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"Tulisan ini membahas pengaruh subsidi terhadap konsumsi beras, Dengan menggunakan model keseimbangan umum, rumah tangga dibagi ke dalam 10 kelompok menurut dampak kebijakan distribusi yang dilakukukan. Dalam analisa ditunjukkan bahwa model keseimbangan umum dengan nama WAYANG ini, dapat diketahui pengaruh kebijaksanaan yang ditempuh terhadap drstribusi (pemerataan) maitpun terhadap perekonomian secara keseluruhan. Di samping itu ditujukan pula pengaruh hubungan antara tingkat intervensi kebijaksanaan terhadap kesejahtraan."

"Tulisan ini membahas mengenai perkembangan gagasan proteksionisme di AS dari waktu ke waktu. Literatur-literatur yang ada akan dikelompokkan menggunakan metode kronologi ke dalam tiga periode berbeda, yaitu initial period, interwar period dan liberalization period with protectionism disjuncture. Dari perkembangan gagasan proteksionisme di dalam periode-periode tersebut, terlihat bahwa gagasan proteksionisme selalu hadir di AS, bahkan ketika AS menerapkan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan. Kemunculan proteksionisme tersebut juga selalu dilatarbelakangi oleh peristiwa- peristiwa besar, baik yang terjadi di dalam AS itu sendiri maupun dunia. Penulis melihat adanya preseden historis dari berlakunya proteksionisme di AS yakni wacana proteksionisme akan muncul ketika AS merasa memiliki tantangan eksternal yang dapat mengganggu kondisi dalam negeri AS. Pengelompokkan tersebut juga memperlihatkan tema-tema yang muncul di dalam pembahasan mengenai proteksionis yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan institusi, ide, kebijakan keamanan, dan kebijakan luar negeri AS. Tradisi populis AS turut berkontribusi dalam mendorong tindakan-tindakan proteksionis. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, proteksionisme menjadi gagasan yang dapat dianalisis dari berbagai faktor, mulai dari ekonomi, politik, keamanan, hingga ideologis. Akhirnya, ditemukan beberapa kesenjangan literatur yakni pertama, masih kurang dibahasnya aspek ide dan legal di dalam kajian mengenai proteksionisme dan kedua, masih belum ada literatur mengenai langkah-langkah untuk memitigasi proteksionisme selain dari sudut pandang perdagangan bebas.

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This paper discusses the development of protectionism idea from time to time. The literatures are classified using chronology method into three different periods, namely the initial period, interwar period and liberalization period with protectionism disjuncture. From the development of the idea of protectionism within those periods, it appears that the idea of protectionism is always present in the US, even when the US implements trade liberalization policies. The emergence of protectionism is motivated by major events, both within the US and the world. The author also sees a historical precedent regarding the emergence of protectionism in the US. Protectionist discourse also arises when US feels an external challenge that can disrupt domestic conditions in the US. The classifications also show some themes that emerge in the discussions on protectionism that are closely related to US institutions, ideas, security policies, and foreign policy. US populist tradition contributes to the promotion of protectionist measures taken by the government. Protectionism is not just a notion that can be analyzed from international political economy, but other factors, such as ideology, also matter to sustain the protectionism idea. By using contextual perspectives over time, this paper is expected to show how protectionism evolved as well as its relation to other aspects of international relations. Based on that, protectionism becomes an idea that can be analyzed from various factors, ranging from economic, political, security, to ideological. Finally, there are some literature gaps that can be found, which are firstly the lack of discussion about ideas and laws in the study of protectionism, and secondly, there is still no literature on measures to mitigate protectionism other than free trade."

"Trade policy does not only affecting the sugar cane at macro level through the price mechanism of output change. The prices increases in 3 scenarios, that are the sugar price at producer price from IDR 3,410 to IDR 1, 461,3 for the A scenario, to IDR 2, 270 for C scenario...."

"This study uses indirect approach to estimate short run and long run supply response of paddy for Java and off Java. The result showed that price effect is not significant both for area and productivity for wetland paddy. The price effect is significant to area but not to productivity for upland paddy in Java. This showed that lava is hard to continue its role as the largest rice supplier.The price effect is significant to area but not to productivity for wetland paddy in off Java, whereas for upland paddy is significant to productivity but not to area. The off Java's role is not optimum. It was indicated by productivity elasticity on area which is very small in the short run and relatively larger in the long run. Supply elasticity of wetland and upland paddies are inelastic both in the short run and long run. "

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."

"AbstrakThis research aims to understand the reasons behind Indonesia trade with Argentina in the period 2008-2013. The formulation of the problem in this research is the Why Indonesia keep doing trade with Argentina in the years 2008 to 2013 but the balance of trade deficit?. Through the frame of economic nationalism, the research found that in line with the value of a strong political history between the two, Indonesia had the interests of market access (trade policy) and strengthening of the domestic industry (industrial policy). Market access in this case related interests of Indonesia who made Argentina as a hub in the region of South America. But in terms of strengthening the domestic industry, not apart from the strengthening of the ranching industry needs through imports of animal feed from Argentina."

"International trade is the life-blood of the countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Faced with several global trade issues the ASEAN countries individually and collectively pursue a multilateral approach by actively participating in the current Uruguay Round of GATT. The seven studies in this volume assess the strengths and weaknesses of international trading."