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Abstrak :
Para ahli ilmu pengetahuan sosial terutama para antropolog pada umumnya sependapat, bahwa "There are no peoples however primitive without religion and magic" (tidak ada bangsa bagaimanapun primitifnya, yang tidak memiliki agama dan magi) (Malinowski 1954:17). Karenanya berbagai pendapat muncult tentang keberadaan dan makna agama di tengah kehidupan masyarakat manusia (Ali 1976:138). Hal demikian menunjukkan bahwa agama adalah: A sets of beliefs, practices, and institution which men have evolved in various societies, so far asa they can be understood, as responses to those aspects of their life and situation which are believed...(Seperangkat kepercayaan, praktek-praktek dan pranata-pranata yang dikembangkan oleh manusia dalam berbagai masyarakat. Biasanya sejauh yang dapat mereka mengerti, sebagai tanggapan-tanggapan kepada aspek-aspek dari situasi kehidupan yang dipercayai manusia itu sendiri...(Parsons 1972:89)). Pembahasan tentang fungsi dan makna agama (kepercayaan) dalam kehidupan umat manusia sangat luas cakupannya, sehingga banyak pandangan dan pendapat yang dikemukakan. Diantaranya seperti yang disimpulkan oleh Sigmund Freud (dalam Erich Fromm 1988: 10) Keberadaan agama berawal dari ketakberdayaan manusia dalam melawan kekuatan-kekuatan alam, yang ada di luar diri manusia, dan karena manusia belum mampu mempergunakan segenap rationya untuk menjelaskan kekuatan-kekuatan apa dibelakang gejala alam tersebut.

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Latar belakang: Risk Adjusted Classification for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) merupakan sistem stratifikasi risiko terbaru yang dikembangkan sebagai prediktor mortalitas dan morbiditas pascoperasi penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB), namun belum pernah divalidasi di populasi Indonesia. Tujuan: Melakukan validasi eksternal RACHS-1 pada populasi Indonesia sebagai prediktor mortalitas pascoperasi PJB. Metode: Uji validasi dengan studi kohort, menggunakan data retrospektif dari bank data bagian bedah jantung anak dan kongenital Rumah Sakit Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita dari Januari 2015-Desember 2019. Uji diagnostik memperlihatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas dan area under curve-receiving operator characteristic (AUC-ROC) sebagai luaran utama dalam menilai kemampuan prediksi luaran mortalitas. Hasil: Penelitian melibatkan 4139 subjek dengan mortalitas pada 230 subjek (5,6%). RACHS-1 category memiliki sensitivitas 71% dengan spesifisitas 60% dalam memprediksi mortalitas. Kemampuan diskriminasi memperlihatkan hasil yang kurang baik dalam prediksi mortalitas (AUC-ROC 0,673). Kesimpulan: RACHS-1 memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi yang kurang baik sebagai prediktor mortalitas di Indonesia dengan nilai AUC-ROC 0,673.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Risk Adjusted Classification for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) were the latest risk stratification methods for congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery that were developed to predict mortality and morbidity outcome, it hasn't been validated in Indonesian population. Objectives: To validate RACHS-1 category as a predictor of mortality in Indonesia. Methods: A Retrospective Cohort study using the database Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery Department of National Cardiovascular Harapan Kita Database from January 2015-December 2019. Statistical analysis was done using area under curve-receiving operator characteristic (AUC-ROC) to determine the predictive discrimination of mortality. Results: This study enrolled 4139 subjects with mortality rate of 230 subjects (5.4%). The RACHS-1 category have the sensitiviy of 71% with specificity of 60% to predict mortality. Both of the methods showed a fine discrimination to predict mortality (AUC-ROC 0.673). Conclusion: RACHS-1 has a poor discrimination ability as a predictor of mortality in Indonesia with an AUC-ROC value of 0.673.

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The Social Stratification of Sundanese-Indonesian Phonetic InterferenceThis study is focused on Sundanese-Indonesian phonetic interference and their co-variation with social variables such as class, age, and using of Sundanese compared to Indonesian. The data was collected on two main styles, i.e., simple text reading and word list reading. The identifying of phonetic realization in respondent speech assisted by the CECIL software. To claim that interference is coming from Sundanese, neither from another languages, the study takes Weinreich's criteria of bilingualism that emphasize using of both languages in active interaction. In other word, the understanding without speaking bilingual treated as nonbilingual speaker. It is very important because there are too many speakers who are using Arabic in Islamic ritual but they never use Arabic in daily conversation. The selected respondent was Sundanese and Indonesian speaker only. The study find out that at least three of the social features have a strong correlation to the interference. The lowest interference level placed by the young speaker (second generation) with high education and with high frequency to speak in Indonesian than Sundanese. The middle position placed by the young speaker with lowest education level and speak in Sundanese more frequently than Indonesian. The other side placed by the first generation with at least middle education level. Between three main positions above spread the speakers with combination of social features, but the high to middle position dominated by the first generation and the middle to lowest level interference dominated by the second generation. This finding accepted by T-Student analysis on 95% significant degree.

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Latar Belakang: Angka kesintasan LLA pada anak di negara berkembang masih tertinggal dibanding negara maju. Ketepatan diagnosis dan stratifikasi risiko pasien LLA merupakan hal penting yang perlu dievaluasi sebagai langkah awal untuk meningkatkan kesintasan. Di negara maju ketepatan diagnosis dan stratifikasi risiko didasarkan atas hasil pemeriksaan morfologi, imunofenotiping, sitogenetik, dan molekular. Di Indonesia, hal tersebut belum dapat dilakukan sepenuhnya karena keterbatasan biaya dan fasilitas. Untuk itu, perlu kriteria stratifikasi berdasarkan klinis dan laboratorium sederhana tetapi mampu mendekati stratifikasi molekular. Respons steroid merupakan faktor prognostik kuat dalam memprediksi kejadian relaps dan memengaruhi angka kesintasan. Penambahan variabel respons steroid pada stratifikasi RSCM (stratifikasi modifikasi) diharapkan dapat mendekati kemampuan stratifikasi molekular sebagai baku emas. Metode: Penelitian kohort prospektif selama 6 bulan dilakukan di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM pada Januari 2013 - September 2014. Subjek adalah pasienbaruterdiagnosis LLAkemudiandikelompokkanmenjadirisikobiasa(RB)danrisiko tinggi (RT) berdasarkan kriteria stratifikasi RSCM (usia, jumlah leukosit, massa mediastinum dan infiltrasi SSP). Subjek dengan RB mendapat prednison (60 mg/kgBB/hari) dan RT mendapat deksametason (6 mg/kgBB/hari) selama 7 hari. Respons steroid dievaluasi pada hari ke-8, dengan menghitung blas di darah tepi. Respons baik bila jumlah blas < 1.000/μL dan respons buruk bila jumlah blas > 1.000/μL. Subjek dengan respons buruk dikelompokkan RT sesuai stratifikasi risiko yang baru (stratifikasi modifikasi). Evaluasi remisi fase induksi dilakukan setelah 6 minggu pemberian kemoterapi berdasarkan persentase blas dan minimal residual disease (MRD) sumsum tulang. Kriteria risiko tinggi pada stratifikasi molekular bila terdapat fusi gen E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4, dan BCR-ABL, sedangkan risiko biasa bila terdapat fusi gen TEL-AML1. Hasil Penelitian: Pada penelitian ini diikutsertakan 73 subjek dengan rerata usia subjek 5,5 (SB ± 3,8) tahun. Subjek lelaki (65,8%) lebih banyak dibanding perempuan (34,2%). Gejala klinis yang sering ditemukan adalah pucat sebanyak 65 (89%), demam 53 (72,6%), nyeri tulang 51 (70%), dan hepatomegali 51 (70%) subjek. Hasil pemeriksaan imunofenotiping mendapatkan 77,1% sel B, 17,1% sel T, dan 5,7% sel campuran. Ketidaksesuaian remisi fase induksi berdasarkan morfologi dan MRD sebesar 15,2%. Stratifikasi RSCM maupun modifikasi tidak berkorelasi dengan stratifikasi molekular (r = 1,1; p = 0,6). Angka kesintasan berdasarkan stratifikasi molekular (79%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan stratifikasi RSCM (68,5%) maupun modifikasi (69,6%). Simpulan: Stratifikasi modifikasi menunjukkan kemampuan yang sama dengan stratifikasi RSCM dibandingkan stratifikasi molekular. Angka kesintasan berdasarkan stratifikasi molekular lebih tinggi dibandingkan stratifikasi RSCM dan modifikasi.;

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Survival rate of children with ALL in developing countries remains lower compared to developed countries. Diagnosis and risk stratification are important to determine survival rates. Diagnosis and risk stratification in developed countries are based on morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic, and molecular examination of bone marrow while in Indonesia most of those examinations are not available due to financial and facilities limitation. Therefore, we need to develop stratification criteria based on clinical and laboratory assessment which is comparable to molecular stratification. Response to steroid is a strong predictor of relapse and survival rates in ALL. The aim of the study is to develop new stratification to improve accuracy in predicting relapse rate and increase survival rate, by adding steroid response variable to current CMH stratification, in comparison with molecular stratification as gold standard. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Child Health, FMUI-CMH on January 2013 ? September 2014. Morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular assessment were performed. Patient was stratified into standard risk (SR) and high risk (HR) based on CMH stratification criteria (based on age, WBC, mediastinal mass and CNS infiltration) and given steroid (prednisone or dexamethasone) for 7 days. Steroid response was evaluated at day 8, good response if peripheral blast count < 1,000/μL and poor response if > 1,000/μL. Poor responders were moved to HR group in new stratification (modified stratification). Bone marrow aspiration and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection were perfomed after induction phase to evaluate remission and patient was observed for 6 months. High risk criteria based on molecular stratification are E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4 and BCR-ABL fusion genes, while standard risk is TEL-AML1. Results: A total of 73 newly diagnosed ALL patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 5.5 (SD ± 3.8) years. Incidence in male (65.8%) is higher than female (34.2%). Clinical characteristics are pale (89%), fever (72.6%), bone pain (70%), hepatomegaly (70%), bleeding (42.5%), lymphadenopathy (49.0%), and splenomegaly (46.6%). Immunophenotyping result was 77.1% for B-lineage; 17.1% T-lineage; and 5.7% mixed lineage. Minimal residual disease detection from 33 patients showed no difference in remission between CMH and modified stratification. Four patients were moved to HR after evaluation of steroid response. We found discrepancy of remission induction results based on morphology and MRD in 15.2% subjects. Survival rate for CMH, modified, and molecular stratification were 68.5%, 69.6%, and 75.5%, respectively. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and modified stratification were not correlated with molecular stratification as the gold standard (r = 1.1 ; p = 0.6). Conclusions: Modified stratification had similar accuracy with CMH stratification compare to molecular stratification in predicting survival rate of ALL children. Remission based on MRD detection between the two stratification was also similar. Survival rate by molecular stratification was higher compared to CMH or modified stratification.;Introduction: Survival rate of children with ALL in developing countries remains lower compared to developed countries. Diagnosis and risk stratification are important to determine survival rates. Diagnosis and risk stratification in developed countries are based on morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic, and molecular examination of bone marrow while in Indonesia most of those examinations are not available due to financial and facilities limitation. Therefore, we need to develop stratification criteria based on clinical and laboratory assessment which is comparable to molecular stratification. Response to steroid is a strong predictor of relapse and survival rates in ALL. The aim of the study is to develop new stratification to improve accuracy in predicting relapse rate and increase survival rate, by adding steroid response variable to current CMH stratification, in comparison with molecular stratification as gold standard. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Child Health, FMUI-CMH on January 2013 ? September 2014. Morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular assessment were performed. Patient was stratified into standard risk (SR) and high risk (HR) based on CMH stratification criteria (based on age, WBC, mediastinal mass and CNS infiltration) and given steroid (prednisone or dexamethasone) for 7 days. Steroid response was evaluated at day 8, good response if peripheral blast count < 1,000/μL and poor response if > 1,000/μL. Poor responders were moved to HR group in new stratification (modified stratification). Bone marrow aspiration and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection were perfomed after induction phase to evaluate remission and patient was observed for 6 months. High risk criteria based on molecular stratification are E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4 and BCR-ABL fusion genes, while standard risk is TEL-AML1. Results: A total of 73 newly diagnosed ALL patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 5.5 (SD ± 3.8) years. Incidence in male (65.8%) is higher than female (34.2%). Clinical characteristics are pale (89%), fever (72.6%), bone pain (70%), hepatomegaly (70%), bleeding (42.5%), lymphadenopathy (49.0%), and splenomegaly (46.6%). Immunophenotyping result was 77.1% for B-lineage; 17.1% T-lineage; and 5.7% mixed lineage. Minimal residual disease detection from 33 patients showed no difference in remission between CMH and modified stratification. Four patients were moved to HR after evaluation of steroid response. We found discrepancy of remission induction results based on morphology and MRD in 15.2% subjects. Survival rate for CMH, modified, and molecular stratification were 68.5%, 69.6%, and 75.5%, respectively. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and modified stratification were not correlated with molecular stratification as the gold standard (r = 1.1 ; p = 0.6). Conclusions: Modified stratification had similar accuracy with CMH stratification compare to molecular stratification in predicting survival rate of ALL children. Remission based on MRD detection between the two stratification was also similar. Survival rate by molecular stratification was higher compared to CMH or modified stratification.;Introduction: Survival rate of children with ALL in developing countries remains lower compared to developed countries. Diagnosis and risk stratification are important to determine survival rates. Diagnosis and risk stratification in developed countries are based on morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic, and molecular examination of bone marrow while in Indonesia most of those examinations are not available due to financial and facilities limitation. Therefore, we need to develop stratification criteria based on clinical and laboratory assessment which is comparable to molecular stratification. Response to steroid is a strong predictor of relapse and survival rates in ALL. The aim of the study is to develop new stratification to improve accuracy in predicting relapse rate and increase survival rate, by adding steroid response variable to current CMH stratification, in comparison with molecular stratification as gold standard. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Child Health, FMUI-CMH on January 2013 ? September 2014. Morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular assessment were performed. Patient was stratified into standard risk (SR) and high risk (HR) based on CMH stratification criteria (based on age, WBC, mediastinal mass and CNS infiltration) and given steroid (prednisone or dexamethasone) for 7 days. Steroid response was evaluated at day 8, good response if peripheral blast count < 1,000/μL and poor response if > 1,000/μL. Poor responders were moved to HR group in new stratification (modified stratification). Bone marrow aspiration and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection were perfomed after induction phase to evaluate remission and patient was observed for 6 months. High risk criteria based on molecular stratification are E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4 and BCR-ABL fusion genes, while standard risk is TEL-AML1. Results: A total of 73 newly diagnosed ALL patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 5.5 (SD ± 3.8) years. Incidence in male (65.8%) is higher than female (34.2%). Clinical characteristics are pale (89%), fever (72.6%), bone pain (70%), hepatomegaly (70%), bleeding (42.5%), lymphadenopathy (49.0%), and splenomegaly (46.6%). Immunophenotyping result was 77.1% for B-lineage; 17.1% T-lineage; and 5.7% mixed lineage. Minimal residual disease detection from 33 patients showed no difference in remission between CMH and modified stratification. Four patients were moved to HR after evaluation of steroid response. We found discrepancy of remission induction results based on morphology and MRD in 15.2% subjects. Survival rate for CMH, modified, and molecular stratification were 68.5%, 69.6%, and 75.5%, respectively. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and modified stratification were not correlated with molecular stratification as the gold standard (r = 1.1 ; p = 0.6). Conclusions: Modified stratification had similar accuracy with CMH stratification compare to molecular stratification in predicting survival rate of ALL children. Remission based on MRD detection between the two stratification was also similar. Survival rate by molecular stratification was higher compared to CMH or modified stratification., Introduction: Survival rate of children with ALL in developing countries remains lower compared to developed countries. Diagnosis and risk stratification are important to determine survival rates. Diagnosis and risk stratification in developed countries are based on morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic, and molecular examination of bone marrow while in Indonesia most of those examinations are not available due to financial and facilities limitation. Therefore, we need to develop stratification criteria based on clinical and laboratory assessment which is comparable to molecular stratification. Response to steroid is a strong predictor of relapse and survival rates in ALL. The aim of the study is to develop new stratification to improve accuracy in predicting relapse rate and increase survival rate, by adding steroid response variable to current CMH stratification, in comparison with molecular stratification as gold standard. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Child Health, FMUI-CMH on January 2013 – September 2014. Morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular assessment were performed. Patient was stratified into standard risk (SR) and high risk (HR) based on CMH stratification criteria (based on age, WBC, mediastinal mass and CNS infiltration) and given steroid (prednisone or dexamethasone) for 7 days. Steroid response was evaluated at day 8, good response if peripheral blast count < 1,000/μL and poor response if > 1,000/μL. Poor responders were moved to HR group in new stratification (modified stratification). Bone marrow aspiration and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection were perfomed after induction phase to evaluate remission and patient was observed for 6 months. High risk criteria based on molecular stratification are E2A-PBX1, MLL-AF4 and BCR-ABL fusion genes, while standard risk is TEL-AML1. Results: A total of 73 newly diagnosed ALL patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 5.5 (SD ± 3.8) years. Incidence in male (65.8%) is higher than female (34.2%). Clinical characteristics are pale (89%), fever (72.6%), bone pain (70%), hepatomegaly (70%), bleeding (42.5%), lymphadenopathy (49.0%), and splenomegaly (46.6%). Immunophenotyping result was 77.1% for B-lineage; 17.1% T-lineage; and 5.7% mixed lineage. Minimal residual disease detection from 33 patients showed no difference in remission between CMH and modified stratification. Four patients were moved to HR after evaluation of steroid response. We found discrepancy of remission induction results based on morphology and MRD in 15.2% subjects. Survival rate for CMH, modified, and molecular stratification were 68.5%, 69.6%, and 75.5%, respectively. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and modified stratification were not correlated with molecular stratification as the gold standard (r = 1.1 ; p = 0.6). Conclusions: Modified stratification had similar accuracy with CMH stratification compare to molecular stratification in predicting survival rate of ALL children. Remission based on MRD detection between the two stratification was also similar. Survival rate by molecular stratification was higher compared to CMH or modified stratification.]

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Jepang sebagai negara industri maju telah banyak memiliki konsep kerja untuk meningkatkan mutu perusahaan. Perusahaan Jepang memiliki dasar sikap kerja yakni sikap kerja 5S. Skripsi ini menjelaskan tentang penerapan konsep 5S di perusahaan Jepang di Indonesia. Sanken Win Indonesia Furnace Asia merupakan perusahaan Jepang yang bergerak di bidang furnace (tungku pembakaran). Sanken Win Indonesia Furnace Asia merupakan salahsatu perusahaan Jepang di Indonesia yang menerapkan sikap kerja 5S. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang datanya didapat melalui studi kepustakaan, dan wawancara. Analisis dari skripsi ini berfokus pada penerapan, kelebihan, dan kekurangan dari konsep 5S di perusahaan tersebut. ...... As an industrially developed country, Japan has industrial concepts that meant to advance their company quality. Japanese company has a standart working etiquette which called 5S. This thesis studies about the application of 5S in Japanese company in Indonesia. Sanken Win Indonesia Furnace Asia is Japanese furnace company. Sanken Win Indonesia Furnace Asia is one of Japanese company in Indonesia that applicate the 5S working etiquette. This research used qualitative research method which the data is collected form literature studies and interview. This thesis is focused on application, advantages, and disadvantages of 5S concept in Sanken Win Indonesia Furnace Asia.

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Stasiun adalah tempat untuk menunggu kereta yang ramai digunakan oleh orang-orang sejak zaman kolonial Belanda. Pada tanggal 21 Mei 1873 Belanda membangun sebuah stasiun yang bernama stasiun Willem I di wilayah Selatan Semarang, yaitu Ambarawa. Di dalam stasiun ini terdapat beberapa fasilitas seperti ruang tunggu penumpang, loket tiket, toilet, gerbong kereta, bentuk lantai dan letak fasilitas yang terbagi menjadi dua yaitu untuk golongan Eropa dan pribumi. Hal tersebut membuktikan adanya jejak stratifikasi sosial sebagai jurang pemisah kelas sosial masyarakat pada masa itu. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori poskolonialisme milik Bhaba dan teori relasi kekuasaan milik Max Weber, dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskriptif. Keberadaan stasiun yang berubah menjadi museum ini merupakan bukti kekuasaan dan kemampuan Belanda membangun jalur kereta dan stasiun di jalur pegunungan yang sulit untuk dilewati oleh kereta biasa. Benda cagar budaya ini dirawat dan dilestarikan agar langgeng dan abadi.

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Train station is a place for passangers to wait for the train which have been used by people since the Dutch colonial era. On May 21, 1873 the Dutch built a train station called Willem I station in south Semarang area which is Ambarawa. In this station there are several facilities such as passenger waiting rooms, ticket counters, toilets, floor tiles, the wagon from train and the location of facilities which are divided into two, namely for European and East Indies groups. This proved that there was a trace of social stratification as a gap between the social class of the community at that time. This was related to the power relations carried out by the Dutch government towards the Dutch East Indies people.This research use Bhabas postcolonialism theory and Max Webers theory of power relations, by using a qualitative approach and descriptive method.The existence of the station that turned into a museum is a testament to the power and ability of the Dutch to build railroad lines and stations on mountainous trails that were difficult for ordinary train to pass. These cultural heritage objects are preserved to stand for the time being.

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Penelitian ini membahas relasi antara perempuan, mahar dan stratifikasi sosial yang tercermin dalam naskah peraturan perkawinan di Bengkulu. Korpus penelitian ini adalah naskah Peraturan Bimbang dalam Negeri Bangkahulu berkode Ml.144. Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan mengenai kedudukan perempuan dalam penetapan mahar perkawinan pada naskah Peraturan Bimbang dalam Negeri Bangkahulu. Berkaitan dengan itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan relasi antara perempuan, mahar dan stratifikasi sosial yang berlaku pada tahun 1882 dan mendeskripsikan pandangan masyarakat Bengkulu mengenai peraturan perkawinan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dan teknik studi pustaka serta pendekatan sosiologi untuk mengkaji keterkaitan ketiga unsur tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat aturan yang bersifat mengikat antara perempuan, mahar, dan stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakat Melayu Bengkulu yang tercermin dalam naskah. Besaran mahar juga dipergunakan sebagai tanda atau simbol status sosial perempuan dalam masyarakat. Konsep tersebut masih berlaku di masyarakat Melayu-Bangkahulu hingga saat ini. Namun, terdapat pergeseran stratifikasi sosial dalam penentuan mahar.  Pada masa lalu besaran mahar didasarkan pada garis keturunan, sedangkan saat ini pendidikan dan pekerjaan perempuan menjadi faktor penentu.

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This study discusses the relationships between women, dowry and social stratification that are reflected in the text of marriage regulations in Bengkulu. The corpus of this research is Peraturan Bimbang dalam Negeri Bangkahulu manuscript code Ml.144. This study aims to describe the relations between women, the dowry and the social stratification that prevailed at that time, namely 1882 and describe the views of Bengkulu society regarding marital regulations. This study uses descriptive analytical methods and literature study techniques and sociological approaches to examine the interrelation of these three elements. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there are binding rules between women, dowry and social stratification in the Bengkulu Malay community which are reflected in the text. Furthermore, the amount of dowry is also used as a sign or symbol of women's social status in society. The concept is still valid in the Malay-Bangkahulu Society to this day. However, there is a displacement value of social stratification in determining dowry. In the past, dowry depends on nobility, whereas now depends on education and profession of the women.

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Contents: 1. Konsep dan definisi sosiologi. 2. Sosiologi sebagai ilmu pengetahuan. 3. Individu dan masyarakat. 4. Kebudayaan. 5. Struktur sosial.