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ABSTRAK
Pada operasi koreksi penyakit jantung bawaan PJB dengan teknik pintas jantung paru PJP , proses sindrom respons inflamasi sistemik SRIS sering menjadi penyulit pascaoperasi. Disfungsi mitokondria pada SRIS diawali dengan pelepasan mediator inflamasi TNF-. Dampak cedera neurologis pascabedah belum dapat dihindari. Biomarker Brain derived protein S100B dapat digunakan sebagai penanda hipoksia serebral akibat disfungsi mikrosirkulasi dan mitokondria pada operasi PJB. Pemantauan keadaan hipoksia serebral diperlukan karena kejadian awal defisit neurologis sering tidak menimbulkan manifestasi klinis. Near infrared spectroscopy NIRS merupakan salah satu alat yang dapat memantau penghantaran oksigen ke otak dengan mengukur saturasi oksigen serebral SctO 2 . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peran S100B, sTNFR-1, laktat, saturasi vena cava superior dan saturasi oksigen serebral sebagai prediktor kejadian defisit neurologis pada operasi koreksi PJB. Penelitian ini bersifat kohort propsektif. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien anak dengan PJB usia 1 bulan minus;6 tahun yang menjalani operasi koreksi. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien anak dengan sindrom Down, dengan arteri koroner tunggal, dan yang orang tuanya menolak berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Dalam analisis, subjek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yakni kelompok 1 mengalami defisit neurologis dan kelompok 2 tidak mengalami defisit neurologis . Semua subjek dipantau selama perawatan di ICU, dan tetap diikuti sampai keluar rumah sakit. Pemeriksaan darah dilakukan dalam tiga kali pemantauan: pra-operasi, akhir PJP, dan 4 jam pasca-PJP. Monitoring NIRS dilakukan selama 24 jam pascabedah di ICU. Selama periode Maret 2015 minus;Oktober 2015, didapatkan 51 pasien yang diteliti. Terdapat perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna antara konsentrasi S100B, sTNFR-1, laktat, dan NIRS AUC 20 baseline saturasi serebral pasien PJB pascabedah koreksi dengan PJP pada kelompok berdasarkan defisit neurologis. Parameter tersebut dapat dipakai sebagai model prediktor kejadian defisit neurologis pascabedah jantung dengan PJP. Nilai S100B, sTNFR-1, laktat, dan nilai NIRS AUC 20 dari baseline saturasi serebral dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor kejadian defisit neurologis pascabedah pada operasi PJB dengan mesin PJP.

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In congenital heart disease CHD surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass CPB machine, systemic inflammation response syndrome SIRS process often causes post-operation complication. Mitochondria dysfunction in SRIS starts with the release of inflammation mediator TNF-? and sTNFR-1. Neurological injury after pediatric congenital heart surgery still cannot be avoided. Study about brain derived protein S100B as a biomarker for cerebral hypoxia caused by microcirculation and mitochondria disfunction as SRIS consequence in PJP in pediatric CHD surgery has yet to be conducted. Observation to find cerebral hypoxia is needed because the early stages of cerebral hypoxia often not show any symptoms. NIRS is one of the tools for observing oxygen delivery to the brain by measuring the cerebral oxygen saturation SctO 2 . In Indonesia, NIRS is still not common to be used and there are no studies about it yet. This study aimed to evaluate the role of S100B, sTNFR-1, lactate, saturation of superior vena cava and cerebral saturation as the predictor of neurological deficiency incidence on correction of CHD. This was a prospective cohort research. Inclusion criteria were children with CHD aged 1 month minus;6 years old who underwent corrective operation. Exclusion criterias were children with Down syndrome, with single coronary artery, and whose parents declined to participate in this study. In analysis, subjects were divided into 2 groups; group 1 with neurological deficit and group 2 without neurological deficit. All subjects were observed closely while they were in ICU, observed until they discharge from hospital. Blood examination were done 3 times: before surgery, after CPB, and 4 hours after CPB. Monitoring of NIRS was done during 24 hours after surgery in ICU. During March minus;October 2015, there were 51 patients included. There are significant difference for value of S100B, STNFR-1, lactate, and NIRS AUC 20 baseline of cerebral saturation between groups based on neurological deficit occurrence. Those parameters could be used as predictor of neurologic deficiency incidence post operation using CPB in CHD children. In CHD patients who underwent corrective operation with CPB, S100B value, sTNFR1, lactate, and AUC 20 baseline of cerebral saturation could be used as predictor of neurologic deficit after corrective operation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Latar Belakang. Biomarker dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi derajat keparahan trauma kepala. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara kadar S100B dengan derajat keparahan trauma kepala dan kelainan CT scan kepala. Metode Penelitian. Penelitian potong lintang di IGD RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, RSUP Fatmawati, dan RS Permata Cibubur selama Juli-Desember 2015. Subjek adalah anak usia 1-18 tahun yang mengalami trauma kepala dengan onset <24 jam. Setiap subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan skor Skala Koma Glasgow Pediatrik, pemeriksaan CT scan kepala bila terdapat indikasi, serta pemeriksaan kadar S100B dari serum. Hasil Penelitian. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 20 subjek trauma kepala ringan dan 18 subjek trauma kepala sedang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar S100B kelompok trauma trauma kepala sedang dan kepala ringan; median (rentang) 0,173 (0,054-0,812) μg/L dibandingkan 0,067 (0,039-0,084) μg/L, p<0,001. Selain itu juga terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok yang terdapat kelainan CT scan kepala dibandingkan dengan yang tidak ada kelainan; 0,124 (0,051-0,812) μg/L dan 0,067 (0,039-0,084) μg/L, p=0,001. Berdasarkan analisis ROC, kadar S100B serum sangat kuat untuk memprediksi trauma kepala sedang (AUC 0,818, p=0,001 dan IK95% 0,668-0,969) dengan nilai cut-off 0,083 μg/L. Simpulan. Kadar S100B serum pada trauma kepala sedang secara bermakna lebih tinggi dari trauma kepala ringan serta memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi sangat baik untuk memprediksi derajat keparahannya.

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ABSTRACT Background. Biomarker has ability to predict the severity of TBI and abnormal CT scan. Objectives. To determine the association between S100B level with the severity of pediatric TBI and intracranial injury. Methods. A cross-sectional study at Emergency Department of RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, RSUP Fatmawati, and Permata Cibubur Hospital on July- December 2015. Subjects were 1-18 year-old children with TBI, onset within 24 hours before admission. We measured Pediatric GCS score, serum S100B level, and performed cranial CT scan if indicated. Results. Twenty subjects had mild TBI and 18 subjects had moderate TBI were included. S100B levels were higher in children with moderate TBI as compared to children with mild TBI; 0,173 (0,054-0,812) μg/L vs 0,067 (0,039-0,084) μg/L, p<0,001. S100B levels were significantly elevated in children following TBI with abnormal cranial CT scan as compared to children with a normal CT scan (0,124 (0,051-0,812) μg/L vs 0,067 (0,039-0,084) μg/L, p=0,001). AUC for S100B was also significant (0,818, p=0,001, CI95% 0,668-0,969) as prediction of moderate TBI with cut-off point 0,083 μg/L. Conclusions. Children with moderate TBI had significantly higher S100B levels as compared to children with mild TBI. Cut-off point S100B level at 0,083 μg/L has good ability to predict the severity of TBI.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah (postoperative cognitive dysfunction/POCD) merupakan komplikasi pascabedah yang sering ditemui pada pasien yang menjalani bedah jantung terbuka yang mengganggu fungsi sosial dan ekonomi serta berkaitan dengan peningkatan mortalitas. Patofisiologi POCD belum diketahui secara jelas, namun diperkirakan melibatkan hipoksia serebral. Penurunan kandungan oksigen dan penurunan ekstraksi oksigen perioperatif diperkirakan berkontribusi terhadap POCD. Penggunaan pemantauan nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS) memungkinkan pengukuran status oksigenasi pada jaringan otak. Protein S100B adalah penanda biologis kerusakan jaringan otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksi oksigen intra dan pascabedah, desaturasi serebral dan peningkatan kadar protein S100B terhadap kejadian POCD. Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif di unit Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Penelitian dimulai setelah mendapatkan persetujuan komite etik dan ijin lokasi. Kriteria penerimaan adalah pasien berusia ≥18 tahun yang dijadwalkan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesin cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), sehat secara mental, dapat membaca dan berbahasa Indonesia. Pasien akan menjalani evaluasi kognitif menggunakan 6 tes psikometrik pada 1 hari prabedah dan diulang pada 5 hari pascabedah. POCD didefinisikan sebagai penurunan >20% skor kognitif pascabedah dibandingkan prabedah pada 2 atau lebih tes. Sampel darah arteri dan vena diambil untuk menilai kandungan dan ekstraksi oksigen pada 5 waktu: (1) sebelum induksi, (2) intra-CPB, (3) pasca-CPB, (4) enam jam pascabedah, dan (5) 24 jam pascabedah. Pemantauan saturasi serebral menggunakan NIRS dilakukan sepanjang pembedahan. Kadar protein S100B diukur pada 2 waktu: sebelum induksi dan 6 jam pascabedah. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik yang sesuai menggunakan piranti lunak SPSS versi 20. Hasil:Lima puluh lima subyek mengikuti penelitian ini. POCDditemukan pada 31 (56,4%) subyek. Kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksi oksigen ditemukan tidak berbeda bermakna di antara kedua kelompok pada seluruh waktu. Desaturasi serebral ditemukan lebih lama (55 [0-324] vs. 6 [0-210], p=0,03) dan nilai AUC rScO2 lebih tinggi (228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0- 1100], p <0,01) pada pasien yang mengalami POCD dibandingkan yang tidak. Dengan analisis ROC ditemukan nilai AUC rScO2 >80 menit% berpengaruh terhadap kejadian POCD (RR 3,38, IK 95%: 1,68-6,79, p <0,01). Kadar protein S100Bmeningkat 1,5x lebih tinggi pada pasien POCD, namun tidak mencapai kemaknaan statistik. Simpulan:Desaturasi serebral yang diukur menggunakan NIRS berpengaruh pada kejadian POCD. ......Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction/POCD is commonly found postoperative complication after cardiac surgery with profound social and economic effect and also known correlated with mortality. The pathophysiology remains unclear and multifactorial, but hipoxia have been postulated as one of the mechanisms. Reduced arterial oxygen content (CaO2) and reduced oxygen extraction perioperatively may contribute to POCD. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring may provide oxygenation status on brain tissue. S100B protein is known brain injury biological marker. This trial aims to investigate effects of perioperative oxygen content and extraction, cerebral oxygenation status and S100B protein level changes to POCD. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Integrated Heart Service unit of RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, a tertiary teaching hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was started after ethical approval obtained. Inclusion criteria was 18 years old or above patients scheduled for open-heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass machine, healthy mental status, and can speak/read Indonesian language. Subjects were undergone 6 psychometric evaluation on day prior to surgery and 5 days after surgery. POCDdefined as decrease of >20% score from baseline on 2 or more tests. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken on 5 moments: (1) before induction of anesthesia, (2) during CPB, (3) After separation of CPB, (4) six hours after surgery, and (5) 24 hours after surgery. NIRS monitoring was applied continously during surgery. S100B protein level was measured on before induction of anesthesia and 6 hours after surgery.Data was analyzed with appropriate statistical tests using SPSS 20 software. Results: Fifty-five subjects were included in this study. POCD was found in 31 (56.4%) subjects. Oxygen contents and extractions were found not differ in both groups at all times. Cerebral desaturation was found more longer (55 [0-324] vs. 6 [0-210]mins, p = 0.03) and severe (AUC rScO2 228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0-1100] min%, p <0,01) in subjects with POCD compared to non-POCD. Using ROC analysis, it is determined subjects with AUC rScO2 >80 min% were exposed with higher risk of POCD(RR3.38x, 95%CI: 1.68-6.79, p <0.01). S100B protein level increased higher in subjects with POCDbut no statistical significant was found. Conclusion: Cerebral desaturation measured by NIRSmonitoring contributes to POCD.