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"Keputusan Australia untuk membentuk kerjasama pertahanan AUKUS telah menimbulkan kontroversi di antara negara-negara di kawasan, mengingat naiknya tensi diskursus Indo-Pasifik belakangan ini. Namun, AUKUS bukanlah sekadar aliansi pertahanan untuk menghadapi kekuatan revisionis, AUKUS memiliki signifikansi yang lebih dalam dan besar bagi arah kebijakan pertahanan Australia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan alasan keputusan Australia menandatangani kebijakan pertahanan AUKUS dan pengadaan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir secara mendadak. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa AUKUS merefleksikan dilema budaya startejik dalam kebijakan pertahanan Australia dihadapkan pada perubahan lingkungan strategis di Indo-Pasifik. Secara strategis, AUKUS membuka peluang bagi Australia untuk terlibat dalam membentuk diskursus Indo-Pasifik serta menjadi wadah untuk mempercepat transfer teknologi di sektor pertahanan. Secara operasional, pengadaan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir di AUKUS akan meningkatkan kemampuan armada bawah air Australia pada misi sea denial dan sea control dalam operasi gabungan. Dengan menggunakan kacamata budaya stratejik, analisis studi kualitatif dari sumber literatur primer dan sekunder ini menyimpulkan bahwa AUKUS memanandakan kembalinya dan menguatnya pola ketergantungan stratejik pada kebijakan pertahanan Australia di era Indo-Pasifik......Australia’s decision to enter the AUKUS has caused controversies among regional powers, especially noting the heightened Indo-Pacific discourse lately. But AUKUS isn’t a mere alliance against revisionist power, it has much deeper and greater significance on Australia’s defence policies. The aim of this research is to explain why Australia decided to join AUKUS and to procure nuclear-powered submarine in such a hasty manner. This paper argues that AUKUS reflect the dilemmatic sub-strategic cultures within Australia’s defence policy considerations against the changing strategic environment in Indo-Pacific, the self-reliance and strategic dependence. Strategically, AUKUS presented Australia the opportunity to participate and shaping the Indo-Pacific under US-led initiative and act as technology catalysator on defence sector. Operationally, the nuclear-powered procurement under AUKUS will significantly boost Australia’s submarine fleet capability in sea denial and sea control mission as a part of larger coalition. Using strategic culture lens and studying primary and secondary documents in a qualitative work, the analysis of this paper concludes that AUKUS reflected the return and reinforced pattern of strategic dependence within Australia’s defence policy in the age of Indo-Pacific."

"ABSTRAKSeismic sequence stratigraphy analysis was performed to identify achronostratigraphic evolution of submarine fan reservoir in Pari field,Makassar Strait, offshore East Kalimantan. A complete sequencestratigraphy in Pari field was divided into three systems tract: lowstandsystems tract (LST), transgressive systems tract (TST) and highstandsystems tract (HST). The ?X? reservoir unit was deposited during thelowstand systems tract (LST). Based on core data and well log, thereservoir is dominated by few massive thick sandstone, thin interbeddedsandstone and shale. Well data and 3D seismic multiattribute analysisindicated a submarine fan depositional system feature. However, theavailable 3D seismic data could not image the submarine fan elementsfeature like channels and splay lobes due to low seismic resolution. Ashallow Pleistocene submarine fan located in the northern part of thestudy area is clearly imaged using 3D seismic data. That Pleistocenesubmarine fan provides analog dimensions for sub-seismic reservoirelements in the ?X? reservoir unit, Pari field. The dimensions of channelsand splay lobes within Pleistocene submarine fan were used to definestochastically reservoir elements in Pari field. The Pleistocene submarinefan are approximately the same size as the seismically mapped the ?X?reservoir unit. Three facies model were generated to provide multiplerealizations of facies model. Those are 70% channel and 30% splay lobe(more channels dominated), 50% channel and 50% splay lobe(proportional between channel and splay lobe), and 30% channel and 70%splay lobe (more splay lobe dominated)."

"ABSTRAKNama : Djoko HartoyoProgram Studi : Ilmu LingkunganJudul : DINAMIKA EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN LAUT PASCA PENUTUPAN KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN Studi Pembuangan Tailing di Teluk Buyat, Minahasa Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari dinamika ekosistem perairan laut pasca penutupan aktivitas tambang di Teluk Buyat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh faktor dinamika laut pada keberadaan tailing di dasar laut Teluk Buyat. Permodelan arus memperlihatkan kecepatan arus menuju pasang berkisar 0,04-0,08 m/detik, lebih tinggi dari kecepatan arus menuju surut yang berkisar 0,02-0,06 m/detik. Hasil studi memperlihatkan terjadinya dinamika ekosistem laut yang ditunjukkan oleh semakin meningkatnya kelimpahan, nilai indeks keanekaragaman H rsquo;>3 , dan nilai indeks keseragaman ?>6 biota bentos. Nilai ini menggambarkan tahapan suksesi ekosistem laut pasca pembuangan tailing serta mengindikasikan adanya keterkaitan kondisi lingkungan dengan kesempatan biota bentos untuk berstrategi dan mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya. Persepsi masyarakat di sekitar Teluk Buyat terhadap variabel sosial budaya dan kesehatan masyarakat menunjukkan kondisi yang semakin membaik. Hasil analisis keberlanjutan menunjukkan kondisi ekosistem Teluk Buyat ditinjau dari dimensi lingkungan dengan nilai indeks 72,53 dan sosial budaya dengan nilai indeks 51,03 , dikategorikan cukup berkelanjutan, sedangkan pada dimensi ekonomi adalah kurang berkelanjutan dengan nilai indeks 48,87 . Hasil keseluruhan tahapan analisis menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan dan perairan Teluk Buyat semakin membaik. Model konseptual pengelolaan ekosistem Teluk Buyat pasca penutupan aktivitas tambang akan mampu menurunkan tekanan dan meningkatkan kualitas ekosistem baik dari aspek lingkungan, sosial maupun ekonomi masyarakat. Kata kunci: Tailing, Submarine Tailing Disposal STD , Buyat, Bentos

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ABSTRACTName : Djoko HartoyoStudy Programe : Environmental ScienceTitle : ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS OF MARINE WATERS POST-CLOSURE OF MINING Study of Tailings Disposal in Buyat Bay, Minahasa The research aims to study the dynamics of marine ecosystems after the closure of mining activity in Buyat Bay. The results showed the influence of ocean dynamics in the presence of tailings in Buyat Bay. Modeling of current shows the current flow velocity toward the high tide, i.e. 0,04-0,08 m/s, is higher than the current speed towards low tide ranging from 0,02 to 0,06 m/s. This study shows the occurrence of marine ecosystem dynamics shown by the increasing abundance, diversity index value H rsquo;>3 , and the value of the uniformity index ?>6 benthos biota. This value represents the marine ecosystem succession stages of post-tailing and indicate their relationship with the environmental conditions of benthos opportunity, to have a strategy and maintain their life. Perception communities around Buyat Bay for the variable of social, cultural and public health, indicates that the condition of Buyat Bay is getting better. The results of the sustainability analysis show the condition of Buyat Bay ecosystem in terms of environmental 2,53 and socio-cultural dimensions 51,03 , is sustainable enough, while the economic dimension is less sustainable 48,87 . The overall results indicate that the environmental and waters of Buyat Bay is getting better. The conceptual model of the management of Buyat Bay ecosystems after the closure of mining activities will be able to reduce the pressure and improve the quality of the ecosystem from the environmental, social and economic community. Keywords: Tailing, Submarine Tailing Disposal STD , Buyat, Bentos "

"Tenaga listrik sangat dibutuhkan bagi masyarakat untuk berbagai macam keperluan dan akan terus meningkat dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi yang membutuhkannya, salah satunya pada masyarakat di provinsi Bangka Belitung. Sumber energi untuk membangkitkan listrik di provinsi Bangka Belitung sangat terbatas, sehingga diperlukannya energi utama seperti batubara dari Sumatra, sehingga dibangun saluran transmisi kabel bawah laut tegangan tinggi sebesar 150 kV antara Sumatra-Bangka Belitung dari GI Tanjung Api-Api ke GI Muntoksepanjang 36 km untuk meningkatkan keandalan sistem. Simulasi dilakukan dengan perhitungan manual melalui rumus-rumus yang sudah didapatkan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Dikarenakan kabel bawah laut masih dalam tahappembangunan, maka akan terdapat beberapa data yang belum diketahui sehingga penulis mengasumsikan data berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil dari perhitungan pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rugi-rugi daya pada saluran transmisi kabel bawah laut tegangan tinggi sebesar 150 kV antara Sumatra-Bangka Belitung sepanjang 36 km adalah 2,36 MW.......Electric power is needed by the community for various purposes and will continue to increase with the development of technology that requires it, one of which is the community in the province of Bangka Belitung. Energy sources to generate electricity in the province of Bangka Belitung are very limited, so that main energy is needed such as coal from Sumatra, so a 150 kV high-voltage submarine cable transmission line is built between Sumatra-Bangka Belitung from Tanjung Api-Api substation to Muntok substation along 36 km to increase system reliability. Simulations are carried out by manual calculations through formulas that have been obtained from previous studies and books. Because the submarine cable is still under construction, there will be some unknown data so the author assumes the data based on previous research. The results of the calculations in this study indicate that the power losses in the 150 kV high voltage submarine cable transmission line between Sumatra-Bangka Belitung with a length of 36 kilometers is 2,36 MW."

"Submarine Tailing Disposal (STD) is waste disposal activity to the sea through pipelines. Recently, the documentation system becomes the main problem of STD implementation. It is very weak so it can not cover the unpredicted effect to marine environment and the possibility of STD implementation's failure. In United States, prohibition of STD is regulated in Clean Water Act, It requires 2 (two) important matters that are implementation of the Best Available Technology (BAT) and New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). While Canada regulate it in Canadian Federal Metal Mining Liquid Effluent Regulation (MMLER) and Canada's Fisheries Act. Indonesia itself doesn 't have special regulation to prohibit STD. That is why Indonesia need to have a clear and strict regulation about STD. This article tries to describe the importance of the regulation that prohibit STD."

"Penelitian ini menyajikan analisa dari hasil pengolahan data risiko operasional pada portofolio Submarine Cable Service di Telkominfra. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui risiko yang sering terjadi, mengetahui akar masalah, memberikan mitigasi risiko, dan mengetahui besar pencadangan modal yang diperlukan portofolio Submarine Cable Service Telkominfra. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif yaitu wawancara untuk mengetahui risiko, akar masalah, dan usulan mitigasi risiko, serta metode kuantitatif untuk menghitung pencadangan modal. Perhitungan pencadangan modal dilakukan dengan mencari nilai Operation Risk Variance (OpVar) menggunakan metode Monte Carlo simulation. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa risiko yang paling sering terjadi dan memiliki dampak paling besar yaitu risiko keterlambatan akibat ketidaktersediaan kapal. Telkominfra memerlukan pencadangan modal sebesar Rp 2,163,975,476 per kejadian sebagai bentuk mitigasi risiko keterlambatan pekerjaan pada portofolio Submarine Cable Service untuk menjaga kestabilan likuiditas perusahaan.......This study analyzes the operational risk event on the Submarine Cable Service portfolio at Telkominfra. The purpose of this study is to determine the most impactful risk, the root cause of the risk, the amount of capital reserves, and to provide risk mitigation for Submarine Cable Service Telkominfra. Methods use in this study are both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method used is interviews to determine risks, root causes, and risk mitigation. Quantitative method uses to calculate capital reserves. Calculation of capital reserves is done by finding the value of Operation Risk Variance (OpVar) using the Monte Carlo Simulation. The results of this study show that the risk that occurs most often and has the greatest impact is the risk of delays due to the unavailability of vessels. Telkominfra requires a capital reserve of Rp 2,163,975,476 per event to mitigate the risk of work delays in the Submarine Cable Service portfolio to secure the stability of company’s liquidity."

"Perkembangan pengguna internet di Indonesia semakin pesat. Pengguna internet tahun 2018 tumbuh sekitar 8% dari tahun 2017. Di sisi lain, 97% trafik internet global saat ini dibawa oleh Sistem Komunikasi Kabel Laut (SKKL). Tentunya ini akan menjadi peluang bagi operator SKKL jika bisa dikelola dengan baik. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi SKKL Batam – Manado sebagai penghubung direct broadband alternatif antara Eropa, Asia, dan Amerika sehingga berpotensi menjadi Global Digital Hub. SKKL Batam-Manado saat ini masih memakai model bisnis sistem closed cable. Padahal industri kabel laut saat ini menawarkan opsi sistem open cable yang memungkinkan konvergensi antara Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) eksisting dengan SLTE dari vendor lain. Di dalam tesis ini dilakukan penelitian pengembangan model bisnis sistem open cable pada SKKL Batam-Manado. Dengan analisis Threat Opportunity Weakness Strength (TOWS) Matriks didapatkan hasil bahwa bisnis sistem open cable berada pada kuadran I yang berarti grow or build. Penelitian juga dilakukan dengan menghitung analisis kelayakan investasi dengan metode capital budgeting menggunakan lima parameter, yaitu Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), dan Average Rate Return (ARR). Perhitungan analisis kelayakan investasi juga menunjukkan bahwa kondisi real 5 tahun (3 tahun operasi dan 2 tahun prediksi) sistem closed cable berjalan ini tidak sesuai dengan perhitungan ideal saat pertama kali investasi. Proyeksi ideal pada tahun kelima Cumulative NPV sebesar Rp -4.107.229.000,00, namun pada kenyataannya hanya didapatkan sebesar Rp -405.816.169.000,00 saja. Di sisi lain, perhitungan untuk bisnis sistem open cable kondisi optimis menghasilkan angka positif dengan Cumulative NPV hingga tahun 2027 sebesar Rp 1.268.784.159.000,00 dan melebihi dari angka proyeksi ideal yang didapatkan sebesar Rp 1.113.166.082.000,00. Parameter lain juga didapatkan hasil yang layak dengan PBP sebesar 4 tahun 6 bulan (dari 2019), IRR sebesar 19,9%, PI sebesar 1,58, dan ARR sebesar 28%. Dengan demikian, maka model bisnis sistem Open Cable layak diimplementasikan di SKKL Batam-Manado.......The development of internet users in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Internet users in 2018 grew by around 8% from 2017. On the other hand, 97% of global internet traffic is currently carried by the Submarine Cable System. This condition will be an opportunity for SKKL operators if it can be managed properly. This research investigates SKKL Batam - Manado as an alternative direct broadband link between Europe, Asia and America so that it has the potential to become a Global Digital Hub. SKKL Batam-Manado is currently still using the closed cable system business model. Whereas the submarine cable industry currently offers an Open Cable System option that allows convergence between existing Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE)s and SLTEs from other vendors. In this thesis, a research is conducted on the development of the Open Cable System business model at SKKL Batam-Manado. With the Threat Opportunity Weakness Strength (TOWS) Matrix analysis, the results show that the Open Cable System business is in quadrant I which means grow or build. Research was also conducted by calculating the investment feasibility analysis with the capital budgeting method using five parameters, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI), and Average Rate Return (ARR). The calculation of the investment feasibility analysis also shows that the real condition for 5 years (3 years of operation and 2 years of prediction) for closed cable runs is not in accordance with the ideal calculation for the first time investing. The ideal projection in the fifth year of Cumulative NPV is IDR -4,107,229,000.00, but in reality it is only IDR -405,816,169,000.00. On the other hand, the calculation for the open cable system business in optimistic condition resulting in a positive number with Cumulative NPV until 2027 touch IDR 1,268,784,159,000.00 and bigger than the ideal projection that obtained just of IDR 1,113,166,082.000,00. Other parameters also obtained feasible results with a PBP of 4 years 6 months (from 2019), an IRR of 19.9%, a PI of 1.58, and an ARR of 28%. Thus, the Open Cable System business model is feasible to be implemented in SKKL Batam-Manado."

"Pemerintahan Indonesia sangat membutuhakan alat pertahan laut terutama kapal selam dikarenakan daerah perairan yang sangat luas. Oleh karena itu diharapkan dengan pembuatan model kapal selam ini dapat meberikan gambaran kedepannya akan pembuatan dan pengembangan mengenai kapal selam.Kedepannya Indonesia memiliki potensial yang sangat besar untuk menjadi negara yang disegani karena mampu membuat kapal selam sendiri. Hal ini bukan tidak mungkin direalisasikan dengan adanya sumber daya alam yang cukup, hanya dibutuhkan pengasahan dan pemberian fasilitas kepada anak bangsa yang sedang melakukan studi dibidang perkapalan untuk melakukan penelitian kapal selam, sehingga Indonesia bisa memiliki tenaga ahli yang mumpuni dari dalam negeri.

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Indonesian goverment need sea defence vehicle like submarine because Indonesia have a really huge sea teritory. And then with manufactaring submarine model can give a clue for manufacturing and research about submarine in the future.Next Indonesia have potential to became a respected country because can made a submarine. This thing is not impossible because Indonesia have enough resource, but Indonesia only need give a way and facilty for reasearcher in ship research, for made future research about submarine, and then Indonesia will have researchers with good standart."

"Haluan kapal merupakan bagian pertama yang akan menghadang air yang mengalir saat kapal bergerak maju. Pada kapal selam, bentuk haluan sangat berpengaruh baik terhadap peletakan peralatan akustik, maupun besarnya tahanan yang akan dihasilkan. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk meninjau pengaruh bentuk haluan pada kapal selam tanpa appandages terhadap karakteristik tahanannya. Haluan akan divariasikan berdasarkan persamaan Hull Envelope yang mengatur desain bentuk haluan pada kapal selam. Simulasi komputasi dengan CFD dipilih sebagai metode untuk memprediksi hasil tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nf= 2 merupakan bentuk haluan paling optimum dengan nilai tahanan total terendah yang memiliki luasan haluan yang cukup besar.

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The bow of the ship is the first part that will hit the running water when the ship moves forward. In the submarine, the bow shape is very influential both on the laying of acoustic equipment, and for the magnitude of resistance to be generated. This study focuses on reviewing the influence of the bow shape on submarines without appandages to the characteristics of its resistance. The bow will be varied based on the Hull Envelope equation that governs the bow shape design on the submarine. The computational simulation with CFD is chosen as a method to predict the result. The results show that nf 2 is the most optimum bow shape with the lowest total resistance value that has a large enough extent."

"Lokasi penelitian ini berada di daerah Kecamatan Cimanggu dan sekitarnya yang secara geografis terletak pada koordinat batas timur laut UTM 262370 E 9198862 N serta batas barat daya UTM 256431 E 9192930 N. Wilayah ini mencakup Desa Cijati, Pesahangan, Desa Negarajati, serta desa sekitarnya, Kecamatan Cimanggu, Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Daerah penelitian termasuk ke dalam Formasi Halang berdasarkan Peta Geologi Lembar Majenang (Kastowo dan Suwarna, 1996). Formasi Halang merupakan salah satu Formasi pengisi Cekungan Banyumas, terendapkan pada umur Miosen Tengah hingga Pliosen Awal, dengan dominasi batuan sedimen jenis turbidit yang terendapkan pada zona batial atas. Batuan sedimen jenis turbidit inilah yang menjadi fokus penelitian kali ini untuk mengetahui fasies endapan turbidit serta asosiasinya agar dapat menenentukan sub-lingungan pengendapan pada daerah penelitian. Bagian timur laut daerah penelitian didominasi oleh ukuran butir yang lebih kasar sedangkan pada bagian barat daya didominasi oleh butiran yang lebih halus. Daerah penelitian terbukti terendapkan dengan mekanisme turbidit dikarenakan jenis litologi yang beragam, dari yang berbutir kasar (breksi – pasir sedang) hingga berbutir halus (pasir halus – lanau). Didapatkan umur relatif Formasi Halang yang mencakup daerah penelitian pada Miosen Tengah (N11) berdasarkan analisis mikrofosil. Berdasarkan pengukuran measuring section, analisis makroskopis dan mikroskopis, didapatkan 5 lintasan log stratigrafi yang memiliki fasies dominan proksimal pada timur laut dan medial pada barat daya berdasarkan klasifikasi dekatnya dari sumber sedimen (Nichols, 2009). Diasosiasikan dengan sub-lingkungan pengendapan kipas laut dalam (submarine fan) dan diinterpretasikan merupakan bagian inner fan dan middle fan, dengan tiga fasies pengendapan channel dan levee serta depositional lobes berdasarkan Nichols (2009).......The location of this research is in the Cimanggu region and its surroundings which is geographically located at the coordinates of the northeastern boundary of UTM 262370 E 9198862 N and the southwest boundary of UTM 256431 E 9192930 N. This area includes Cijati Village, Pesahangan, Negarajati Village, and the surrounding villages, Subdistrict Cimanggu, Cilacap Regency, Central Java. The research area is included in the Halang Formation based on the Geological Map of the Majenang Sheet by Kastowo and Suwarna (1996). The Halang Formation is one of the filling formations of the Banyumas Basin, deposited in the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene age, with the dominance of turbidite sedimentary rocks deposited in the upper bathial zone. This turbidite sedimentary rock is the main focus of this research to determine the turbidite depositional facies and their associations in order to determine the sub-environment of the deposition in the study area. The northeastern part of the study area is dominated by coarser grain sizes, while the southwest is dominated by finer grains. The study area was proven to be deposited by a turbidite mechanism due to the various types of lithology, from coarse-grained rocks (breccia – medium sand) to fine-grained rocks (fine sand – silt). The relative age of the Halang Formation which covers the study area is in the Middle Miocene (N11) based on microfossil analysis. Based on measuring section measurements, macroscopic and microscopic analysis, obtained 5 stratigraphic log paths which have dominant facies proximal to the northeast and medial to the southwest based on the close classification of sediment sources (Nichols, 2009). Associated with sub-depositional sub-environment of submarine fans and interpreted as part of the inner fan and middle fan, with three depositional facies channel, levee and depositional lobes based on Nichols (2009)."