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Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas tentang gambaran tantangan-tantangan yang dihadapi oleh ibu dalam proses pengasuhan anak disabilitas netra dan resiliensi ibu dalam menghadapi tantangan-tantangan tersebut beserta faktor pendukungnya. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 16 bulan dimulai dari bulan September 2019 hingga Desember 2020. Berdasarkan waktu tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan sebelum dan selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Oleh sebab penelitian dilaksanakan sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19 maka berdampak pada kegiatan pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini, khususnya pada kegiatan wawancara mendalam. Kegiatan wawancara mendalam dilakukan melalui dua cara yaitu secara tatap muka langsung (sebelum pandemi COVID-19) dan melalui telepon (semasa pandemi COVID-19). Informan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari informan utama yaitu ibu dengan anak disabilitas netra dan informan pendukung yaitu suami dari informan utama. Informan diperoleh melalui metode purposive sampling dimana setiap informan merupakan orangtua murid di SLB-A Tan Miyat Bekasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa ibu menjumpai tantangan-tantangan dalam aspek psikologis, fisik, finansial, dan sosial. Dalam menghadapi tantangan-tantangan tersebut ibu menggunakan kemampuan resiliensi diantaranya emotional regulation, impulse control, optimism, causal analysis, empathy, self-efficacy, dan reaching out. Kemampuan resiliensi ibu dipengaruhi oleh faktor pendukung seperti spiritualitas, emosi positif, harga diri, dan dukungan sosial ......This study discusses the description of the challenges faced by mothers in the process of caring for children with visual impairment and the resilience of mothers in facing these challenges and their supporting factors. The approach taken in this research is a qualitative approach with case study research. Data collection techniques in this research are literature study and in-depth interviews. This research was conducted for 16 months starting from September 2019 to December 2020. Based on that time, this research was conducted before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Because the research was carried out before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it had an impact on data collection activities in this study, especially in in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews were carried out in two ways: face-to-face (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and by telephone (during the COVID-19 pandemic). The informants in this study consisted of main informants: mothers of children with visual impairment, and supporting informants: the husbands of the main informants. Informants were obtained through the purposive sampling method where each informant was the parent of the student at SLB-A Tan Miyat Bekasi. The results of this study explain that mothers face challenges in psychological, physical, financial, and social aspects. In facing these challenges, mothers use resilience abilities including emotional regulation, impulse control, optimism, causal analysis, empathy, self-efficacy, and reaching out. Mother's resilience ability is influenced by supporting factors such as spirituality, positive emotions, self-esteem, and social support

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Adenoma hipofisis adalah kumpulan dari berbagai jenis tumor yang ditemukan di kelenjar hipofisis, yang dapat menyebabkan kompresi nervus optikus, sehingga menyebabkan penurunan tajam penglihatan dan lapang penglihatan akibat efek penekanan massa tumor. Tindakan operasi transfenoid pada adenoma hipofisis bertujuan untuk menegakkan diagnosis dan dekompresi massa tumor dengan harapan memperbaiki atau mempertahankan fungsi nervus optikus. Tujuan: Menilai luaran fungsi penglihatan (tajam penglihatan dan lapang penglihatan) pada pasien adenoma hipofisis serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi luaran tersebut. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang terhadap pasien-pasien adenoma hipofisis yang telah dioperasi transfenoid dari tahun 2012-2014. Fungsi penglihatan pasien (visus, visual impairment scale, dan lapang penglihatan) sebelum dan sesudah operasi transfenoid diambil dari rekam medik pasien. Hasil: Sebanyak delapan sampel (57,1%) mengalami perbaikan dan enam pasien (42,9%) tidak mengalami perbaikan nilai visual impairment scale (VIS). Sebanyak delapan sampel (57,1%) mengalami perbaikan dan sebanyak enam pasien (42,9%) tidak mengalami perbaikan visus. Setelah dilakukan tindakan pembedahan untuk mengangkat adenoma hipofisis dengan pendekatan transfenoid, sebagian besar pasien (57,1%) mengalami perbaikan fungsi penglihatan baik dengan metode pemeriksaan visus maupun VIS. Usia, jenis kelamin, waktu onset sampai berobat, waktu berobat sampai operasi, waktu onset sampai operasi, atau volume operasi tidak berhubungan dengan luaran fungsi penglihatan pasien. Kesimpulan: Operasi transfenoid pada adenoma hipofisis dapat memberikan perbaikan fungsi penglihatan pada sebagian besar pasien adenoma hipofisis. ......Background: Pituitary adenoma is a collection of various type tumors found in the pituitary gland, which can lead to compression of the optic nerve, causing a decrease in visual acuity and field of vision due to the suppressive effect of the tumor mass. Transphenoidal surgery on pituitary adenoma aims to diagnose and decompression of the tumor mass in order to improve or preserve optic nerve function. Purpose: Evaluate the visual function outcomes (visual acuity and field of vision) in patients with pituitary adenoma and the factors that influence these outcomes. Method: A cross-sectional study on patients who had transphenoidal surgery of pituitary adenoma from 2012 - 2014. The patient’s visual functions (visual acuity, visual impairment scale, and field of vision) were evaluated before and after transphenoidal surgery. The data were taken from the patient’s medical record. Result: A total of eight patients (57.1%) showed improvement and six patients (42.9%) didn’t show improvement of visual impairment scale (VIS). A total of eight pstients (57.1%) showed improvement, and as many as six patients (42.9%) did not show vision improvement. After transphenoidal surgery, most patients (57.1%) had improved their visual functions not only by Snellen chart visual acuity test, but also by VIS score. Age, gender, time of onset to treatment, treatment time until surgery, time of onset to surgery, tumor volume before surgery were not related to the patient's visual function outcomes. Conclusion: Transphenoidal surgery of pituitary adenoma can provide visual function improvement in most patients with pituitary adenoma.

Abstrak :
Gangguan penglihatan pada anak mempengaruhi perkembangan psikologis anak, termasuk kecemasan. Kedekatan anak yang memiliki gangguan penglihatan dengan ibu dapat membantu anak untuk merespon perawatan lebih baik. Kadar salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) merupakan biomarker kecemasan non invasive yang dapat diterima secara luas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kadar sAA pada ibu dan anak dengan gangguan penglihatan usia 6-9 tahun sebelum dan sesudah oral profilaksis. 21 anak dengan gangguan penglihatan beserta ibunya berpartisipasi dalam studi ini. Kadar sAA keduanya pertama diukur di ruang tunggu saat mereka sedang bersama. Anak kemudian menerima oral prophylaxis dan diukur kembali kadar sAAnya. Pada saat yang sama kadar sAA ibu kedua diukur di ruang tunggu. Analisis data menggunakan uji Spearmann. Kadar sAA ditemukan berkorelasi positif antara ibu dan anak dengan gangguan penglihatan usia 6-9 tahun sebelum dan sesudah oral prophylaxis (p≤0,05) dengan koefisien korelasi (r=0.788). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bawa kecemasan ibu dan anak dengan gangguan penglihatan sebelum dan sesudah oral prophylaxis berkorelasi secara kuat yang kemudian dapat digunakan oleh dokter gigi apakah kehadiran ibu di dalam ruang tindakan dapat menunjang kesuksesan perawatan gigi anak dengan gangguan penglihatan.

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Visual impairment in children known to have profound effect on psychological development, including anxiety. However, stronger emotional relationship with their mother found in this group can possibly help them cope better. Measurement of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) in saliva sampling is a widely used reliable non-invasive biomarker of anxiety level in clinical settings. Our objective was to evaluate sAA level in visually impaired children and their mothers before and after dental treatment. 21 children with visual and hearing-impairment and their mothers participated, sAA of both subjects were recorded together in the waiting room before treatment. Children then underwent dental prophylaxis in separated room, and had their post-treatment sAA measured right after. At the same time, mother's post-treatment sAA recorded in the waiting room. Data analyzed using Spearmann correlation test. sAA levels found to be significantly correlated between mothers and children with visual impairment pre- and post-oral prophylaxis (p≤0,05) with strong correlation coefficient (r=0.788). Our research found that anxiety in children with visual impairment and their mothers before and after oral prophylaxis were strongly correlated, which can be used as aid to decide whether mother's company inside dental operatory is beneficial in providing treatment for children with visual impairment.

Abstrak :
To analyze the relationship of nutritional status with oral health status among visual impairment. The subjects were 146 elderly people (70 males and 76 females) aged 20-72 years (mean 48.8±6.2 years), Phitsanulok, Thailand. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaires were administered. Oral examinations investigated the number of present teeth, DMFT and Functional Tooth Units (FTUs). According to the MNA score, 44.5% of subjects were categorized as normal nutrition, 47.3% as questionable, and 8.2% as malnutrition. The mean numbers of present teeth and FTUs were 17.8±6.9 and 6.9±3.2, respectively. Subjects with malnutrition had lower numbers of present teeth (10.7±1.4) and FTUs (4.3±1.7) than those with normal nutrition (20.2±0.7 and 12.3±0.5) (p≤0.05). Nutritional status of visual impaired Thai was associated with mean numbers of present teeth and FTUs. Keeping many natural teeth or having appropriate numbers of FTUs by replacing missing teeth with dentures would prevention malnutrition.

Hubungan antara Status Gizi dan Status Kesehatan Mulut Penderita Kebutaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara status gizi dan status kesehatan mulut penderita kebutaan. Subjek penelitiannya adalah 146 orang lansia (70 orang pria dan 76 orang wanita) berumur 20-72 tahun (rata-rata 48,8±6,2 tahun) di Phitsanulok, Thailand. Kuesioner Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pengecekan rongga mulut dilakukan untuk mengetahui jumlah gigi, DMFT dan Functional Tooth Units (FTU). Berdasarkan hasil MNA, 44,5% subjek penelitian masuk dalam kategori gizi baik, 47,3% masuk dalam kategori gizi kurang, dan 8,2% masuk dalam kategori gizi buruk. Nilai rata-rata jumlah gigi adalah 17,8±6,9 sedangkan nilai rata-rata FTU adalah 6,9±3,2. Subjek penelitian yang menderita gizi buruk memilikki jumlah gigi yang lebih sedikit (10,7±1,4) dan FTU (4,3±1,7) dibandingkan dengan mereka yang bergizi baik (20,2±0,7 dan 12,3±0,5) (p≤0,05). Status gizi penderita kebutaan di Thailand dihubungkan dengan nilai rata-rata jumlah gigi dan FTU. Gizi buruk dapat dicegah dengan cara mempertahankan jumlah gigi asli sebanyak mungkin atau dengan mempertahankan jumlah FTU yang mencukupi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara mengganti gigi yang hilang dengan gigi palsu.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Audio description is to describe for people with visual impairments what they can't perceive if they don't see it. AD covers almost all fields of the society, e.g. film, theatre, opera, ballet, circus, football, exhibitions, museums, architecture, gardens and conferences. In Sweden, television offers some audio described programmes, and the Swedish Film institute supports to some extent audio description of movies. A lot more needs to be done. Since 2011, some 70 Swedish audio descriptors have been trained at Fellingsbro folkhögskola in Örebro, for instance in how to audiodescribe films of different genres. In connection with a conference on Accessible cinema in 2015, the jury of a contest gave their criteria for how to evaluate the different ways of audio describing a scene from a film. Their criteria were: content and relevance (balance between "the whole" picture and which details that have to be described and which ones can you skip), tempo (incl timing) and empathy. Explain, for instance, unexpected sounds where they appear, adjust your voice and empathy to the atmosphere of the film. There should be even more criteria - like the technical sound quality, and that the audio description is in a good language and that the speaker (not always the audio descriptor) has a good voice. The writer of this article is herself a trained audio descriptor and she is also teaching her students some audio description when she is a Swedish teacher in Poland and Japan. Research on audio description is more and more established, internationally and in Sweden. The Swedish AD research at Lund university is focused on cognitive science and carried out in close contact with people with visual impairment and their organisations, The Institute for Interpreting and Translation Studies, and professional audio descriptors.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas tentang taktik apropriasi yang dilakukan oleh orang dengan tunanetra dalam praktik mobilitas menggunakan ponsel pintar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di tengah himpitan strategi dari kelompok masyarakat dominan, orang non disabilitas. Cara masyarakat terstruktur dan terorganisasi dalam masyarakat modern telah secara sistematis tidak menguntungkan warga masyarakat dengan atribut minoritas. Inklusi menjadi cita-cita yang selalu digaungkan untuk pembangunan masyarakat berkelanjutan. Dengan memfokuskan kajian pada praktik mobilitas sebagai praktik dasar yang menjembatani aktivitas sehari-hari, penelitian ini berusaha mendengar suara enam orang dengan tunanetra untuk menghasilkan analisis mengenai apropriasi ponsel pintar untuk mobilitas orang dengan tunanetra. Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan utama dengan menganalisis cara orang dengan tunanetra memandang dunia, mengapropriasi penggunaan ponsel pintar, dan melakukan taktik apropriasi ponsel pintar untuk mobilitas sehari-hari. Penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa cara pandang afirmatif menjadi latar belakang orang dengan tunanetra menggunakan fitur aksesibilitas dan aplikasi transportasi daring pada ponsel pintar untuk kebutuhan dan mobilitas sehari-hari di tengah masyarakat modern yang menuntut serba cepat. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun berbagai peraturan secara internasional dan nasional disusun untuk mewujudkan inklusivitas, namun kesenjangan antara peraturan dan implementasi masih terjadi. Kebijakan yang bersifat simbolik, yang kurang melibatkan orang dengan disabilitas dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan berpotensi melatarbelakangi kesenjangan yang terjadi. Penelitian ini terbatas pada informan yang melakukan mobilitas dengan menggunakan ponsel pintar, sehingga penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk penelitian berikutnya agar melakukan kajian kepada orang dengan tunanetra yang melakukan mobilitas tanpa menggunakan ponsel pintar. ......This thesis discusses the tactics of appropriation carried out by people with visual impairments in the practice of mobility using smart phones in everyday life amid the crush of strategies from dominant group, the non-disabled people. The way society is structured and organized in modern society has systematically disadvantaged citizens with minority attributes. Inclusion becomes an ideal solution that is always echoed for sustainable community development. By focusing the study on mobility practice as a basic practice that bridges daily activities, this study seeks to hear the voices of six people with visual impairments to produce an analysis of appropriations of smartphone for the mobility of people with visual impairments. This research attempts to explore the way people with visual impairments view the world, the way they appropriate the use of smartphone, and the way they adopt smartphone as the tactic for daily mobility. This case study research shows that the affirmative model of disability provides a background for people with visual impairments using accessibility features and online transportation applications on smart phones for their daily needs and mobility in modern society. These results show that eventhough both international and national regulations have been developed to promote inclusivity, however the gap between regulations and implementation still exists. Symbolic policies, which do not involve people with disabilities in the policy-making process, have the potential to set the gap behind. This research is limited to informants who do mobility using smartphones, therefore this study recommends that for the next research to conduct studies on people with visual impairments who do mobility without using smart phones.