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"Universitas Indonesia Culture collection (UICC) memiliki koleksi strain-strain Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer yang diisolaasi dari tempe dan telah diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan fisiologi. Penelitian bertujuan memperoleh identitas yang akurat pada tingkat spesies dari lima strain R. arrhizus (UICC 26, UICC 36, UICC 39, UICC 55, dan UICC 121) berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacers ribosomal DNA dan analisis filogenetik. Amplifikasi dan sequencing daerah ITS rDNA dilakukan menggunakan primer forward ITS5 dan primer reverse ITS4. Pencarian homologi sequence dilakukan dengan program BLAST. Sequence alignment dilakukan menggunakan program Clustal X. Konstruksi pohon filogenetik dilakukan menggunakan metode neighbor joining dengan model dua parameter Kimura dan nilai bootstrap 1000 pengulangan. Karakterisasi morfologi dan fisiologi (pengujian pertumbuhan pada variasi suhu) dilakukan untuk melengkapi deskripsi strain. Panjang fragmen daerah ITS rDNA kelima strain R. arrhizus sekitar 600--700 pb. Hasil BLAST menunjukkan kelima strain UICC memiliki homologi dengan type strain R. oryzae CBS 112.07T pada kisaran 98,9--99,8%. Pohon filogenetik menunjukkan strain UICC 36 dan strain UICC 55 berada dalam satu grup yang monofiletik dengan type strain R. oryzae CBS 112.07T dan neo type R. arrhizus NRRL 1469NT. Saat ini R. arrhizus merupakan sinonim dari R. oryzae, sehingga kedua strain tersebut diidentifikasi sebagai R. oryzae. Strain UICC 26, UICC 39, dan UICC 121 berada dalam satu grup yang monofiletik dengan type strain R. delemar CBS 120.12T, sehingga ketiga strain diidentifikasi sebagai R. delemar. Rhizopus oryzae dan R. delemar merupakan dua spesies yang berkerabat sangat dekat, sehingga secara morfologi tidak dapat dibedakan. Re-identifikasi lima strain R. arrhizus UICC secara molekuler menghasilkan identitas spesies yang berbeda menjadi R. oryzae dan R. delemar, namun karakter morfologi dan fisiologi lima strain tersebut menunjukkan karakter sebagai R. oryzae.

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Universitas Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) has collection of Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer strains, which were isolated from tempeh and were identified based on morphological and physiological characters. The aim of this study was to obtain accurate identification at species level of five strains of R. arrhizus (UICC 26, UICC 36, UICC 39, UICC 55, and UICC 121) based on internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence data and phylogenetic analysis. Amplification and sequencing of ITS region of rDNA were performed using forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4. Sequence homology search was performed using BLAST. Sequence alignment was carried out using Clustal X. Construction of phylogenetic tree was performed using neighbor joining method, Kimura?s two parameter model and bootstrap values of 1000 iterations. Characterization of morphological features and growth at variation of temperature were carried out to support the description of the strains. The fragment length of ITS region rDNA from five strains of R. arrhizus was about 600--700 bp.

Results of BLAST homology search of the strains showed 98.9--99.8% similarities to the type strain R. oryzae CBS 112.07T. Phylogenetic tree showed that UICC 36 and UICC 55 were clustered together in a monophyletic group with the type strain R. oryzae CBS 112.07T and neo type strain R. arrhizus NRRL 1469NT. Currently, R. arrhizus is a synonym of R. oryzae, therefore both strains were identified as R. oryzae. Strains UICC 26, UICC 39, and UICC 121 were clustered together in a monophyletic group with the type strain R. delemar CBS 120.12T, therefore they were identified as R. delemar. Rhizopus oryzae and R. delemar are very closely related species and morphologically similar. Re-identification of five strains R. arrhizus UICC based on molecular has difference of species identity as R. oryzae and R. delemar, but the five strains show similar morphological and physiological characters as R. oryzae."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kemampuan tiga strain R. delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 dan UICC 121 dalam memfermentasi campuran lumpur dan bungkil sawit 3:1 dan 4:1 nonsteril serta 3:1 dan 4:1 steril, selanjutnya menganalisis perubahan komposisi karbohidrat, protein, lemak, dan abu campuran limbah sebelum dan setelah fermentasi. Data pendukung meliputi pengamatan morfologi, penghitungan jumlah sel/mL, kepadatan miselium, sporulasi; serta pengamatan campuran lumpur dan bungkil sawit meliputi warna, aroma, pH dan kekompakan. Kemampuan fermentasi ditandai dengan pertumbuhan ketiga strain R. delemar pada campuran limbah. Rhizopus delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 dan UICC 121, menunjukkan tidak ada pertumbuhan pada campuran lumpur:bungkil sawit 3:1 dan 4:1 nonsteril. Rhizopus delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 dan UICC 121, menunjukkan ada pertumbuhan pada campuran lumpur:bungkil sawit 3:1 dan 4:1 steril. Konsentrasi inokulum sebesar 10 v/b , dengan jumlah sel awal sebanyak 1x107 CFU/mL digunakan dalam campuran dengan berat total 20 g. Hasil enumerasi menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pertumbuhan tiga strain R. delemar pada campuran lumpur dan bungkil 3:1 steril, dan ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan jumlah sel. Pertumbuhan tercepat dan peningkatan jumlah sel terbanyak ditunjukkan oleh R. delemar UICC 67 menjadi 5,5x108CFU/mL, selanjutnya strain UICC 121 menjadi 3,8x108CFU/mL dan UICC 27 menjadi 3,8x108CFU/mL. UICC 67 dipilih sebagai strain potensial untuk memfermentasi campuran limbah dan bungkil sawit 3:1 nonsteril dan steril. Hasil analisis menunjukkan R. delemar UICC 67 mampu mengubah komposisi campuran limbah setelah lima hari fermentasi. Rhizopus delemar strain UICC 67 mampu meningkatkan kandungan karbohidrat dan protein pada campuran limbah steril sebanyak 21,70 dan 30,76 secara berturut-turut, serta menurunkan kandungan lemak total dan kadar abu sebanyak 46,11 dan 15,26 secara berturut-turut.

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This study was to test the ability of the three strains of R. delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 and UICC 121 fermenting a mixture of slurry and palm kernel cake 3:1 dan 4:1 nonsterile and 3:1 dan 4:1 sterile, also analyzing the composition carbohydrates, protein, lipid, and ash of mixtures of slurry and palm kernel cake before and after fermentation. Supporting data includes morphological observation, counting the number of cell, the density of mycelia, sporulation and also observation of the substrate before and after fermentation include color, aroma, pH and compactness. Fermentation ability indicated by the growth of the three strains of R. delemar in the waste mixture. Rhizopus delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 and UICC 121 showed no growth in mixture of slurry and palm kernel cake 3:1 and 4:1 nonsterile. Rhizopus delemar UICC 27, UICC 67 and UICC 121 showed growth in mixture of slurry and palm kernel cake 3:1 and 4:1 sterile. Inoculum concentration of 10 v/w of the total weight from the mixtures as much as 20 g with initial cell number 1x107 CFU mL. The results showed, there are growth of the three strains of R. delemar in the waste mixture with the increased number of cells. The fastest growth and the highest number of cells showed by UICC 67 became 5,5x107 CFU mL. Second, by UICC 27 became 3,8x107 CFU mL, and then by UICC 121 became 3,8x107 CFU mL. Strain R. delemar UICC 67 selected as a potential strain to ferment the mixtures of slurry palm kernel cake 3:1 nonsterile and sterile. The results of the analysis of slurry palm kernel cake 3:1 sterile showed increased in carbohydrate and protein content by 21,70 and 30,76 respectively, and decreased lipid and ash content by 46,11 and 15,26 respectively."