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"PT. GI adalah suatu perusahaan "rubber" yang memproduksi berbagai macam ban. Kegiatan produksi di perusahaan ini sebagian telah menggunakan mekanisasi, namun sebagian lagi masih dilakukan secara manual. Salah satu pekerjaan yang sering dilakukan oleh pekerja adalah mengangkat beban dalam berbagai posisi. Dari data kesehatan kerja terlihat bahwa sakit pinggang merupakan salah satu keluhan yang cukup banyak dirasakan oleh pekerja. Ditambah lagi dengan adanya kasus HNP yang pernah ditemukan pada jenis pekerjaan tertentu. Oleh karena itu dirasakan perlu diketahui perkiraan risiko dari suatu pekerjaan terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya CTD.Untuk mendapatkan hasil sesuai dengan tujuan, maka dilakukan upaya identifikasi faktor risiko ergonomi dan prioritas masalah ergonomi. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data survei gejala, survei data medik, SIDFRE dan rangking prioritas dengan metode EASY . Selanjutnya dilakukan pula perhitungan RWL dan LI sesuai rekomendasi NIOSH. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap empat jenis pekerjaan di Business Team PTGL yaitu Pekerjaan I (Booker Extruder), Pekerjaan II (Put-up Rubber di Banbury), Pekerjaan HI (Mengangkat greentire ke sling truck di Radial Builder), dan Pekerjaan IV (Mengangkat greentire ke tempat pemasakan ban di bagian Curing Light Truck).Hasil analisis dengan metode EASY dan juga melalui perhitungan RWL dan LI, didapat kesimpulan bahwa pada jenis pekerjaan I, II, III dan IV ternyata mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya CTD, dan mempunyai skala prioritas tinggi dalam masalah ergonomi pada Pekerjaan I, IL dan IV. Analisis yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan perhitungan RWL dan LI, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari beberapa jenis pekerjaan dengan tingkat risiko tinggi, pemecahan masalah yang paling baik ternyata melakukan "control engineering" dengan cara melakukan mekanisasi pada pekerjaan tersebut. Bila dalam hal ini belum dapat dilakukan maka alternatif lain adalah dengan cara menyesuaikan postur kerja, mengatur jarak horizontal dan vertikal dari beban mesin dan pekerja, sesuai dengan rekomendasi dari Humantech maupun NIOSH.

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PT Goodyear Indonesia is rubber company that produce various type of tire. Some production activity already use mechanization; but any activity in the manual way. One of activity which often doing obtain employee is manual lifting inside various position. From ambulatory care visit record found back pain is one of complaint which sufficient much among employees. HNP cases have found during in 1992 -1998 periods, and some cases have laminectomy operation. Obtain reason that need to know risk assesment for any activity towards possibility that caused Cumulative Trauma Disorders ( CTD ).To be sucessfully must have identification for ergonomic risk factors and ergonomic priority to solve the problems. Applied operation research methodes with symptom survei. medical survey, Baseline Risk Identification of Ergonomic Factors (BRIEF ) Survey, and ranking priority with Ergonomic Assesment Survey ( EASY ). Also RWL equation and Lifting Index from NIOSH recomendation. Survey towards four type of work in Business Team PTGI, there are Work type I (Booker Extruder), Work type H (Put-up Rubber in Banbury). Work type III (Lift greentire to sling truck in Radial Builder), and Work type IV (Lift greentire to place on Curing Light Truck).Analysis with EASY methode and also RWL equation and Lifting Index, had concluding that work type I, II, III and JV high risk to caused CTD, which ergonomic high priority on Work type L, H, and IV. Analysis used RWL equation and Lifting Index, have recommendation to do "engineering control" through mechanization."

"Sports and physical activity provide multiple social and health benefits to participants, but may also increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal pain and injuries, especially in skeletally immature adolescents. This review outlines the 1) measurement and prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in adolescents, 2) dose-response relationship between the organized sports activity and musculoskeletal pain, 3) high risk population, based on our previously published epidemiological studies in Japan, and finally, 4) prevention strategy and its evaluation.In our school-based cohort study in Unnan, Shimane, a total of 2403 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years responded to two serial surveys, conducted 1 year apart. The prevalence of overall pain was 27.4% (lower limbs: 15.4%, upper limbs: 9.5%, and lower back: 8.5%). Sports activity had a clear linear association with musculoskeletal pain prevalence and risk. The more the adolescents played sports, the more likely they were to have pain or develop pain. Each 1 hour/week of additional sports activity time was associated with a 3% higher probability of having or developing pain. Some population groups were at higher risk of musculoskeletal pain, such as overweight adolescents and regular players with fewer teammates. To optimize the safety and benefits of organized sports activity for adolescents, prevention of musculoskeletal pain should be an important consideration. More observational and intervention studies with quality designs and development of a national surveillance system for (youth) acute and chronic sports injuries are needed in Japan."

"Nyeri pinggang bawah merupakan keluhan yang sering muncul pada pekerja. Keluhan muncul disebabkan kerusakan jaringan tubuh yang terjadi akibat beban angkat berlebih dan proses penggunaan yang berulang-ulang. Faktor risiko yang lain seperti postur janggal dinamis dan postur janggal statis yang terbentuk saat pekerja melakukan aktifitasnya. Stasiun kerja yang tidak ergonomis memiliki peran sebagai penyumbang faktor risiko nyeri pinggang bawah. Terjaminnya kenyamanan, keselamatan dan kesehatan dalam bekerja akan dapat memacu produktifitas kerja. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan melakukan pendekatan observasional. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap enam jenis jabatan pekerjaan dengan melihat postur tubuh yang terbentuk saat bekerja, beban angkatan, gerakan repetitif, dan lama kegiatan mengangkat dalam sehari kerja. Data primer dikumpulkan dengan perekaman video, pemotretan, pengukuran beban, pengukuran waktu dan penggunaan check list. Penelitian dilakukan melalui survei faktor risiko ergonomi pada pinggang, works musculoskeletal disorder hazard survey dan job task analysis. Hasil penelitian disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi dan gambar. Dari hasil analisa didapatkan : - Tubing Machine Operator, Slitting Machine Operator dan Glue Maker mendapatkan skor 4 yang berarti risiko tinggi untuk timbulnya nyeri pinggang bawah bagi pekerjanya. - Ink Maker dan Store Keeper mendapatkan skor 3 yang berarti risiko rendah untuk timbulnya nyeri pinggang bawah bagi pekerjanya. - Bottomer Machine Operator mendapat skor 2 yang berarti risiko rendah untuk timbulnya nyeri pinggang bawah bagi pekerjanya. - Berdasarkan Works Musculoskeletal Disorder hazard survey rangking prioritas pekerjaan yang perlu mendapat perbaikan yaitu : 1. Glue Maker 2. Tubing Machine Operator 3. Slitting Machine Operator 4. Ink Maker 5. Bottomer Machine Operator 6. Store Keeper Dari hasil penelitian disarankan kepada pihak perusahaan untuk melakukan pembenahan terhadap stasiun kerja dan fasilitas saat kerja, memasukan aspek ergonomi ke dalam standoff operating procedures (SOP), memberikan training ergonomi khususnya tentang manual handling serta dilakukan evaluasi secara berkelanjutan.

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Risk of Low Back Pain Cause Awkward Posture and Cumulative Trauma Disorders at Paper Bag Division, PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk.Low back pain was the common symptoms among the workers. Destruction of body tissue can caused by heavy weight lifted and repetitive movement. Dynamic posture and static posture also risk factor of Low Back Pain.

Improper works station design give risk factor of Law Back Pain. comfortable, safety and health at the works station can increase productivity.

This research is descriptive methods with observation approach. Subject of the research consist of six jobs positions at paper bag division PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk. The focus of this research are working posture, weight lifted, repetitive motion and total number of hours per day spent lifting. Primary data is found from video recording, photography, weight measurement, time measurement and check list using.

The methods of this research was ergonomic risk factor related MSDs survey of waist and job task analysis. The result is delivered in distribution table and illustration as follow :

- Tubing Machine Operator, Slitting Machine Operator and Glue Maker had score 4, that's mean the job rated as high risk.

- ink Maker and Store Keeper had score 3, that's mean the job rated as low risk.

- Bottomer machine operator had score 2, that's mean the job rated as low risk.

- Based on the hazard related musculoskeletal disorders survey, job priority ranking wich should be redesigned are :

1. Glue Maker

2. Tubing Machine Operator

3. Slitting Machine Operator

4. Ink Maker

5. Bottomer Machine Operator

6. Store Keeper

According to the result of the research, the company is advised to redesign work station and tools, revise the standard operating procedure (SOP) focusing an ergonomic aspects, manual handling training and evaluate the work activity continuously."