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"Jeff Speck has dedicated his career to determining what makes cities thrive. And he has boiled it down to one key factor: walkability. The very idea of a modern metropolis evokes visions of bustling sidewalks, vital mass transit, and a vibrant, pedestrian-friendly urban core. But in the typical American city, the car is still king, and downtown is a place that's easy to drive to but often not worth arriving at. Making walkability happen is relatively easy and cheap; seeing exactly what needs to be done is the trick. In this essential new book, Speck reveals the invisible workings of the city, how simple decisions have cascading effects, and how we can all make the right choices for our communities. Bursting with sharp observations and real-world examples, giving key insight into what urban planners actually do and how places can and do change, Walkable City lays out a practical, necessary, and eminently achievable vision of how to make our normal American cities great again. "

"Summary: Economic activities are not concentrated on the head of a pin, nor are they spread evenly over a featureless plane. On the contrary, they are distributed very unequally across locations, regions, and countries. Even though economic activities are, to some extent, spatially concentrated because of natural features, economic mechanisms that rely on the trade-off between various forms of increasing returns and different types of mobility costs are more fundamental. This book is a study of the economic reasons for the existence of a large variety of agglomerations arising from the global to the local. This second edition combines a comprehensive analysis of the fundamentals of spatial economics and an in-depth discussion of the most recent theoretical developments in new economic geography and urban economics. It aims to highlight several of the major economic trends observed in modern societies"

"THE SEARCH FOR EQUILIBRIUM IN PEOPLE MOVEMENTS

Suyono Dikun, PhD Transportaion Bureau, Bappenas

The Wisdom :

Our unity as nation is sustained by free communication of thought and by easy transportation of people and goods .... Together, the uniting forces of our .communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear- United States, Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts (President Dwight D Eisenhower message to Congress, February 22, 1955)

While our world is now in the process of shrinking and reshaping due to the transport technology, our big cities, paradoxically, are enlarging, and overcrowding in such a way that even the same technology is not able to overcome time and distance.

It is the movement of people that matters, not the movement of such mechanical deices as motorized private vehicles.

Urban transportations (and its related issues) is perceived to be a domain where complexity and mega-conflicts prevail : population concentration vs employment deconcentration.

Urbanization vs rural empowerment

Old fashioned, "power approach" law vs development, "welfare approach" law."academic thought" spatial planning vs economic driven urban activities. Economic growth vs regional disparity. High intensity of development vs land carrying capacity land use vs transport services (endless cycles) vehicle movement vs people movements mass rapid transit vs urban expressway comfort movements of the affluent vs forgotten transport disadvantages no government intervention vs redistribution of income environmental depletion vs taking nature into account

Problem Statements ( in Search of the Equilibrium)

1. The problem of urban congestion has become so great that we are coming to the conclusion that there could be sufficient highway space and parking capacity to permit the movement of all people in private cars.

2. Expressways and parking facilities not only will solve the problem of congestion but will actually make it worse. Elaborate urban expressways are futile because of the tremendous reservoir of traffic waiting to absorb any new street capacity.

3. Those who try to accommodate private cars "is doomed to inevitable failure; the better they do their job the greater will be their failure".

4. The cities just cannot resign themselves to private cars and let mass transportation slide to ruin and extinction, They must preserve mass transportation or stagnate. Downtown is doomed to die unless cities streets movement of people rather than movement of vehicles.

5. Neither private cars nor mass transportation nor any other mechanical contrivance can solve the problems of urban congestion. As a solution of the traffic problem these devices are pure deception. Putting the emphasis on supplying transportation facilities rather than controlling the demand: serves only to aggravate congestion is long , as nothing is done fundamentally to rehabilitate the cities themselves, the quicker will people forsake them and the greater the problems for those left behind to cope with.

6. Private cars and mass transportation are both guilty of promoting congestion; and that have resulted in the .successful attempt to crowd too many people and too much economic activity into too little space.

7. Metropolitan areas face difficult task of arriving at decisions than will determine the physical and financial future of tomorrow's city.

8. Emphasizing expressways and parking facilities to accommodate private car use, or modernizing mass transportation facilities to reduce the number of vehicles entering the city? Or will solutions depend instead on the extensive replanning and rebuilding of the city?

THE EQUILIBRIUM

The solution of urban transport massive congestion does not he in ;her two extremes MRT or Urban Expressways.

The solution lies in between, not only between those two system but in the equilibrium among transport supply systems, between supply and demand slides, between capital and non-capital management strategies, between public and private initiatives, and between growth and environmental quality.

The equilibrium is represented by an integrated, intermodal transport system which is safe, efficient, reliable and professional, where urban trip makers can have modal choice given by economically competitive services and their perceived travel time values.

For our big cities, the equilibrium can only be achieved by undertaking reforms and restructuring of our institutional settings dealing with urban transport, legal and regulator frameworks supporting the system, capacity building of the human resources, pricing and cost policy of urban travels, management skills and software's, and private sector participation.

The center point is of course of having a strong political will, emerging to the surface because of professional support systems, provided by professional transport groups/ organization."

"Perubahan nama, logo, tampilan fisik, serta inovasi pada produk dan layanan, merupakan langkah-langkah yang sering dilakukan oleh perusahaan jasa untuk memperbaiki citra merek dan memperoleh kembali kepercayaan konsumennya serta menarik calon pelanggan baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh renaming, redesign, repositioning, dan relaunch yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa transportasi publik, terhadap citra merek perusahaan dan produk layanannya. Penelitian menggunakan metode non probabilita sampling dengan teknik purposive, dan melibatkan 115 responden yang merupakan pengguna KRL Commuter Line. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari empat variabel rebranding, hanya redesign dan repositioning yang memiliki pengaruh yang paling besar terhadap pembentukan citra merek Commuter Line. Variabel repostioning memiliki pengaruh yang paling signifikan. Selain itu dari analisis univariat, juga ditemukan bahwa responden cenderung memberikan respon positif pada pernyataan indikator yang berada pada variabel repositioning.

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The change of name, logo, physical appearance, as well as innovation in products and services, the steps are often performed by service companies to improve brand image and regain the confidence of consumers and attract more customers and new prospects. This study aims to determine the effect of rebranding: renaming, redesign, repositioning and relaunch conducted by companies engaged in the field of public transport services toward the company's brand image and product services. This research using non-probability sampling method by using purposive type, and involved 115 respondents who are users KRL Commuter Line. The results showed that the rebranding of the four variables, only the redesign and repositioning that has the greatest influence on the formation of Commuter Line brand image. Variable repostioning have the most significant effect. In addition, from the univariate analysis, also found that respondents tend to give a positive response to the statement of indicators that are at variable repositioning."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model mobilitas perkotaan karbon rendah berkelanjutan sebagai bagian dari pembangunan kota berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini unik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif yang berfokus pada keterkaitan antara faktor ekonomi, penduduk, perilaku perjalanan, konsumsi energi dan emisi CO2 secara sistematik dan integralistik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan permodelan melalui beberapa tahapan, yaitu menganalisis karakteristik transportasi Kota Jakarta saat ini, menganalisis kausalitas antara variabel penelitian dengan Granger-causality dan permodelan mitigasi gas rumah kaca GRK di daerah perkotaan berbasis System Dynamics SD . Penelitian ini menghasilkan model yang dapat digunakan untuk menguji dampak kebijakan dan perencanaan penghematan energi serta penurunan emisi sektor transportasi melalui pergeseran moda angkutan pribadi ke transportasi massal. Lima skenario transportasi perkotaan karbon rendah telah diuji dengan model, yaitu skenario business as usual BAU , pembatasan usia kendaraan, peralihan moda ke transportasi umum mass rapid transit MRT dan light rapid transit LRT , elektrifikasi bus rapid transit BRT , dan skenario gabungan comprehensive policy . Berdasarkan skenario business as usual BAU , emisi CO2 yang diproyeksikan dari sektor transportasi pada tahun 2030 di kota megapolitan Jakarta mencapai 43,68 MtonCO2; kontributor utama adalah mobil pribadi yang menghasilkan emisi 25,99 MtonCO2, diikuti oleh motor 12,54 MtonCO2 dan bus 5,15 MtonCO2. Penurunan emisi CO2 pada tahun 2030 sebesar 30 hanya dapat dicapai dengan strategi intervensi komprehensif. Mendorong kebijakan yang berorientasi pada angkutan umum emisi rendah, membatasi pertumbuhan kepemilikan kendaraan pribadi, mengurangi jarak tempuh kendaraan adalah solusi yang mungkin untuk mengurangi emisi CO2.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to develop sustainable low carbon urban mobility models as part of sustainable urban development. This study is unique with a quantitative approach that focuses on the linkages between economic factors, population, travel behaviour, energy consumption and CO2 emissions systematically and comprehensively. This study uses a modelling approach through several stages, i.e. analysing the characteristics of Jakarta 39 s current transportation, analysing the causality between research variables with Granger causality test and GHG mitigation modelling in urban areas based on System Dynamics SD . This research results model that can be used to test the impact of policy and energy saving planning and the reduction of transport sector emissions through the shift of private transport mode to mass transportation. Five low carbon urban transport scenarios have been tested with models, namely business as usual BAU scenarios, vehicle age restrictions, modal transitions to mass rapid transit MRT and light rapid transit LRT public transport, bus rapid transit BRT electrification, and combined scenarios comprehensive policy . Under the business as usual BAU scenario, CO2 emissions from the transport sector by 2030 in the megapolitan city of Jakarta projected to 43.68 MtonCO2 Main contributor is private cars that produce 25.99 MtonCO2 emissions, followed by motorcyles 12.54 MtonCO2 and buses 5.15 MtonCO2. A 30 reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 can only be achieved with a comprehensive intervention strategy. Encouraging policies that are oriented towards low emissions public transport, limiting the growth of private vehicle ownership, reducing vehicle mileage is a possible solution for reducing CO2 emissions"

"Angkutan umum di Jakarta telah ada sejak masa kolonial Belanda, namun kebijakan pembangunan yang berpusat pada mobil pada tahun 1950an di bawah Presiden Sukarno menyebabkan peningkatan kepemilikan mobil secara signifikan dan minimnya perkembangan angkutan umum. Peningkatan kepemilikan mobil tersebut mengakibatkan kemacetan lalu lintas yang berkepanjangan. Meskipun pemerintah telah berupaya untuk memitigasi hal ini dengan meluncurkan MRT Jakarta pada tahun 2019, kemacetan lalu lintas masih menjadi masalah utama dikarenakan pertumbuhan kendaraan pribadi yang terus berlanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi frekuensi pengunaan MRT Jakarta, dari sudut pandang operator PT MRT Jakarta. Terdapat dua variabel dependen yang akan digunakan: frekuensi penguaan MRT untuk kegiatan utama dan frekuensi penguaan MRT untuk kegiatan rekreasi, terhadap 11 variabel independen: kepemilikan mobil; ketersediaan parkir; jarak berjalan kaki ke stasiun MRT terdekat; penghasilan bulanan; pendidikan; pekerjaan; kelancaran perpindahan antara KRL dan MRT; kelancaran perpindahan KRL dan Transjakarta; koefisien interaksi antara kepemilikan mobil dan ketersediaan tempat parkir; variabel kontrol domisili; dan variabel kontrol untuk gender. Dengan menggunakan model regresi Poisson, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penghasilan bulanan dan interaksi antara kepemilikan mobil dan ketersediaan tempat parkir berpengaruh signifikan terhadap frekuensi penggunaan MRT Jakarta pada kegiatan utama, sedangkan hanya kepemilikan mobil berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengunaan MRT untuk kegiatan rekreasi. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan peningkatan fasilitas park-and-ride agar mendorong pemilik mobil untuk menggunakan angkutan umum, sehingga meningkatkan jumlah penumpang MRT Jakarta dan mengurangi kemacetan. Keterbatasan dari penelitian ini adalah pengecualian pemeriksaan tarif tiket, yang disarankan untuk diperiksa di penelitian selanjutnya.

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Public transit in Jakarta has existed since the Dutch colonial era, but car-centric development policies in the 1950s under President Soekarno led to minimal public transit development and a significant increase in car ownership. This surge in car ownership has resulted in persistent traffic congestion. Despite the government’s efforts to mitigate this by launching MRT Jakarta in 2019, traffic congestion remains a major issue due to continuous private vehicle growth. This study investigates the factors influencing MRT Jakarta ridership frequency from the perspective of the operator PT MRT Jakarta. Two dependent variables will be used: frequency of primary activity and leisure, against 11 dependent variables: car ownership; parking availability; walking distance to nearest MRT station; monthly income; education; employment; smoothness of transfer between KRL and MRT; smoothness of transfer between KRL and Transjakarta; an interaction term between car ownership and parking availability; control variable for domicile; and a control variable for gender. Using Poisson regression models, the study finds that income and the interaction between car ownership and parking availability significantly influence ridership for primary activities, while car ownership alone is significant for leisure activities. The study recommends enhancing park-and-ride facilities to encourage car owners to use public transit, thereby increasing ridership and reducing congestion. A noted limitation is the exclusion of fare price examination, which is suggested for future research."

"In order to build a sustainable transport system for people and goods that meets the needs of all users, a truly integrated and seamless approach is needed, and the full potential of transformative technologies has to be exploited. This can only be achieved if user-centeredness, cross-modality and technology transfer become the paradigm of shaping future transport. Mobility4EU is a project funded by the European Commission that focusses on these topics and is working on delivering an action plan towards a user-centric and cross-modal European transport system in 2030. The authors of this contributed volume are dedicated scholars and practitioners connected to Mobility4EU either as partners or external contributors. Their contributions focus on understanding user needs and report on technologies and approaches that support the tailoring of a user-centered cross-modal transport system for passengers and freight on long distances and in the urban context."