nomor 105/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Bjb, ditemukan adanya praktik peredaran antibiotik tanpa resep dokter. Kasus tersebut menunjukkan penjualan antibiotik secara bebas oleh pihak yang tidak memiliki keahlian dan kewenangan, termasuk di warung yang bukan merupakan fasilitas pelayanan kefarmasian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disarankan agar Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Kementerian Kesehatan, dinas kesehatan, serta aparat penegak hukum, termasuk kepolisian, memperkuat pengawasan dan pengaturan terhadap distribusi antibiotik. Pengawasan ini harus mencakup penjualan antibiotik di luar fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk memastikan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi serta mencegah resistensi antimikroba yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat.

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This research discusses the circulation of antibiotics without a doctor or dentist's prescription as an effort to prevent antimicrobial resistance that threatens public health. The research uses doctrinal method with descriptive research type. The irrational use of antibiotics can trigger antimicrobial resistance, making bacteria resistant to treatment and increasing the risk of serious complications. This research analyses the legal arrangements related to the circulation and supervision of antibiotics. Although policies on antibiotic use are in place, the implementation and effectiveness of supervision are weak. The sale of antibiotics without a doctor's prescription remains a major problem that contributes to the increase in antimicrobial resistance cases. Through the analysis of Decision Number 105/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Bjb, it was found that there was a practice of distributing antibiotics without a doctor's prescription. The case shows the free sale of antibiotics by parties who do not have the expertise and authority, including in stalls that are not pharmaceutical service facilities. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM), the Ministry of Health, the health department, and law enforcement officials, including the police, improve supervision and regulation of antibiotic distribution. This supervision should include the sale of antibiotics outside health care facilities to ensure compliance with regulations and prevent antimicrobial resistance that can endanger public health."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai proses sekuritisasi yang dilakukan PemerintahAmerika Serikat dalam menghadapi ancaman obat-obatan terlarang yang berasaldari Mexico. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatandeskriptif analisis. Peningkatan kekuatan mafia kartel dan meluasnya daerahperdagangan obat-obatan terlarang dari Mexico, membuat Amerika Serikatmelakukan sekuritisasi karena dampak yang dihasilkan dapat mengancamkeamanan nasional Amerika Serikat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MéridaInitiative menjadi hasil sekuritisasi yang dilakukan Pemerintah Amerika Serikatdibawah Presiden George W. Bush.

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AbstractThis thesis is focusing on securitization of US Govemrnent in fighting againstthreat of drugs trafficking came from Mexico. This research uses qualitativemethod with descriptive analytical approach. Increasing power of Mexican DTO(Drug Trafficking Organization) and enormous drug trafficking from Mexico,make US Government do securitization because the negative effect can threat USnational security. The result of the research has shown that Merida Initiative is theresult of securitization done by US Govemment under George W. Bushadministration."