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"ABSTRACTWatershed Management as part of regional development in Indonesia is facing various complex and interrelated issues. It is indicated by the lack of integration among sectors, agencies, regions and community participation. The increasing frequency of floods, droughts, landslides, and water crisis problems recently shows that watershed management in Indonesia has not been effective yet in enhancing sustainable development. Furthermore, the damage of watersheds is commonly observed from the upstreams only, such as the addition of cultivated land area and massive settlement, so that erosion and sedimentation affect the declining productivity of land and the increasing frequency of water-related disasters. If watersheds aredefined as a container of water cycle, then solving its problem by simply rehabilitating the upstreams is not completely right. Government policies on watersheds management need to be reviewed from its initial aspects of science as well, including existing regulations and institutions, so that the contribution and linkage among sectors could be visible. The concept of Integrated Watersheds Management is basically participatory management of multi-stakeholders in conservations and utilization through an ecological concept of interdependency between nature and human beings. This paper aims to explore the effectiveness of watershed managementpolicies in Indonesia in the context of history, regulation, institutions, and policy implementation."

"ABSTRACTCimanuk Watershed is one of the important water sources in West Java Province. The damage that occurred in Cimanuk watershed affected the sustainability of water supply in West Java. The administrative area of ​​Cimanuk watershed extends to 4 regencies, namely Garut Regency, Sumedang Regency, Majalengka Regency, and Indramayu Regency. The Cimanuk River itself has a length of ± 338 km which can supply water needs of 2.2 billion m3 every year with the main utilization for irrigation in agricultural areas. Forest areas in the upper Cimanuk watershed affect the continuity of the hydrological, erosion and sedimentation process. Changes in the upstream area in terms of land use and forest exploitation that do not consider environmental aspects can damage the entire watershed ecosystem, causing fluctuations in water flow, sediment transport, and material dissolved in the water flow system. Given the reciprocal relationship in the concept of watershed management, the implementation of the Payment Environmental Services or PES mechanism is important, where water is one of components that deserves be consideration. The economic valuation of water quantified as water prices is also a fundamental reason for the importance of PES studies. Water prices based on scientific calculations, both qualitative and quantitative, determine the feasibility value that will be given from the downstream community upstream as conservation actors to support the concept of fair environmental services. Quantitative analysis is carried out in the form of valuations involving several methods, namely the Contingent Valuation Method, Value of Marginal Product Water, and Full Cost Pricing. The price of water can be used as an indicator of the cost of forest environmental services as a water provider as well as improving market mechanisms. This paper concludes the mechanism of payment for environmental services (PES) through water pricing policies can be an alternative source of funding to improve the condition of a watershed"

"Perubahan iklim menyebabkan peningkatan intensitas hujan yang cukup tinggi yang menyebabkan peningkatan kerentanan kejadian banjir di wilayah perkotaan. Pengelolaan DAS yang tepat dapat meningkatkan ketahanan DAS terhadap bencana banjir. DAS Kali Sunter adalah wilayah perkotaan yang rutin mengalami banjir. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisa ketahanan DAS antara lain adalah analisa spasial, statistik dan deskriptif dengan menggunakan data detail dan disajikan pada skala Desa/Kelurahan. Tingkat curah hujan, kondisi struktur geologi, penurunan muka tanah dan penutupan lahan di wilayah DAS Kali Sunter memungkinkan kejadian banjir terjadi di wilayah tersebut. Pengendalian banjir tertuang dalam rencana penataan ruang dan wilayah. Tingkat kesadaran masyarakat terhadap ancaman bencana banjir masih sangat minim. Tingkat ketahanan bencana banjir di wilayah DAS Kali Sunter berada pada tingkat “Sedikit Tahan”. Ketahanan akan bencana banjir dapat diperoleh dengan mengkombinasikan kemampuan adaptasi masyarakat dan kebijakan pemerintah yang tepat dalam pengendalian banjir sesuai dengan kondisi fisik DAS.

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Climate change triggers an increase in precipitation intensity which affects higher flood vulnerability in urban areas. Proper watershed management can increase floods disaster resilience. The Kali Sunter watershed is an urban area that regularly experiences flooding. The methods used to analyze watershed resilience include spatial, statistical and descriptive analysis utilizing detailed data and described at the Village level. The intensity of rainfall, the geological structure condition, land subsidence and land cover in the watershed allows floods to occur frequently. Flood control is involved in spatial and regional planning. The level of public awareness of the flooding threat is still low. The degree of flood resilience in the Kali Sunter watershed is at the "Less Resilience". The flood disaster Resilience can be obtained by combining the adaptability of the community and appropriate governance policies in flood control in accordance with the watershed physical conditions.

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"ABSTRAKPerubahan penggunaan lahan baik di daerah hulu dan juga hilir DAS Ciliwung telah menurunkan kapasitas penyerapan air karena diperbesarnya daerah penutup yang tahan air yang disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan infrastruktur di sepanjang daerah tersebut dan juga memburuknya kualitas air dan kesehatan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengusulkan rencana pengelolaan DAS berdasarkan penilaian sub-DAS di sepanjang DAS Ciliwung, terdiri dari 27 DAS. Dengan menggunakan metode penilaian sub-DAS, berdasarkan analisis kerentanan DAS yang diusulkan oleh Zielinski (2002), DAS dapat dikategorikan berdasarkan kondisi hidrologisnya untuk mengetahui karakteristik masing-masing daerah dan untuk menentukan perlakuan efektif. Metode Low Impact Development (LID) yang diperlukan untuk memulihkan atau meningkatkan kondisi lingkungan dari setiap jenis aliran sub-DAS yang terkena dampak dengan menerapkan 8 alat perlindungan DAS. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dikategorikan menggunakan kualitas aliran sub-DAS. Dengan menggunakan metode ini, rencana pengelolaan DAS menyeluruh beserta rencana siklusnya yang sesuai dengan kondisi dan peraturan setempat dapat dibuat dengan baik.

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ABSTRACT

The changes in land use on both at the upstream and downstream area of Ciliwung watersheds has been degrading the capacity of water absorption due to the enlargement of impervious cover area that caused by economic and infrastructure growth along the area and also deteriorating the water quality and environment health. This research aims to propose a watershed management plan based on its sub-watershed assessment along Ciliwung watersheds, it consists of 27 sub-watersheds. By using sub-watershed assessment method, based on watershed vulnerability analysis that proposed by Zielinski (2002), the watershed can be categorized based on its hydrological condition to know the characteristics of each area and determined the effective treatment of Low Impact Development (LID) methods that is needed to restore or enhance the environment condition of each type of subjected sub-watershed streams by implementing 8 tools of watershed protection. The implementation of this research is categorized in stream quality of the sub-watersheds. By using this method, a thorough watershed management plan along with its cycle plan that corresponds with the local condition and regulation is created."

"Watershed conservation in urban areas is very important to support the achievement of public health with maintenance of clean water and sanitation. Environmental degradation in the watershed have caused floods in urban areas. Post-flood cause disease because of dirty environment. Water pollution in the river due to rubbish and industrial waste, also causes skin disease when water is used for bathing and stomach illness when water is used for cooking and drinking. Women have a role as agents of change and establish networking in the community in conserving the watershed. Water health security is part of environmental health being essential elements for the achievement of sustainable development. The quality of water and sanitation in the region of the watershed can be achieved by maintaining biodiversity, waste management to maintain the cleanliness of rivers and forest conservation.

The focus of the study on the role of women citizens, with the contribution of social engineering study as an alternative to the policy makers for watershed management in urban areas in order to achieve environmental health. The study was conducted with a mix method, a combination of qualitative and qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using literature study, in-depth interviews, observation, and survey. Selection of study subjects with purposive technique. The location study is Jakarta and Tasikmalaya as a representation of an urban area that has a specific hydrological conditions and require an integrated watershed management. The results show that women can be role models and have leadership in watershed management. Women's participation in forming a network in the community, has motivated other citizens to care for the environment and participate in watershed managementto realization of environmental health."

"DAS Cidanau mempunyai arti penting untuk tetap dipertahankan, karena DAS Cidanau selain sebagai penyedia air baku bagi masyarakat hulu juga berfungsi sebagai penyangga utama bagi kelangsungan industri di Cilegon. Selain itu, DAS Cidanau juga berfungsi sebagai penyedia air bagi kebutuhan domestik, masyarakat Kota Cilegon dan sekitarnya. Kebutuhan air DAS Cidanau bagi sektor industri dan domestik Cilegon mencapai 1.000 liter/detik. Hal tersebut, menuntut tetap lestarinya fungsi hidrorologi DAS dalam upaya menjamin kelanjutan proses pembangunan.Meskipun berbagai program penghijauan dan reboisasi telah dijalankan di DAS tersebut, namun hingga saat ini kualitas lingkungan terus saja merosot. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari indikator terjadi perbedaan debit maksimum dan minimum yang sangat tajam di DAS tersebut. Selain itu, laju erosi dan sedimentasi yang juga semakin tinggi telah mengakibatkan pendangkalan dan penyempitan sungai.Permasalahan penelitian yang dikemukakan adalah kurangnya peranserta masyarakat dalam pengelolaan lingkungan sehingga belum dapat terbangun suatu hubungan hulu-hilir yang baik. Oleh karena itu, terjadi ancaman terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan air bagi masyarakat, baik hulu maupun hilir.Berdasarkan permasalahan yang dikemukakan di atas, maka pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimana peranserta masyarakat hulu dalam membangun mekanisme hubungan hulu-hilir?; (2) Faktor apa saja yang menjadi potensi dan kendala dalam membangun mekanisme hubungan hulu-hilir DAS Cidanau?Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan dua hal yaitu: (1) Mengetahui peranserta masyarakat hulu untuk mekanisme hubungan hulu-hilir; (2) Mengetahui faktor yang menjadi potensi dan kendala dalam membangun mekansime hubungan hulu-hilir.Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif-kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif-analitik dengan metode survey. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan, antara bulan Januari -Februari 2004 di Desa Citaman, Kecamatan Ciomas, Kabupaten Serang Propinsi Banten. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data yaitu, dengan kuisioner, data sekunder dan studi literatur. Populasi penelitian adalah masyarakat di Desa Citaman yang ditentukan sebagai lokasi studi. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah gabungan dari teknik purposive sampling untuk penentuan lokasi dan teknik random sampling dalam penentuan responden. Variabel penelitiannya adalah peranserta, kebutuhan air, insentif dan informasi.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: (1) Tingkat peranserta masyarakat hulu untuk membangun mekanisme hubungan hulu-hilir DAS Cidanau pada kategori sedang yang berhubungan dengan tingkat kebutuhan air dan insentif; (2) Sistem insentif menjadi potensi dalam upaya membangun mekanisme hubungan hulu-hilir sedangkan terbatasnya sumber informasi bagi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan DAS menjadi faktor kendala dalam membangun mekanisme tersebut.Daftar kepustakaan: 39 (1962-2004).

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DAS Cidanau needs to be preserved because it not only supplies water for upstream area people but also supports industries in Cilegon. Moreover, DAS Cidanau also supplies water for the household needs of people in the town of Cilegon and surrounding areas. Water demand of Cilegon's households and industries reaches 1,000/second, which requires preservation of DAS Cidanau's hydrological function so as to guarantee the continuity of development in the area.

Although different re-greening and reforestation programs have been carried out in DAS Cidanau, the quality of area environment has continued to drop. This is indicated by the stark difference between the maximum debit and the minimum debit of DAS Cidanau's water flows. Also, erosion and sedimentation in the area have increased, making the river shallow and narrow.

The problem detected in the survey is low participation of the focal people in environmental management so that links between upstream and downstream areas have not been properly developed. This situation could endanger efforts to meet area people's need for water, in upstream and downstream areas.

Considering abovementioned problems, questions arose from the survey: (1) How could upstream people participate in developing mechanisms of upstream-downstream links?; (2) What factors support and hinder the development of the mechanisms of DAS Cidanau's upstream-downstream links?. This survey had two objectives (1) Promotion of upstream people's participation in the mechanisms of upstream-downstream links; (2) Adequate knowledge about the potentials and constraints in the development of the mechanisms of upstream-downstream links.

This survey was carried out using qualitative-quantitative approaches, and descriptive-analytical and survey methods. The survey took two months for completion, January-February 2004, in Citaman Village, Ciomas District, Serang Regency, Banten Province. Data collection used questionnaires, secondary data collection and literature study. The population surveyed was Citaman villagers. Sampling method used in the survey was a mixture between purposive sampling that was meant to decide survey location and random sampling for deciding respondents. Variables used for the survey were participation, water demand, incentives and information.

From survey results, a conclusion was drawn: (1) The level of participation in developing mechanism of DAS Cidanau's upstream-downstream links at category medium and related to people's water demand and incentives; (2) Incentives system can be encourage them to develop mechanisms of upstream-downstream links and information limitedness for the upstream people can be constraint provided to develop mechanisms of upstream-downstream links.

Number of References: 39 (1962-2004)"