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"Water has been dubbed the "oil of the 21st century" because of its increasing global scarcity. In Southeast Asia, water resources have been strained by the greater demand from different sectors such as agriculture, industry and domestic users. This situation is only likely to worsen in the future if active measures are not taken now. Is there a standard framework that can be adopted to promote cooperation in the use of water among countries? Could clearer institutions in river basins provide the backdrop for a more effective water management strategy in Southeast Asia?..."

"Pemerintah dimandatkan untuk mewujudkan 100% akses air minum yang aman bagi masyarakat di tahun 2019 sebagai salah satu target Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sayangnya, cakupan akses air minum tahun 2016 baru sebesar 71,14%. Salah satu hambatan yang dialami oleh PDAM adalah kebocoran air. Terdapat hubungan dari faktor sosio-ekonomi yang mengarah kepada praktik ilegal dalam kebocoran yaitu pencurian air sebagai respon penduduk terhadap harga air yang tidak terjangkau. Data yang digunakan adalah data kinerja 380 PDAM periode tahun 2013-2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode regresi data panel dengan Arellano-Bond Estimator. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penurunan harga air mampu menekan tingkat kebocoran air. Setiap seribu rupiah penurunan harga air rata-rata, kebocoran dapat diturunkan sebesar 1.1%, ceteris paribus. Temuan lain dari penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan analisis perhitungan manfaat merumuskan bahwa potensi pendapatan yang dihasilkan dari upaya mengatasi kebocoran air lebih kecil dibandingkan penurunan pendapatan akibat penurunan biaya air. Maka pengendalian harga air tidak dapat menjadi alternatif utama untuk mengatasi kebocoran air. Intervensi lain dapat berupa revitalisasi BPPSPAM sebagai organisasi yang mengawasi serta mengontrol kinerja PDAM.

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The government is mandated to realize 100% access to safe drinking water for the community in 2019 as one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unfortunately, the 2016 drinking water access coverage is only 71.14%. One of the obstacles experienced by PDAM is water leakage. There is a relationship of socio-economic factors that lead to illegal practices in leakage, namely illegal connections and water theft as a response of the population to the price of unreachable water. The data used is 380 PDAM performance data for the period 2013-2017. The method used is the panel data regression method with the Arellano-Bond Estimator. This study found that the decline in water prices could reduce the level of water leakage. Every thousand rupiahs decreases the average water price, leakage can be reduced by 1.1%, ceteris paribus. Another finding from this study is that based on the benefit calculation analysis it was formulated that the potential income generated from efforts to overcome water leakage was smaller than the decrease in income due to a decrease in water costs. Furthemore, controlling water prices cannot be the main alternative to overcome water leakage. Other interventions can be revitalizing BPPSPAM as an organization that oversees and controls PDAM performance."

"Sufficiently clean water is accessible in Indonesia, where municipally-owned cooperation (BUMD) handles the management of the PDAM. It allows local governments authority over water management in their administrative districts. This organization is responsible for maintaining the region's water supply while earning income from water business operations. However, this effort is not deemed effective since having many PDAMs results in inadequate water quality, low water distribution, and even financial losses. However, the assumption lacks factual evidence as they are not assessed alongside the government audit. To analyze the inefficiencies of water supply services and the productivity growth of PDAMs from 2012 to 2016, this research proposes to use a non-parametric technique, namely data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index Calculation, respectively. The research findings reveal significant inefficiencies among PDAM from various regions in Indonesia. It was found that PDAMs outside Java performed better than those in Java; thus, PDAMs need policy intervention. The operations of larger municipal PDAMs should be restructured to increase productivity. There was no TFP growth (TFPCH) in PDAMs, evidenced by the reduction in pure technical (TECH) and scale efficiency change (SECH). In addition, the positive technological adjustment (TECCH) did not significantly improve efficiency. Regarding the increase in the number of PDAMs resulting from technological improvement, productivity was primarily due to technological advancement."

"Air bersih di Indonesia dapat diakses melalui pelayanan yang disediakan oleh Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) bernama PDAM (Perusahaan Air Minum Daerah). Hal ini memungkinkan pemerintah daerah untuk ikut andil dalam pengelolaan air di daerah administratifnya masing-masing. PDAM bertanggung jawab untuk menjaga pasokan air di daerah dan menghasilkan pendapatan dari bisnis air bersih tersebut. Namun penyediaan air bersih masih belum efektif sehingga menyebabkan kualitas air yang tidak memadai, distribusi air yang rendah, bahkan kerugian finansial. Untuk mengukur dan menganalisa inefisiensi pelayanan air minum dan pertumbuhan produktivitas PDAM dari tahun 2012-2016, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik non-parametrik, yaitu Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) dan Malmquist Index Calculation untuk mengukur produktivitas setiap PDAM di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat inefisiensi yang signifikan di antara PDAM dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Ditemukan bahwa PDAM di luar Jawa berkinerja lebih baik daripada di Jawa; Oleh karena itu, PDAM membutuhkan intervensi kebijakan. Operasional PDAM di kota besar harus direstrukturisasi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Selain itu, penyesuaian teknologi (TECCH) tidak secara signifikan meningkatkan efisiensi. Namun, peningkatan produktivitas sebagian besar disebabkan oleh kemajuan teknologi

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Sufficiently clean water is accessible in Indonesia where municipally-owned cooperation (BUMD) handles the management of the PDAM. It allows local governments authority over water management in their administrative districts. This organization is responsible for maintaining the region's water supply while earning income from water business operations. However, this effort is not deemed effective since having a large number of PDAMs results in inadequate water quality, low water distribution, and even financial losses. However, the assumption lack factual evidence as they are not assessed alongside the government audit. In order to analyze the inefficiencies of water supply services and the productivity growth of PDAMs from 2012-2016, this research proposes to use a non-parametric technique, namely data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index Calculation, respectively. The research findings reveal that there were significant inefficiencies among PDAM from various regions in Indonesia. It was found that PDAMs outside Java performed better than those in Java; thus, PDAM needs policy intervention. The operations of larger municipal PDAMs should be restructured to increase productivity. There was no TFP growth (TFPCH) in PDAMs evidenced by the reduction in pure technical (TECH) and scale efficiency change (SECH). In addition, the positive technological adjustment (TECCH) did not significantly improve efficiency. Regarding the increase in the number of PDAMs resulting from technological improvement, the increase in productivity was largely due to technological advancement.

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"This book provides a detailed analysis of the controversial privatisation of the Berlin Water Company (BWB) in 1999. As with other cases of privatisation around the world, the city’s government argued there was no alternative in a context of public debts and economic restructuring. Drawing on post-structuralist theory, the analysis presented here steps outside the parameters of this neat, straightforward explanation. It problematises the ‘hard facts’ upon which the decision was apparently made, presenting instead an account in which facts can be political constructions shaped by normative assumptions and political strategies. A politics of inevitability in 1990s Berlin is revealed, one characterised by depoliticisation, expert-dominated policy processes and centred upon the perceived necessities of urban governance in the global economy. It is an account in which global and local dynamics mix, where the interplay between the general and the specific, between neoliberalism and politicking, and between globalisation and local actors characterise the discussion."

"ABSTRAKDi sektor pelayanan air minum, perencanaan dan penganggaran merupakan kewenangan pemerintah daerah, begitu juga pengendalian kinerja PDAM. Dua arah kebijakan utama pelayanan air minum menyasar akses air minum universal 100 serta pemenuhan standar pelayanan minimum. Hasil identifikasi faktor penting terkait dua target utama ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel kinerja PDAM yang berpengaruh adalah: i Air tidak berekening Non-Revenue Water ; ii Perbaikan meter pelanggan, iii Efektifitas penagihan; serta, iv Kualitas air minum. Selanjutnya, pendekatan analisa deskriptif dengan bantuan tabel ilustrasi membandingkan konsistensi dari faktor penting ini dengan kebijakan perencanaan dan penganggaran oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah bagi PDAM penerima anggaran bantuan program air minum. Analisa ini memperlihatkan inkonsistensi kebijakan perencanaan/penganggaran bantuan PDAM dengan tanda variabel yang diharapkan, serta capaian akses air minum dan pemenuhan standar pelayanan minimum.Kedua analisa ini menunjukkan bagaimana perencanaan dan penganggaran yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah belum mengikutsertakan evidence sebagai referensi kebijakan. Sehingga dalam kebijakan ke depan, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar Pemerintah Daerah melakukan identifikasi evidence secara lebih baik dengan memanfaatkan dukungan laporan atau dokumentasi terkait lainnya.Di sektor pelayanan air minum, perencanaan dan penganggaran merupakan kewenangan pemerintah daerah, begitu juga pengendalian kinerja PDAM. Dua arah kebijakan utama pelayanan air minum menyasar akses air minum universal 100 serta pemenuhan standar pelayanan minimum. Hasil identifikasi faktor penting terkait dua target utama ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel kinerja PDAM yang berpengaruh adalah: i Air tidak berekening Non-Revenue Water ; ii Perbaikan meter pelanggan, iii Efektifitas penagihan; serta, iv Kualitas air minum. Selanjutnya, pendekatan analisa deskriptif dengan bantuan tabel ilustrasi membandingkan konsistensi dari faktor penting ini dengan kebijakan perencanaan dan penganggaran oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah bagi PDAM penerima anggaran bantuan program air minum. Analisa ini memperlihatkan inkonsistensi kebijakan perencanaan/penganggaran bantuan PDAM dengan tanda variabel yang diharapkan, serta capaian akses air minum dan pemenuhan standar pelayanan minimum.Kedua analisa ini menunjukkan bagaimana perencanaan dan penganggaran yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah belum mengikutsertakan evidence sebagai referensi kebijakan. Sehingga dalam kebijakan ke depan, penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar Pemerintah Daerah melakukan identifikasi evidence secara lebih baik dengan memanfaatkan dukungan laporan atau dokumentasi terkait lainnya.

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ABSTRACTIn water services sector, planning and budgeting is the authority of local government, as well as monitoring on PDAM performance. Bi policy direction in water service aims at the universal access to water 100 and fulfilment of minimum service standard. The identification of important factor variable in achieving these objectives shown that important variables from PDAM performance are i Non revenue water ii Replacement of water meter iii Effective billing process and, iv quality of water. In the further analysis, the study applied descriptive approach using illustrative table to compare the consistency between the important variable factor with the planning and budgeting decision by the Provincial Government Central Java . The budgeting decision will define which PDAM will receive budget support from the Provincial Government Water program Budget Support . These analyses summarize findings of inconsistency in the planning and budgeting decision by the Provincial Government with the identified variable, as well as the achievement of objectives in improving coverage to universal access and fulfilment of minimum service standard.Both analysis quantitative and qualitative descriptive confirm how the planning and budgeting by Provincial Government of Central Java has not applied the evidence as reference to its decision. Thus, in the future policy decision, it is recommended that the local government will utilize the evidence identification with support from field report or other supporting documentation."