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Abstrak :
Temulawak memiliki efek antibakteri. S. mutans dan A. actinomycetemcomitans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dan A actinomycetemcomitans single dan dual species dalam berbagai fase pembentukan. Metode: Model biofilm diinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam, dan 24 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak etanol temulawak 0,5%-25%. Hasil: Viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibanding kelompok biofilm lain. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara viabilitas biofilm single species A. actinomycetemcomitans dan biofilm dual species. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif menurunkan viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza has antibacterial property. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans cause caries and periodontal disease. Aim: Comparing Curcuma xanthrorrhiza ethanol extract?s to the viability of S. mutans and single and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in different formation phases. Methods: Biofilm models were incubated for 4, 12, and 24 hours, then exposed to 0.5%-25% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. Result: Single species S. mutans biofilm?s viability was significantly lower than other biofilm groups (p<0.05). Viability of single-species and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is more effective in decreasing the single-species S. mutans biofilm?s viability.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Hubungan sinergistik antara bakteri etiologi karies Streptococcus mutans dan jamur patogen Candida albicans merupakan salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam memperparah penyakit karies. Selain itu, bakteri komensal Streptococcus salivarius telah dilaporkan dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans ketika dikultur bersama-sama. Streptococcus salivarius telah diobservasi mampu menganggu sistem quorum sensing dari Streptococcus mutans dan mencegah perubahan morfologi Candida albicans dari ragi menjadi hifa. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh keberadaan whole protein Streptococcus salivarius terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans dalam berbagai konsentrasi dan waktu. Metode: Dilakukan uji pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 dan Candida albicans ATCC 10231 yang dipaparkan whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 dalam konsentrasi yang bervariasi (1%, 10%, 100%). Kemudian biofilm diinkubasi dengan durasi 3 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam untuk melihat efek keberadaan protein terhadap fase pembentukkan biofilm. Uji massa biofilm dilakukan dengan menggunakan crystal violet assay. Pengamatan dengan mikroskop cahaya dilakukan untuk mengobservasi morfologi biofilm. Perbandingan jumlah sel viabel Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans diuji dengan metode total plate count. Kesimpulan: Terdapat indikasi jika whole protein hasil metabolit Streptococcus salivarius menghambat pertumbuhan biofilm Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans bergantung pada konsentrasi protein dan waktu inkubasi biofilm. ......Background: Commensal bacteria Streptococcus salivarius has been reported to influence Streptococcus mutans or Candida albicans when cultured together. Objective: To analyze the effect of the presence of Streptococcus salivarius whole protein on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms in various concentrations and at various times representing the stage of biofilm formation. Method: Biofilm formation assay was conducted for biofilm consisting of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The exposure to whole protein from the metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius ATCC 9222 was done by infusing the spent medium in varying protein concentrations. Then the biofilm was incubated with varying duration to see the effect of the protein on different phase of biofilm formation. Biofilm mass measurement was carried out using crystal violet assay. Microscope observations were done to observe the morphology of the biofilm. Comparison of the number of viable cells between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was done with total plate count method. Conclusion: There is an indication that the whole protein metabolite of Streptococcus salivarius inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual species biofilms depending on protein concentration and biofilm phase.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Mutans streptococci are considered as major bacteria in human dental caries, and S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the ones most commonly found in humans. It has been shown from previous study that the numbers of S. sobrinus in oral samples are usually underestimated, and the S. sobrinus colonies are often misidentified as S. mutans. The aim of this study was to identify S. mutans and S. sobrinus from dental plaque of children. Dental plaque samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs from first and second upper deciduous molars from 3 children. Samples of dental plaque were inoculated onto MSB-0.5% yeast extract-20% sucrose. Identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was performed using examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis with inulin and rafinose. Identification results were then documented as digital images with Olympus Digital BX 51. S. mutans form convex, translucent colonies with rough margins, while the S. sobrinus colonies are translucent, circular, with pinpoints are smooth margins. Aglisining bubble often accumulates on top of the colony when excessive glucan is synthesized from sucrose. Biochemical analysis had showed positive reaction on S. mutans, and negative on S. sobrinus. From this study it can be concluded that S. mutans and S. sobrinus could be identified clearly with examination of colony morphology and biochemical analysis.

Abstrak :
Optimalisasi morfologi dan kristalinitas TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) yang difabrikasi pada permukaan Ti6Al4V dengan metode anodisasi dan dikristalisasi menggunakan variasi metode, yaitu pemanasan menggunakan furnace yang dialiri udara dengan variasi suhu operasi 500° - 800°C dan metode hydrothermal treatment dengan variasi suhu 150°-200°C selama 3 jam telah dilakukan. Hasil karakterisasi pada sampel menunjukkan adanya peralihan fase kristal dari anatase menjadi rutile pada rentang suhu 600°C - 650°C dengan ukuran kristal rata-rata pada setiap variasi adalah 18 nm. Hasil uji pembentukan biofilm secara in vitro dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans menunjukkan sampel Ti6Al4V/TNT yang dikristalisasi pada suhu 600°C memiliki kinerja fotokatalitik yang paling baik, dengan hasil sebesar 21% konsentrasi bakteri yang menempel pada plat Ti6Al4V/TNT dibandingkan dengan model kontrol pada jam ke-24 pengukuran. Hasil ini menunjukkan sampel Ti6Al4V/TNT dengan suhu kristalisasi 600°C merupakan kondisi optimum untuk menghambat pembentukan biofilm dalam penelitian ini. Kinerja fotokatalitik pada bahan Ti6Al4V/TNT berpotensi untuk ditingkatkan menggunakan kombinasi teknologi lainnya.

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Morphology and crystalinity optimalization of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) on Ti6Al4V using anodization method and various crystalization method (heat treatment by furnace within air stream at 500°-800°C and heat treatment using hydrothermal treatment method at 150°-200°C) had been done. Characterizations of the samples show that there are a crystal phase changing from anatase to rutile at 600°-650°C in heat treatment using furnace, with 18 nm for crystal size in average. Biofilm's test exhibit that Ti6Al4V/TNT sample that crystalized at 600°C has the best performance in inhibiting biofilm formation, which can achieve 19% of biofilm concentration on the material, compared to the control. The result show that Ti6Al4V/TNT that crystalized at 600°C has the optimum morpholgy and crystalinity to inhibit the biofilm formation. The modified Ti6Al4V has great potential in biomedical application, due to its photocatalytic performance and TiO2 characteristics that can be combined with others technology to make better implants.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Perkembangan karies gigi berkaitan dengan bakteri Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis dilaporkan sebagai agen antibakteri karena mengandung flavonoid berupa apigenin dan tt-farnesol yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim glukosiltransferase dan mempengaruhi integritas membran bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi hambat pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI terhadap pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii. Metode: Biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii yang telah dipaparkan pasta gigi ekstrak propolis UI dengan  konsentrasi 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml kemudian diinkubasi selama 4 jam (fase adhesi), 12 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37ºC. Persentase inhibisi dinilai dengan menggunakan MTT assay. Hasil: Persentase potensi hambat biofilm Streptococcus mutans tertinggi setelah inkubasi 12 jam dan Streptococcus gordonii setelah inkubasi 4 jam dengan konsentrasi 100mg/10 ml.  Kesimpulan: Efek paparan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak propolis UI dalam menghambat pembentukan biofilm Streptococcus mutans atau Streptococcus gordonii dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan pasta gigi UI. ......Background: The development of dental caries has been found to be associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Propolis has been reported as a potent antimicrobial material because containing flavonoids such as apigenin and tt-farnesol that inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity and membrane integrity. Objective: To analyze the effect of toothpaste containing propolis wax UI in inhibit Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii biofilm formation. Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm that has been exposed by propolis UI toothpaste at concentration 25mg/10ml, 50mg/10ml, dan 100mg/10ml was incubated for 4 hours (adherence phase), 12 hours (active accumulation phase) and 24 hours (maturation phase) at 37ºC. The percentage of inhibition was tested with MTT assay. Result: Inhibition percentage of Streptococcus mutans the highest is on active accumulation phase and Streptococcus gordonii biofilm is on adherence phase at concentraton 100mg/10ml. Conclusion: Propolis UI toothpaste effect on inhibiting biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans or Streptococcus gordonii depend on concentration and duration of time.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Propolis merupakan bahan alami yang mulai digemari dalam kedokteran gigi. Secara komersial, propolis dapat dijadikan dalam bentuk obat kumur. Sifat anti-bakterial pada propolis memiliki efek kariostatik sehingga mampu untuk mencegah proses terjadinya karies. Bakteri Streptococcus sanguinis adalah bakteri komensal yang ditemukan pada rongga mulut yang dikaitkan dengan biofilm sehat. Sedangkan, bakteri penyebab utama karies adalah Streptococcus mutans. Keduanya berinteraksi secara antagonis, dimana rasio kedua bakteri pada rongga mulut diyakini dapat menentukan tingkat terjadi karies seseorang. Tujuan: Menetapkan pengaruh pemberian obat kumur propolis 5% terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm dan interkasi pada biofilm dual-spesies Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis.  Metode: Digunakan uji Crystal Violet untuk menentukan massa dan persentase pertumbuhan biofilm, serta persentase inhibisi obat kumur propolis 5%.  Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm yang terbentuk antara intervensi obat kumur propolis 5% dibandingkan kontrol negatif. Kesimpulan: Terdapat interaksi antagonis antara bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis, serta tidak adanya pengaruh pemberian obat kumur propolis 5% terhadap interaksi antagonis kedua bakteri. Obat kumur propolis 5% mampu menurunkan massa biofilm dual-spesies Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis. Akan tetapi, obat kumur propolis 5% tidak dapat menghentikan pertumbuhan biofilm dual-spesies tersebut. ......Introduction: Propolis is a natural substance that’s gaining popularity in dentistry. Commercially, propolis can be used in the form of mouthwash. The anti-bacterial properties of propolis have a cariostatic effect to prevent caries. Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria are commensal bacteria found in the oral cavity. Meanwhile, the main cause of caries is Streptococcus mutans. Both of them interact antagonistically, where the ratio of the two in the oral cavity is believed to determine the level of caries occurrence of a person.  Objective: To determine the effect of 5% propolis mouthwash on biofilm growth and interactions in dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms.  Method: The Crystal Violet Assay was used to determine the mass and proportion of biofilm growth, as well as the percentage of inhibition of 5% propolis mouthwash.  Results: There was no significant difference in the mass of the biofilm formed between the 5% propolis mouthwash intervention and the negative control.  Conclusion: There is an antagonistic interaction between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria, and there is no effect of 5% propolis mouthwash on this interaction. 5% propolis mouthwash was able to reduce biofilm mass of dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms. However, 5% propolis mouthwash could not stop the growth of the dual-species biofilm.

Abstrak :
S. mutans dan S. sobrinus di dalam rongga mulut merupakan dua bakteri yang amat sering dikaitkan dengan terjadinya karies. Untuk mencegah karies perlu menjaga kebersihan mulut, salah satunya yakni dengan cara sikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus. Metode: Plak dan saliva subjek diambil sebelum (sebagai baseline), sesudah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah menyikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan. Pengambilan sampel kontrol juga dilakukan pada subjek yang sama, yaitu setelah sikat gigi tanpa menggunakan pasta gigi. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi DNA dan dikuantifikasi dengan real time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus mutans setelah sikat gigi dengan pasta gigi triklosan sudah kembali seperti nilai baseline setelah 3 jam pada sampel plak, dan pada sampel saliva terus menurun hingga jam ke 9. Sedangkan rata-rata jumlah Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak tidak menurun setelah penyikatan gigi, namun pada saliva terus menurun. Untuk semua sampel, rata-rata kenaikan jumlah bakteri lebih sedikit dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva setelah penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi triklosan, namun perbedaan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik. ...... S. mutans and S. sobrinus have been strongly associated to caries. In order to prevent caries the oral hygiene must be maintained, and one way to do so is by using a dentifrice. Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a triclosan dentifrice to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with the triclosan dentifrice. A control sample is also collected from subjects brushing the teeth without any dentifrice. The samples DNA are then extracted and quantified by real time PCR. Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans has already reached baseline after 3 hours while in the saliva, the mean amount continues to decrease up until 9 hours. No decrease of S. sobrinus was found in the dental plaque, unlike in the saliva, which continues to show decrease. For all samples, the mean increase of Streptococcus mutans bacteria is lower than the control group. Conclusion: Quantitative differences of S. mutans and S. sobrinus after treatment with triclosan can be seen, but none showed any statistically significant difference.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Streptococcus sobrinus merupakan salah satu bakteri penyebab karies. Propolis dilaporkan memiliki efek dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik.

Tujuan: Menganalisis efek ekstrak propolis dan permen mengandung propolis terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus sobrinus.

Metode: Streptococcus sobrinus dipaparkan terhadap ekstrak propolis dan permen dengan kandungan propolis. Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Kadar Bunuh Minimum (KBM) ekstrak propolis diuji dengan metode spektrofotometrik serta koloni Streptococcus sobrinus dihitung dengan metode Standard Plate Counted

Hasil: nilai KHM ekstrak propolis adalah 5% dan nilai KBM adalah 10%. Jumlah koloni bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus berkurang setelah pemaparan ekstrak propolis dan permen propolis.

Kesimpulan: Ekstrak propolis dan permen dengan kandungan propolis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus sobrinus.

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Background: Streptococcus sobrinus is one of the etiologic agents of dental caries. Propolis has been reported to have an antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis extract and propolis candies to Streptococcus sobrinus growth.

Methods: Streptococcus sobrinus were exposed to extract propolis and propolis candies. Minimim Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrofotometric analysis and the Streptococcus sobrinus colonies were counted with Standard Plate Counted method.

Result: MIC was determined at 5% and the MBC at 10%. Streptococcus sobrinus colonies were decreased after exposed to propolis extract and propolis candies.

Conclusion: Propolis extract and propolis candies could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sobrinus.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Saliva merupakan zat eksokrin yang mengandung berbagai komponen, salah satunya adalah protein. Total protein dalam saliva dapat meningkat karena peningkatan aktifitas fisik, salah satu contohnya adalah aktifitas berlari. Di dalam rongga mulut, Streptococcus mutans merupakan mikroorganisme kariogenik yang memiliki peran penting dalam proses terjadinya karies. Tujuan: menganalisis perbedaan profil protein saliva yang diisolasi dari subjek pelari dan nonpelari sebelum dan setelah protein tersebut diinteraksikan dengan Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Metode: sampel saliva unstimulated diambil dari 3 subjek pelari dan 3 subjek nonpelari. Identifikasi berat molekul protein saliva ditetapkan dengan menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan pewarnaan commasie blue, sedangkan identifikasi interaksi protein saliva dengan Streptococcus mutans ditetapkan dengan menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE, pewarnaan commasie blue dan Qubit Protein assay. Hasil: pada subjek pelari teridentifikasi protein dengan berat molekul sebesar 140 kDa, 100 kDa, 70 kDa, 50 kDa, 25 kDa, dan 15 kDa sedangkan pada subjek nonpelari teridentifikasi protein dengan berat molekul 70 kDa, 50 kDa, 25 kDa, dan 10 kDa. Interaksi protein saliva pelari dengan metode pewarnaan comassie blue tidak memvisualisasikan pita pada agar poliakrilamid sedangkan protein saliva subjek nonpelari terlihat pita sebesar 70 kDa. Interaksi protein saliva pelari dengan Streptococcus mutans dengan menggunakan Qubit Protein assay menunjukan konsentrasi sebesar 74,2 g/mL dan sebesar 93,2 g/mL pada saliva nonpelari. Kesimpulan: terdapat perbedaan profil dan berat molekul protein saliva pada subjek pelari dan nonpelari dan interaksi protein dengan Streptococcus mutans hanya tervisualisasikan pada protein saliva yang berasal dari subjek nonpelari.

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ABSTRAK
Background Saliva is an exocrine substance containing various components, one of which is protein. The amount of total proteins in saliva may increase due to physical activity, namely running. In the oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic microorganism that is vital in the forming process of caries. Objective Analyze the difference in salivary proteins profiles on subjects who are runners compared to non runners before and after the proteins are interacted with Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Method Samples of unstimulated saliva were taken from 3 subjects who were runners and 3 subjects who were non runners. Identification of total molecular weight in salivary proteins was done using comassie brilliant blue color staining with the SDS PAGE technique. Identification of interaction in salivary proteins with Streptococcus mutans was also done using comassie brilliant blue color staining using SDS PAGE technique and Qubit Protein assay. Results In subjects who were runners, identification of molecular weight in the salivary protein results were 140 kDa, 100 kDa, 70 kDa, 50 kDa, 25 kDa, and 15 kDa while in non runners the identification of molecular weight in the salivary protein results were 70 kDa, 50 kDa, 25 kDa, and 10 kDa. Interaction of salivary proteins in runners using comassie blue coloring did not result in visualization of band on polyacrilamide agar while in non runners a band of 70 kDa was observed on polyacrilamide agar. Interaction of salivary proteins with Streptococcus mutans using Qubit Protein assay showed a concentration of 74.2 g mL in runners and 93.2 g mL in non runners. Conclusion There is a difference of proteins profile and molecular weight in subjects who were runners and non runners and proteins interaction with Streptococcus mutans is only visualized in the salivary proteins derived from non runners subject.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: protein saliva merupakan komposisi yang terkandung dalam saliva dan berperan penting bagi keseimbangan ekosistem rongga mulut manusia. Total konsentrasi protein saliva pada setiap individu bervariasi tergantung pada usia individu tersebut. Banyak dari protein saliva berfungsi untuk memproteksi rongga mulut dengan aktivitas antimikroba yang dimilikinya. Di sisi lain, saliva juga dapat mendukung pertumbuhan mikroorganisme rongga mulut dengan membentuk pelikel. Streptococcus mutans bersama dengan pelikel saliva berpartisipasi dalam adhesi bakteri di permukaan gigi. Selanjutnya mereka akan berkoordinasi sehingga membentuk dental plaque. Tujuan: menganalisis perbedaan massa bakteri dan viabilitas Streptococcus mutans setelah pajanan protein saliva subjek anak dan subjek dewasa. Metode: sampel saliva subjek anak dan subjek dewasa dilakukan uji Bradford untuk mengetahui total protein saliva. Kemudian dilakukan perhitungan massa biofilm dengan uji crystal violet staining dan viabilitas bakteri dengan TPC. Setelah itu dilakukan uji One-way Anova Hasil: Nilai signifikansi uji statistic menunjukan > 0,05 sehingga tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna massa bakteri maupun viabilitas bakteri Streptococcus mutans setelah pajanan protein saliva yang berasal dari subjek anak dan subjek dewasa secara statistik. Total konsentrasi protein saliva anak dan dewasa condong berbeda. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak pemajanan protein saliva asal subjek anak dan subjek dewasa terhadap pembentukan biofilm bakteri Streptococcus mutans ditinjau dari massa biofilm dan viabilitas bakteri. ......Background: Salivary protein is the composition contained in saliva and plays an important role in the balance of the human oral cavity ecosystem. The total salivary protein concentration in each individual varies depending on the age of the individual. Many of salivary proteins function to protect the oral cavity with their antimicrobial activity. Therefore, saliva can also support the growth of oral microorganisms by forming pellicles and as a source of nutrtion to bacteria. Streptococcus mutans together with the salivary pellicle participate in the adhesion of bacteria on the tooth surface. Furthermore, they will coordinate to form dental plaque. Objective: to analyze the differences in bacterial mass and viability of Streptococcus mutans after the exposure of the salivary proteins from children and adult subjects. Methods: Bradford test was used to determine the total of salivary protein in saliva samples from children and adult subjects. The biofilm mass was calculated by using crystal violet staining and bacterial viability by TPC. The distribution was analyzed using the One-way Anova test Results: The p value of the statistical test shows > 0,05 so that there were no significant difference in bacterial mass and viability of Streptococcus mutans after exposure of salivary protein from children’s or adult’s saliva statisticaly. However, the total salivary protein concentrations of children and adults tend to be different. Conclusion: There was no differenece in the impact of salivary protein exposure from children’s and adult’s saliva on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in terms of biofilm mass and bacterial viability.