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"Latar Belakang: Radiografi sefalometri lateral dan foto ekstra oral merupakan dua pemeriksaan awal yang umum dilakukan pada perawatan ortodonti. Parameter vertikal skeletal pembentuk wajah pada radiografi sefalometri lateral dapat digunakan sebagai indikator untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan wajah vertikal, dan foto ekstra oral dapat digunakan untuk menentukan tipe wajah. Kedua proyeksi ini diharapkan memiliki keselarasan dalam penentuan diagnosis. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan beberapa parameter vertikal skeletal pada sefalometri lateral terhadap indeks fasial pada maloklusi skeletal kelas I. Metode: Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian dengan desain potong lintang (cross-sectional) menggunakan sampel berupa data sekunder rekam medik. Hasil: Dari 70 rekam medik pasien maloklusi skeletal kelas I di Klinik Integrasi dan Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI, didapatkan korelasi yang positif dengan koefisien korelasi pada sudut gonial sebesar 0,590; sudut gonial inferior sebesar 0,312; sudut SN.MP sebesar 0,574; sudut FMPA sebesar 0,638; dan sudut MMPA sebesar 0,516 dengan nilai p pada kelima sudut <0,5. Pada sudut gonial superior didapatkan nilai p>0,5 dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,072. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan penelitian tentang Hubungan Beberapa Parameter Vertikal Skeletal pada Sefalometri Lateral terhadap Indeks Fasial, sudut gonial, SN.MP, FMPA, dan MMPA memiliki korelasi positif kuat, sudut gonial inferior memiliki korelasi positif sedang, dan sudut gonial superior tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: The two most common initial examinations performed in orthodontic treatment are lateral cephalometric radiographs and extra-oral photographs. Vertical skeletal facial parameters on lateral cephalometric radiographs can be used as indicators to determine vertical facial growth patterns, and extra-oral photographs can be used to determine the facial type. Both of these projections are expected to have harmony in determining the diagnosis. Objective: This study aims to describe the correlation of several vertical skeletal parameters in lateral cephalometry to facial index on class I skeletal malocclusion. Methods: Cross-sectional study is done using the secondary data found in patient’s medical record. Results: From 70 medical records of class I skeletal malocclusion patients at the Integration and Orthodontic Specialist Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI, a positive correlation was obtained with a correlation coefficient on gonial angle of 0.590; inferior gonial angle of 0.312; SN.MP angle of 0.574; FMPA angle of 0.638; and the MMPA angle is 0.516 with p values at the five angles <0.5. At the superior gonial angle, p>0.5 was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.072. Conclusion: Based on research on the Correlation of Several Vertical Skeletal Parameters in Lateral Cephalometry to Facial Index, gonial, SN.MP, FMPA, and MMPA angle have a strong positive correlation, inferior gonial angle has a moderate positive correlation, and superior gonial angle has no statistically significant correlation."

"Pendahuluan: Jenis perawatan untuk memperbaiki deformitas dentokraniofasial pada pasien yang masih di dalam fase tumbuh kembang berbeda dengan pasien usia dewasa. Estimasi usia skeletal telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan estimasi status pertumbuhan seseorang, namun masih bersifat rerata dan subjektif sehingga menimbulkan ketertarikan terhadap biomarker molekuler. Estradiol (E2) merupakan hormon yang berperan dalam proses maturasi saat akhir pertumbuhan manusia dengan cara menginduksi osifikasi pada lempeng pertumbuhan. Kartilago kondil mandibula mencit sebagai salah satu titik pusat pertumbuhan dentokraniofasial diteliti untuk dilihat ekspresi E2 sebagai kandidat biomarker. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi biomarker E2 melalui estrogen reseptor alfa (ERa) pada kondil mandibula di akhir masa pertumbuhan mencit jantan C57BL. Metode: Sampel penelitian merupakan spesimen kondil mencit C57BL jantan pada masa puncak pertumbuhan (usia 28 hari), awal dari akhir pertumbuhan (usia 56 hari), dan akhir pertumbuhan (usia 84 hari). Spesimen dilakukan dilakukan uji immunohistokimia untuk melihat ekspresi E2 melalui ERa pada kondil mencit C57BL. Ekspresi ERa kemudian dikuantifikasi menggunakan Image-J dan dilakukan uji statistik. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan ekspresi ERa pada kelompok usia 28 hari. Ditemukan ekspresi positif lemah ERa pada kelompok 56 hari dan 84 hari dengan ekspresinya semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik mengenai ekspresi ERa diantara ketiga kelompok usia mencit. Kesimpulan: ERa dapat dijadikan kandidat biomarker untuk menilai periode puncak pertumbuhan kondil mandibula.

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Introduction: The type of treatment to correct dentocraniofacial deformities in patients who are still in the growth and development phase is different from adult patients. Skeletal age estimation has been developed to estimate a person's growth status, but is still average and subjective, giving rise to interest in molecular biomarkers. Estradiol (E2) is a hormone that plays a role in the maturation process at the end of human growth by inducing ossification in the growth plate. The mandibular condylar cartilage of mice as one of the central points of dentocraniofacial growth was studied to see the expression of E2 as a candidate biomarker. Objective: To analyze the expression of the E2 biomarker through estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) in the mandibular condyle at the end of the growth period of male C57BL mice. Methods: The research samples were condylar specimens of male C57BL mice at the peak growth period (28 days of age), the beginning of the end of growth (56 days of age), and the end of growth (84 days of age). Specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical testing to see the expression of E2 through ERa in the condyles of C57BL mice. ERa expression was then quantified using Image-J and statistical tests were carried out. Results: No ERa expression was found in the 28 day age group. There was a weak positive expression of ERa in the 56 day and 84 day groups with the expression increasing with age. It was found that there were statistically significant differences regarding ERa expression between the three age groups of mice. Conclusion: ERa can be used as a candidate biomarker to assess the peak period of mandibular condyle growth."

"ABSTRAKUnilateral posterior crossbite is commonly seen in mixed dentition, but it couldn't be self corrected. If this condition is not treated properly, it could lead to asymmetric face. Asymmetric face with unilateral posterior crossbite could make the treatment process more difficult. The objective of this study is to find out the relationship between transversal skeletal asymmetry and unilateral posterior crossbite. Patients older than 13 years with skeletal asymmetric face, who had never undergone orthodontic treatment or facial sugery were selected. The sample consisted of 15 females and 6 males (15 - 32 years old). Anteroposterior cephalogram was used for determining the difference between right and left of antegonial and the deviation of menton. Criteria for asymmetry were more than 3 mm on Antegonial and 2 mm or more on Menton. Mid Sagital Reference (MSR) was used as reference line. Unilateral posterior crossbite could be seen in the dental model. The data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test. It was revealed that from 21 samples, 38.1% was found to have unilateral posterior crossbite with majorly involving four posterior teeth. Conclusion: There is no relationship between transversal skeletal asymmetry and unilateral posterior crossbite (p > 0,05)."

"Latar Belakang: Post Aneshesia Shivering (PAS) adalah gerakan involunter satu otot rangka atau lebih yang biasanya terjadi pada masa awal pemulihan pascaanestesia. Kekerapannya mencapai 60% pada pasien yang mendapatkan anestesia umum. PAS dapat menyebabkan hipoksia arterial, meningkatnya curah jantung, risiko terjadinya infark miokard, dan mengganggu interpretasi alat-alat pemantauan tanda vital. Tatalaksana kejadian PAS diantaranya dengan menggunakan metode farmakologi diantaranya dengan pemberian ondansetron dan meperidin. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan keefektifan pencegahan PAS dengan pemberian ondansetron 4 mg dengan meperidin 0.35 mg/kgBB intravena.Metode:Uji klinis, acak, tersamar ganda pada 92 pasien yang menjalani operasi elektif sederhana di kamar operasi RSCM Kirana. Pasien dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok ondansetron dan kelompok meperidin. Pasien mendapatkan ondansetron atau meperidin sesaat sebelum anestesia, lalu seluruh pasien mendapatkan anestesia yang distandarisasi (premedikasi dengan midazolam 0.05 mg/kgBB dan fentanyl 2 mcg/kgBB, induksi dengan propofol 12.5 mg/kgbb, intubasi atau insersi LMA difasilitasi rokuronium 0.6 mg/kgBB, pemeliharaan dengan sevofluran 2 vol% dengan compressed air:O2 = 2:1). Kekerapan dan derajat menggigil dicatat tiap lima menit selama tiga puluh menit pascaanestesia. Efek samping pascapemberian juga dicatat.Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p>0.05) dalam kekerapan PAS pada kedua kelompok. Kekerapan kelompok ondansetron sebesar 15.2%, sedangkan kekerapan kelompok meperidin sebesar 6.5%.Kesimpulan: Ondansetron 4 mg intravena sama efektifnya dengan meperidin 0.35 mg/kgBB dalam mencegah kejadian PAS.

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Background: Post Anesthesia Shivering (PAS) is the involuntary movements of one or more skeletal muscles that usually occur in the early time of postanesthesia recovery. The incidence reached 60% in patients receiving general anesthesia. PAS can cause arterial hypoxia, cardiac output increased, the risk of myocardial infarction, and interfere with interpretation tools vital sign monitoring. Management of the incidence of PAS such as by using pharmacological methods such as by administration of ondansetron and meperidine. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of prevention PAS by administering ondansetron 4 mg with meperidine 0.35 mg / kg intravenously.Methods: Clinical trials, randomized, double-blind on 92 patients undergoing elective surgery in the RSCM-Kirana operating room. Patients were divided into two groups: group ondansetron and meperidine. Patients received ondansetron or meperidine shortly before anesthesia and all patients receive standardized anesthesia (premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg / kg and fentanyl 2 mcg / kg, induced with propofol 1-2.5 mg / kg, intubation or LMA insertion is facilitated with rocuronium or 0.6 mg / kg, maintenance with sevoflurane 2 vol% to compressed air: O2 = 2: 1). The frequency and degree of shivering recorded every five minutes for thirty minutes post-anesthesia. The side effects were also recorded.Result: There was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) in the frequency of PAS in both groups. Ondansetron group frequency of 15.2%, while the frequency of meperidine group was 6.5%.Conclusion: Ondansetron 4 mg intravenously as effective as meperidine 0.35 mg/kgBW in preventing the incidence of PAS."

"LatarBelakang: Struktur dentokraniofasial pada anak dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit yang ditangani dengan prosedur bedah, akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan maksila, namun tidak mempengaruhi struktur dan posisi mandibula. Disproporsional atau kelainan dentofasial dapat terjadi apabila pertumbuhan maksila tidak sejalan dengan pertumbuhan mandibula sehingga untuk mencapai keberhasilan perawatan perlu memperhatikan keadaan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak terutama pada kasus yang diindikasikan perawatan orthodonti disertai bedah orthognatik, dimana waktu dilakukan bedah pada saat pertumbuhan telah selesai. Dalam mengidentifikasi tahap pertumbuhan dapat digunakan beberapa indikator seperti usia kronologis, tinggi dan berat badan, perkembangan gigi geligi dan karakteristik maturasi seksual yaitu menstruasi pada wanita dan perubahan suara pada pria. Indikator lainnya adalah perkembangan skeletal yang umumnya dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan foto radiografik. Penentuan maturasi skeletal dengan mengevaluasi marurasi tulang karpal, sangat membantu untuk menetapkan diagnosis dan merencanakan perawatan yang tepat.Tujuan: Untuk menilai tahap maturasi tulang karpal penderita celah bibir dan/atau langitlangit usia 15 - 20 tahun.Bahan dan Cara : Dilakukan pengambilan rontgen foto karpal tangan kiri pada 25 sampel, hasil radiografi dilakukan analisa dengan maturasi skeletal indeks. Dari data yang didapat dilakukan uji statistik chi-squere.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tahap maturasi tulang karpal pada penderita celah bibir dan langit-langit pada kelompok umur 15-17 tahun, sangat bervariasi. Pada kelompok umur 18-20 tahun, baik lakilaki dan perempuan tahap maturasi skeletal telah selesai. Hasil uji statistik memperlihatkan perbedaan maturasi skeletal yang bermakna antara laki-laki dan perempuan.Kesimpulan :.Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara maturasi skeletal kelompok laki-laki dibandingkan kelompok perempuan pada penderita celah bibir dan/atau langit-langit.

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Background : Dentocraniofacial structure in children with cleft lip and palate treated with surgical procedures, will affect the growth of the maxilla, but does not affect the structure and position of the mandible. Disproportionate or dentofacial abnormalities can occur when the growth of the maxilla is not in line with the growth of the mandible so as to achieve treatment success should pay attention to the state of growth and development of children, especially in the case of the indicated treatment with surgical orthodontic orthognatic, where surgery is the time when growth has been completed. In the growth stage can be used to identify some indicators such as chronological age, height and weight, the development of teeth and characteristics of sexual maturation that menstruation in women and in men the sound changes. Another indicator is the skeletal development which is generally done through radiographic examination. Determination of skeletal maturation by evaluating marurasi carpal bones, is helpful to establish the diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Objectives : To assess patients with carpal bone maturation stage cleft lip and/or palate aged 15-20 years.

Material and Method : Hand wrist x-ray image of the left hand on 25 sample, result of radiograph performed analysis with Skeletal Maturation Index (SMI). The data was performed statistical analysis chi-squere test.

Results : The results showed carpal bone maturation stage in patients with cleft lip and palate in the age group 15-17 years, are very varied. In the age group 18-20 years, both male and female skeletal maturation stage has been completed. The test result showed statistically differences in skeletal maturation between male and female with cleft lip and palate on Skeletal Maturation Index (SMI).

Conclusion: From this study it can be conclude that there significant differences male skeletal maturation compared to female of children with cleft lip and palate."

"ABSTRAKPertumbuhan tulang maksila dan mandibula merupakan suatu hal penting untuk diketahui dokter gigi karena dapat dijadikan sebagai panduan dalam menegakkan diagnosis dan menentukan rencana perawatan yang tepat. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran dan perbedaan panjang maksila dan mandibula pasien pria dan wanita pada maloklusi skeletal kelas I, kelas II, dan kelas III. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 42 rekam medik dan sefalogram pasien berusia ge; 18 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan analisis McNamara. Hasil: Rerata panjang maksila dan mandibula untuk semua kelas maloklusi skeletal menunjukan pria lebih besar daripada wanita. Hasil uji T tidak berpasangan.

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ABSTRAKBackground The growth of maxillary and mandibular bone is an important thing to know the dentist because it can serve as a guide in establishing the diagnosis and determine the proper treatment plan. Objective to know description and differences between maxillary and mandibular length of male and female patients at skeletal malocclusion class I, class II and class III Methods This study used medical records and sefalogram 42 patients aged ge 18. Measurement performed with McNamara rsquo s Analysis. Results The mean length of the maxillary and mandibular for all classes of skeletal malocclusion showed greater men than women. Results unpaired t test."

"Latar Belakang: Di Indonesia penelitian mengenai Korelasi Maturasi Antara VertebraServikalis Baccetti dan Molar Dua Permanen Bawah Demirjian pada Anak Usia 8-16Tahun belum banyak dipublikasikan.Tujuan: mengevaluasi Korelasi Maturasi Antara Vertebra Servikalis Baccetti denganMolar Dua Permanen Bawah Demirjian pada anak usia 8-16 tahun.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analisis ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi crosssectional.Sampel diperoleh dari 90 radiograf panoramik dan sefalometri lateral dari anakyang berusia 8-16 tahun dengan kriteria tertentu. Maturasi dental diperiksa melalui tahapmineralisasi Molar Dua Permanen Bawah berdasarkan metode Demirjian (tahap A-H);Maturasi Skeletal dievaluasi dengan menggunakan metode Maturasi Vertebra Servikalisberdasarkan metode Baccetti (CS1-CS6). Uji reliabilitas penelitian menggunakan ujistatistik Kappa. Uji Kendall Tau-b digunakan untuk menentukan korelasi antara MaturasiVertebra Servikalis dan Molar Dua Permanen Bawah.Hasil: Tahap CS1 memiliki distribusi paling banyak tahap D; CS2 memiliki distribusipaling banyak tahap E; pada CS3 memiliki distribusi yang merata pada tahap F dan G,CS4 memiliki distribusi paling banyak tahap G, CS5 memiliki distribusi yang hampirmerata pada tahap G dan H; dan tahap CS6 memiliki distribusi paling banyak pada tahapH. Korelasi antara Maturasi Vertebra Servikalis dan Molar Dua Permanen Bawah sangatkuat dan signifikan (r = 0,829; p <0,05).Kesimpulan: Molar Dua Permanen Bawah dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai indikatormaturasi skeletal pada anak usia 8-16 tahun.

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Background: In Indonesia, the research on Correlation Between the Maturation of

Cervical Vertebral and Lower Permanent Second Molar in Children Aged 8-16 Years has

not been widely publicized.

Objective: to evaluate the correlation between the Maturation of Cervical Vertebral of

the Baccetti method and lower permanent second Molar of the Demirjian method in

children aged 8-16 years.

Method: This research was conducted using a cross-sectional study. Samples were

obtained from 90 panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalometry obtained from children

ages 8-16 years with certain criteria. Maturation of teeth was examined through the

mineralization stage of the Lower Permanent Second Molar based on the Demirjian

method (stage A-H). Skeletal Maturation was evaluated by the use of the Cervical

Vertebral Maturation method based on Baccetti (Stage CS1-CS6). The reliability test uses

the Kappa statistical test. Kendall Tau-b Test was used to determine the correlation

between the maturation od Cervical Vertebral and Lower Permanent Second Molar.

Results: Stage CS1 has the most distribution of stage D; CS2 has the most distribution of

stage E; in CS3 has equal distribution of stage F and G; in CS4 has the most distribution

of stage G; in CS5 has equal distribution of stage G and H; and stage CS6 is has the most

distribution of stage H. The correlation between Cervical Vertebral Maturation and Lower

Permanent Second Molar Maturation was very strong and significant (r = 0.829; p <0.05).

Conclusion: The Lower Permanent Second Molar can be considered as indicator of

skeletal maturation in children aged 8-16 years."