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"This article presents an overview of four shifts – low vowel fronting, low vowel backing, back vowel fronting, and mid vowel raising – found in a number of languages on or near the Pacific coast of Luzon in the Philippines and in north central Sulawesi in Indonesia. A more extensive illustration of low vowel fronting is given for Umiray Dumaget than has previously been made available, and a second, sporadic correspondence in Umiray Dumaget is shown to be only irregular and unconditioned. Interactions with Philippine-type morphology are also shown to result in synchronically productive alternations in Umiray Dumaget and several of the Mongondow-Gorontalo languages."

"This study focuses on the way in which the Dutch monophthongal vowels are pronounced by Indonesian students. To investigate whether Indonesian students realize the Dutch vowels correctly, especially when they are stressed, I analysed duration and quality of stressed and unstressed Dutch vowels. Measurements were done on the duration and the formant frequencies of the vowels spoken by Indonesian students and by native speakers of Dutch as well. Statistical analysis showed that in general the differences in duration between vowels spoken by the Indonesian students and by the native speakers were not significant. However, the effect of stress on the lengthening of the vowels was stronger for the Indonesian students than for the native speakers. In addition, statistical analysis of the formant frequencies confirmed that the non-native speakers realized the Dutch vowels slightly differently from the Dutch native speakers. The Indonesian students pronounced the stressed vowels more clearly than their unstressed counterparts; yet their vowel diagram is smaller than the vowel diagram of the native speakers."

"ABSTRAKJurnal ini membahas mengenai kata tiruan bahasa Korea lingkup benda alam dalam komik yang berjudul ldquo;4 kheot Cartoon Hanguko Eutaeeo. Euiseongeo rdquo; karya Lee Kyeong Eun dan Choe Hui Jeong dan ldquo;yeppeun gongju euiseongeo donghwa euitaeo dongsi rdquo; karya Moon Man Seok dan Jeong Mi Geum. Penulis menganalisis makna yang dihasilkan dari bentuk variasi vokal dan konsonan kata tiruan bahasa Korea. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 19 kata tiruan dalam korpus memiliki bentuk variasi vokal dan konsonan yang mempengaruhi nuansa dan makna kata tersebut. Kata tiruan dengan vokal? lsquo;a rsquo; dan? lsquo;o rsquo; , memberikan nuansa yang lebih terang dan kecil dibandingkan dengan kata yang bervokal ? lsquo;eo rsquo; dan ? lsquo;u rsquo;. Konsonan ganda dan konsonan aspiratif memberikan nuansa yang lebih kuat dan keras dibandingkan dengan kata yang berkonsonan tunggal.

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ABSTRACTThis journal discusses Korean imitation word of natural objects in Lee Kyeong Eun and Choe Hui Jeong rsquo s ldquo 4 kheot Cartoon Hanguko Eutaeeo. Euiseongeo rdquo and Moon Man Seok and Jeong Mi Geum rsquo s ldquo yeppeun gongju euiseongeo donghwa euitaeo dongsi rdquo comics. The writer analyze the effect of vowel and consonant variation in Korean imitation words meaning. In doing this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that 19 imitation words in the corpus have variations of vowels and consonants that affect the nuance and meaning of the word. Imitation word with lsquo a rsquo and lsquo o rsquo vowels, give lighter and smaller nuance than the word with lsquo eo rsquo and lsquo u rsquo vowels. The intensive consonants and aspirated consonants gives stronger and harder nuance than the simple consonants."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas konstruksi bunyi diftong dalam bahasa Indonesia. Diftong tersebut dibahas satu per satu dalam kaitannya dengan ketentuan bunyi diftong itu sendiri yang dikukuhkan dalam PUEBI. Diftong-diftong tersebut dilihat berdasarkan frekuensi kemunculannya, posisinya di dalam kata, dan kecenderungan dapat berdiri sendiri atau didampingi bunyi lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan dua sumber data: sumber data primer dan sumber data sekuner. Sumber data primer adalah KBBI V luring dan sumber data sekunder adalah pengujian kata-kata berdiftong kepada responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi dua vokal yang terdapat di dalam satu suku kata tidak melulu benar berperan sebagai diftong. Pada beberapa kata, seperti air, vokal [a] dan [i] diujarkan secara jelas menjadi [air], bukan [ayr] , bunyi [i] diujarkan secara jelas dan tidak berubah menjadi [y]. Itu berarti [a] dan [i] bukan berperan sebagai diftong, melainkan sebagai deret vokal. Hal ini menjadi masalah karena pemenggalan katanya tampak bertentangan dengan definisi dan pola konstruksi diftong. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan, bunyi-bunyi diftong dalam bahasa Indonesia cenderung didampingi bunyi-bunyi konsonan, baik di depan, maupun di belakangnya. Tidak hanya itu, di dalam data juga ditemukan beberapa kata berdiftong unik, yaitu ada beberapa kata yang mengandung dua diftong di dalamnya dan ada kata yang terdiri atas satu suku dan suku tersebut adalah diftong itu sendiri. Temuan lainnya, yaitu ada kombinasi bunyi dua vokal yang berpotensi diujarkan sebagai diftong. Bunyi tersebut adalah kombinasi vokal [e]-[u] menjadi [ew], vokal [o]-[u] menjadi [ow], dan vokal [u]-[i] menjadi [uy].

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ABSTRACTThis mini thesis discusses the construction of diphthong sounds in Indonesian. The diphthong is discussed one by one in relation to the provisions of the diphthong sound itself confirmed in PUEBI. The diphthongs are viewed based on the frequency of their appearance, their position in the word, and the tendency to stand alone or be accompanied by another sound. This study uses a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. In this study, two data sources were used primary data sources and data sources of the financial sector. The primary data source is the offline V KBBI and the secondary data source is testing the digging words to the respondent. The results showed that the combination of the two vowels contained in one syllable did not merely act as diphthongs. In some words, such as water, vowels a and i are clearly stated to be water , not ayr , the sound of i is stated clearly and does not change to y . That means a and i do not act as diphthongs, but as vowel series. This is a problem because decapitation seems to contradict the definition and pattern of diphthong construction. In addition, the results of the study also showed that the sounds of diphthongs in Indonesian tend to be accompanied by consonant sounds, both in front and behind them. Not only that, in the data also found several unique diphongong words, namely there are several words containing two diphthongs in it and there are words that consist of one tribe and the tribe is the diphthong itself. Other findings, namely there are two vowel sound combinations that have the potential to be translated as diphthongs. The sound is a vowel combination e u becomes ew , vowel o u becomes ow , and vowel u i becomes uy. "

"Satuan lingual -e bahasa Jawa memiliki dua variasi (alomorf), yaitu -e dan -ne. Berdasarkan buku Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir, secara umum, alomorf -e dapat melekat pada kata berakhiran fonem konsonan dan alomorf -ne dapat melekat pada kata berakhiran fonem vokal. Akan tetapi, dalam data bahasa Jawa di Cirebon, terdapat alomorf -e dan -ne yang sama-sama dapat melekat pada kata berakhiran fonem vokal. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh fonem akhir kata terhadap alomorf -e dan -ne dalam bahasa Jawa di Cirebon dengan ragam sumber data yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Sumber data ragam tulis yang digunakan adalah buku (BK) Kumpulan Jogregan dan Demang Karang Kletak (Naskah Drama Cerbonan). Sumber data ragam lisan yang digunakan berupa wawancara (WR) dan obrolan WhatsApp (WA) berbahasa Jawa di Cirebon. Pengumpulan data BK dilakukan dengan cara memindai teks dalam bentuk digital. Data WR dikumpulkan dengan melakukan perekaman dan wawancara yang kemudian ditrankripsi menggunakan ELAN. Data WA dikumpulkan menggunakan fitur ekspor riwayat obrolan. Penyediaan data diproses menggunakan Antconc. Data pada penelitian ini adalah kata-kata berakhiran satuan lingual -e. Analisis dilakukan berdasarkan fonem akhir kata, suku kata, dan kategori. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa -e bahasa Jawa di Cirebon tidak dipengaruhi oleh fonem akhir kata yang dilekati, sedangkan -ne mendapat pengaruh. Satuan lingual -e yang melekat pada fonem vokal mempengaruhi fonotaktik bahasa Jawa dan membentuk deret vokal baru.

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Lingual constituents -e Javanese in Cirebon has two variations (allomorphs), there are -e and -ne. Based on Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir book, the -e allomorph generally can be attached to words ending by consonant phoneme, while the -ne allomorph can be attached to words ending by vowel phoneme. However, data from the Javanese language in Cirebon, there are -e and -ne allomorphs which can be attached to words ending by vowel phonemes. Based on this background, this research aims to explain the influence of phonemes in the ending of words towards -e and -ne allomorphs Javanese in Cirebon using a variety of different data sources. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The written variety data sources are books (BK) Kumpulan Jogregan dan Demang Karang Kletak (Naskah Drama Cerbonan). The verbal data sources are interviews (WR) and WhatsApp chats (WA) that used Javanese in Cirebon. BK data collection is carried out by scanning text in digital form. WR data was collected by recording and interviewing which was then transcribed using ELAN. WA data is collected using the chat history export feature. Data provision is processed using AntConc. The data in this study are words ending by the lingual constituents -e. Analysis was carried out based on phonemes in the end of words, syllables, and categories. This research shows that -e in the Javanese language in Cirebon is not influenced by the phoneme of words ending that attached to, while -ne is influenced. The lingual constituents -e that attached to the vowel phoneme, influences the phonotactics of the Javanese language and forms a new vowel series."

"Penelitian ini merupakan kajian variasi bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan dan di Riau Kepulauan. Kajian ini bersifat komparatif, membandingkan bahasa Melayu di dua wilayah Riau tersebut. Yang dibandingkan adalah perbedaan etimon dan realisasi vokal dan konsonan pada suku kata pertama dan kedua. Bahasa Melayu yang dibandingkan itu terdapat di i S daerah pengamatan, 9 di Riau Daratan dan 9 di Riau Kepulauan.Hasil kajian ini membuktikan bahwa bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan lebih variatif daripada bahasa Melayu di Riau Kepulaun. Buktinya adalah banyak glos yang memiliki etimon lebih banyak di Riau Daratan daripada di Riau Kepulauan. Di samping itu, realisasi vokal dan konsonan, juga menunjukkan ada kecenderungan lebih bervariasi bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan. Kebervariasian bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan itu disebabkan oleh kemungkinan adanya pengaruh atau unsur pinjaman dari bahasa lain, antara lain, bahasa Minangkabau, Jawa, dan Sunda. Ada penanda khas antara bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan dan di Riau Kepulauan. Penanda itu, antara lain, adanya etimon bahasa lain lebih banyak di Riau Daratan daripada di Riau Kepulauan, bunyi vokal tengah swa terdapat di Riau Kepulauan, dan realisasi konsonan [t] di Riau Kepulauan dan [k] atau [?] di Riau Daratan pada akhir berian glos tertentu.

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This research is a study of the variation of Malay language in the Riau Land and the Islands of Riau. This is a comparative study, to compare Malay language in two regions of Riau. This study compares the difference of etimon and the vowel and consonant realization on the first and second syllable. On the Malay language, there are eighteen research point area, nine of them are in the Riau Land and the rest are in the Islands of Riau.The result finding proves that Malay language in are more variation than the Malaya language in the Islands of Riau. The evident show that there many gloss with more etimons in the Riau Land morever, the realization of vowel and consonant, show that the Malay language in the Riau Land has tend to have more variations. The variations from other languages such as the influence of, Minangkabau, Javanese, and Sundanese. There is a special sign between the Malay language in Riau Land and the Islands of Riau. One of signs is that there are more etimons of other languages in Riau Land than in the Islands of Riau. In the Islands of Riau there are the sound of middle vowel swa and the consonant realization [t] and [k] or [?] in the Riau Land on the second on the syllable of the certain given gloss."

"ABSTRAKTujuan umum: Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum akrilik pada pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas pada kejelasan pengucapan.Tujuan khusus: (1) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum terhadap nilai formant 1 (F 1) dan formant 2 (F 2) pada vokal /a/, /i/, /i/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) Mengetahui pengaruh plat palatum konsonan linguopalatal /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (3) Mencari nilai baku F 1, F 2, durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/, serta pengaruh jenis kelamin, suku, tingkat pendidikan. (4) Membandingkan perbedaan hasil penilaian subyektif dan obyektif dalam evaluasi pengembalian fungsi fonetik pasca pemakaian gigi tiruanMetode penelitian: Rancangan penelitian terdiri dari 2 tahap yaitu (1) penelitian exploratif observasional yang bersifat deskriptif, untuk mencari nilai baku dan karakteristik nilai F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia, serta durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ bahasa Indonesia. (2) penelitian experimental analitik dengan pre and post control design yaitu penelitian uji klinik pads responder pemakai gigi tiruan lepas rahang atas, untuk mencari pengaruh plat yang menutupi palatum pada kejelasan pengucapan dan diamati sesaat setelah gigi tiruan dipasang, tiga hari, dan sepuluh hari setelah memakai gigi tiruan dibandingkan sebelum memakai gigi tiruan. Penelitian tahap pertama dilakukan pada 425 responden. Evaluasi kejelasan pengucapan dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu penilaian obyektif dan subyektif. Cara penilaian obyektif yaitu dengan menghitung F 1 F 2, vokal bahasa Indonesia dalam Hertz (jumlah gelombang per detik) dan menghitung durasi konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dihitung dalam milidetik. Cara penilaian subyektif adalah dengan dilakukan berdasarkan jumlah responden yang tidak mengalami kesulitan mengucapkan kata-kata gabungan vokal dan konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/ dan kejelasan pengucapan menurut operator.Hasil penelitian: (1) Jenis kelamin dan pendidikan berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F2 vokal namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsonan linguopalatal dan konsonan /s/. (2) Variabel kelompok suku umumnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai F 1, F 2 kecuali kelompok suku Betawi yang menunjukkan perbedaannya pata F1 /a/ dan F 2 /u/. Demikian juga kelompok suku tidak berpengaruh terhadap durasi konsonan, kecuali kelompok suku Indonesia Bagian Timur menunjukkan durasi paling panjang untuk konsonan /j/. (3) Hasil penelitian experimental menunjukkan nilai F 1, F 2 vokal /a/, /i/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pads pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum mengalami penurunan frekuensi, sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Kaires (1959). Selanjutnya terlihat perbedaan bermakna untuk nilai F 1 vokal /a/, /u/ bahasa Indonesia pada pemakai gigi tiruan dengan plat palatum bila dibanding nilai baku, yaitu F 1 /a/ pada kata cacah, jajah, dada, ratap, sasa. F 1 /i/l pada kata-kata cicih, titip, dan F 1 /u/ pada kata cucu, juju, rutup, duduk, susu.

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ABSTRACT

Objective of the study:

General aims: To find out the influence of palatal plate of removable denture on the quality of pronunciation

Specific objectives:

(1) to seek for standard values of F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration for some linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant Is/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correlatation between gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) to find out the change in F 1 and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate

(3) to find out the duration of above mentioned linguopalatal consonants /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and the consonant /s/ after wearing an acrylic palatal plate.

(4) to compare objective fingdings to subjective findings generally used in to evaluation of phonetics in removable denture contraction.

Methods This research program will be divided into 2 stages:

(1) descriptive study for seeking standard values of F and F 2 for vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and the duration of linguopalatal consonant /c/, /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia and the correction to gender, education background and ethnic group.

(2) experimental study designed as pre- and post-test study. This is done clinically on patients wearing an upper removable acrylic denture a palatal covering base. It is meant to observe the influence of the palatal plate on the quality of pronunciations. Observation was done the time of insertion, 3 days, and 10 days after wearing the denture with palatal plate. The data was compared to the data before wearing the denture.

Evaluation was done objectively and subjectively. The objective evaluation was done by looking at the value F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ Ad in Hertz , and and duration of linguapalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/ and consonant /s/ in bahasa Indonesia. The subjective evaluation was done by counting the number of subjects without difficulties in their pronunciation, and the clearness of pronunciation as heard by the operator.

Results and discussion. (1) Significant differences were found in the value of F 1 and F 2 of vowels /a/, /i/, /u/between man and woman, which might be related to the difference in the anatomical structure of the larynx, which is longer in man. Significant differences were also showed among levels of education. However, no significant difference was found neither in the duration linguopalatal consonants /c/ /j/, /d/, /t/. (2) The ethnic group had no significant different on the values of F 1

and F 2 except for F 1 /a/ and F 2 /u/ (Betawi). No significant different was found in the duration of linguopalatal consonants except for the consonant which was longest for East Part ethnic group (IBT). These significant differences might he related to the influence of local language as a mother tongue, and Bahasa Indonesia as a second language. (3) A decreasing in frequency F 1 and F 2, was observed at the time of insertion the denture with palatal plate, which support Kaires's findings (1959). A significant differences was found in F 1 to the normal standard value, in F1 /a/ - cacah, dada, jajah, tatap, sasa. F 1 /i/ - jijik, didih. F 1 /u/ in tutu, juju, Cucu, duduk, susu."

"This paper1 deals with the phonology and the lexicology of the Indonesian Bajo language and more specifically with the dialect or variant that can be heard all around the Flores Sea in Kangean, South-East Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Flores. The phonological survey focuses on vowel lengthening, gemination, pre-nasalized phonemes, and sandhi. The second part of this paper proposes an insight into Bajo lexicology, restricted to nominal and verbal derivation."

"This paper deals with the phonology and the lexicology of the Indonesian Bajo language and more specifically with the dialect or variant that can be heard all around the Flores Sea in Kangean, South-East Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Flores. The phonological survey focuses on vowel lengthening, gemination, pre-nasalized phonemes, and sandhi. The second part of this paper proposes an insight into Bajo lexicology, restricted to nominal and verbal derivation."