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"ABSTRAKAsupan zat besi yang tidak adekuat merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya anemia defisiensi besi. Skripsi ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain studi cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan asupan zat besi. Pada penelitian ini melibatkan responden sebanyak 189 siswi SMA Negeri 5 Depok. Pengumpulan data asupan zat besi melalui wawancara food recall 3x24 jam. Data dianalisis secara bivariat menggunakan uji t-independen dan regresi korelasi linier, sedangkan secara multivariat dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi linier ganda. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan asupan zat besi yang signifikan berdasarkan pengetahuan gizi, konsumsi suplemen zat besi, persepsi citra tubuh, dan keterpaparan media massa. Pengetahuan gizi yang cukup, konsumsi suplemen zat besi, persepsi citra tubuh positif, dan peran keterpaparan media massa akan meningkatkan asupan zat besi.

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ABSTRAKInadequate iron intake was a risk factor for iron deficiency anemia. This research used cross sectional design that aims to identify factors relation to iron intake. The study was conducted on 189 female students Senior High School 5. Iron intake was measured by 3x24 hours food recall. The data was bivariate analyzed by t-independent test and regression linier test, and multivariate analyzed by double regression linier test. Bivariate analyzes showed that there was significant difference of iron intake based on nutrition knowledge, iron supplement consumption, body image, and role of mass media. Good nutrition knowledge, iron supplement consumption, positive body image, and role of mass media sufficient to improve iron intake."

"Female adolescents are vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and if it persists into their reproductive years has serious implications not only for the health of their offsprings but for their own as well. An iron supplementation is warranted in order to provide sufficient iron stores prior to pregnancy and to effect desirable birth outcomes. A communication component of the supplementation is regarded as essential for improving compliance. Therefore, an experimental community trial involving adolescent female students in two public high schools in Metro Manila was conducted between October-December 1997. The objective of the study was to asses the effect of communication on compliance to weekly iron supplementation. The students were assigned to three groups: iron plus communication (FeC group, n = 82), iron (Fe group, n = 89), and control group (n=78). The FeC and Fe groups received iron tablets containing 60 mg. Elemental iron and 250 mcg. Folic acid while the control group received placebo tablets from Physical Education Health and Music (PEHM) teachers once a week of eight subsequent weeks. Teachers assigned to the FeC group were trained communication. Comparison were made between the three groups on compliance as communication. Comparisons were made between the three groups on compliace as measured by attendance to tablet distribution and actual ingestion through stool test, record on index card and interview. Additionally, levels and prevalence of anemia were measured before and after intervention and a pre and post test about knowledge on IDA and possible causes and treatments were included. Data about side-effects, reaction from students, parents and teachers about the supplementation-communication activities and suggestions for futher improvements in conductiong such future undertaking were obtained from focus group discussions (FGDs). Comparisons of actual tablet ingestion between the three groups showed significantly higher compliance in the FeC group (P<0.001) than in the other two group as measured by record on index card and interview desoite more side effects felt. Changes from pre to post-test knowledge scores o iron were significantly greater for the FeC group (p<0.001) than in the Fe and control groups. However, hemoglobin levels improved significantly in the Fe group (p<0.05) but not in the FeC group and remained the same in the control group. Reactions obtained through focus group discussions from parent (as reported by students), teachers and the participants found the program beneficial and feasible for implementation on a larger scale. Compliance enhancing strategies and motivational approaches for adolescent female students must consider the potential influence of family, fiends and teachers as revealed by the Venn diagram in planning iron supplementation programs with communication for this target group."

"Ibu hamil merupakan salah satu kelompok yang berisiko mengalami anemia yang disebabkan kurangnya zat besi di dalam tubuh dengan berbagai faktor pencetus. Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi hubungan dukungan suami dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif analitik menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional terhadap 60 orang ibu hamil yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara dukungan suami dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Bentuk dukungan emosional paling dominan mempengaruhi kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil, dengan p value = 0,021 dan nilai OR 21,592. Rekomendasi penelitian adalah kebijakan melakukan deteksi dini dengan screening Hb, pemberian promosi kesehatan, melakukan asuhan dan pelayanan melibatkan suami, dan meneliti dukungan emosional yang dibutuhkan ibu hamil dengan metode kualitatif.

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Pregnant women are one of the groups at risk of anemia which was caused by the lack of iron in the body and precipitated by several factors. The aim of research to identify the relationship between their husband's support with the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women. A quantitative descriptive analytic design with cross sectional approach was assigned in this study. Using purposive sampling technique, to 60 pregnant women. The results shows a significant relationship between husband support with the prevalence of anemia in pregnant woman. The emotional support ranked the most powerful support that influence the incidence of anemia in pregnant women, with p value 0,021 and OR 21.592. This study recommends further specific policies which enhance early detection of anemia (Hb screening), the provision of health promotion, care and services which involve husbands, and further qualitative research on emotional support."

"LATAR BELAKANG. Prevalensi stunting di Indonesia masih tinggi. Di lain pihak, pemerintah telah menjalankan program nasional gizi ibu dan anak pada 1000 hari pertama kehidupan/HPK anak yang merupakan periode emas untuk mencegah/menurunkan kejadian stunting.Studi menunjukkan bahwa untuk mendapatkan dampak yang diharapkan,diperlukan kepatuhan ibu menjalankan rekomendasi program gizi tersebut. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur faktor yang berhubungan dengan praktek ibu dalam menjalankan rekomendasi program gizi nasional pada 1000 HPK, serta hubungannya dengan prevalensi stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan.METODE. Studi ini menganalisis data sekunder dari Survei Nasional (SDKI 2002, 2007 dan 2012, dan Riskesdas 2010) dan pendekatan kualitatif untuk melengkapi hasil analisisagar mendapat gambaran yang utuh tentang faktor yang berhubungan dengan praktek ibu tersebut. Program gizi nasional yang diukur adalah suplementasi tablet besi-folat/TBF, pemberian ASI lanjutan, pemberian makanan pendamping ASI/MP-ASI, dan suplementasi kapsul vitamin A.HASIL. Kepatuhan ibu menjalankan program sebagai komposit program tidak berhubungan secara bermakna dengan resiko stunting pada anak. Namun, analisis program secara individu menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan minum TBFberhubungan bermakna dengan risiko severestunting, dan praktik MP-ASI berhubungan dengan risiko stunting pada anak usia 6-11 bulan. Pada keluarga dengan ekonomi rendah, anak yang masih menerima ASI memiliki risiko stunting yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada anak yang sudah disapih. Hal ini berhubungan dengan MP-ASI yang lebih buruk pada anak yang masih menyusu. Faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan risiko stunting adalah tinggi badan ibu, berat lahir serta jenis kelamin dan umur anak.Paparan informasi serta dukungan suami/keluarga berhubungan secara bermakna dengan praktek ibu. Ditemukan empat mispersepsi yang umum pada ibu, yaitu TBF dapat menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi, TBF lebih untuk pengobatan daripada pencegahan, ASI dapat menggantikan kebutuhan energi dan zat gizi anak yang seharusnya diperoleh dari MP-ASI, serta makanan lunak untuk anak usia 6-8 bulan yg baik adalah bubur susu siap saji.KESIMPULAN. Kepatuhan ibu pada program prenatal, serta faktor sebelum dan selama kehamilan berhubungan dengan resiko stunting pada anak. Hal ini menekankan kembali pentingnya status gizi wanita sebelum dan selama hamil. Paparan informasi dan dukungan suami/keluarga sangat berperan dalam praktek ibu. Memaksimalkan kunjungan antenatal dan pemantauan pertumbuhan balita sebagai media untuk memberi ibu paparan informasi menjadi sangat penting. Memberdayakan bidan dan kader Posyandu adalah keharusan. Pendekatan ibu-ayah diusulkan sebagai salah satu cara karena diharapkan dapat memberi hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan pendekatan pada ibu sebagai satu-satunya target program gizi ibu dan anak.

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BACKGROUND. Stunting in Indonesia remains highly prevalent despite the availability of national maternal and child nutrition/MCN programs for the period known to be window of opportunity for stunting prevention/reduction, i.e. the first 1000 days of child's life. Studies confirm that good adherence towards the program recommendations is required to ensure the program's impact. The study aims to assess factors associated with adherence of mothers towards national MCN programs within the first 1000 days of child's life and its association with prevalence of stunting among children aged 6-23 months.METHODS. The study analyzed national surveys data (Indonesian DHS 2002, 2007 and 2012 and Riskesdas 2010), complemented witha qualitative approach exploring factors associated with the mother's adherence in order to provide the more complete pictures. The MCN programs cover iron-folic acid supplementation/IFAS, continued breastfeeding, complementary feeding/CF practices, and vitamin A capsule supplementation.RESULTS. Adherence towards MCN programs as a composite program is not associated with risk of stunting in children. However,good adherence towards IFAS program is associated with significant lower risk of severe stunting.The CF practices shows significant association with risk of stunting in 6-11 months old children. On the contrary, risk of stunting of children from poor family was higher among breastfed than non-breastfed ones, which was associated with their poorerCF practices. Other predictors of stunting were maternal height, child's birthweight, sex and age. Good exposures towards information and support from husband/family were associated with good mother's adherence towards the MCN program. Four misleading perceptions were revealed from the qualitative study, i.e. IFA tablets may cause high blood pressure,IFAS was more for curative than preventive, breastmilk can substitute energy and nutrient needs for the children that should be obtained from foods, and instant baby milk porridges were referred as most appropriate 'soft food' for 6-8 months old children.CONCLUSION. Adherence towards prenatal program, maternal height and child's birthweight were significant predictors of child stunting. It reinforces the needs to put good nutrition of women before and during pregnancy as priority. Good CF practices have to be emphasized more, especially during the transition period. Exposure towards information and support from husband were significant factors of the mother's adherence. Making optimal use of ANC and posyandu visit to expose mothers with information is highly crucial. Thus, empowering midwife andposyandu cadres is a must.Mother-father based approach is proposed to be more beneficial rather than mothers as single target of the MCN programs for pregnancy and child care."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi zat besi selama kehamilan terhadap kejadian kematian neonatal di Indonesia menggunakan data SDKI Tahun 2012. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 13.917 neonatal yang lahir dalam kurun waktu 2007-2012 dan ditemukan sebanyak 139 mengalami kematian neonatal. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa ada hubungan antara suplementasi zat besi 30-59 hari selama hamil dengan kejadian kematian neonatal. Ibu yang mengonsumsi zat besi 30-59 hari selama hamil meningkatkan kematian neonatal sebesar 2,56 kali dibandingkan ibu yang mengonsumsi ≥ 120 hari (95% CI=1,12 - 5,81) setelah dikontrol oleh variabel umur saat melahirkan, pekerjaan, jenis persalinan pendidikan ayah, berat lahir, kunjungan kehamilan, dan komplikasi. Sebaiknya pemerintah meningkatkan standar minimal suplementasi zat besi lebih dari 90 hari selama kehamilan dengan harapan akan mengurangi kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil.

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The research is aimed to know the influence of iron consumption during pregnancy on neonatal death in indonesia 2012. It is used cross sectional design with the total sample 13.917 neonatal who was born in 2007-2012 and 139 of it are neonatal mortality. This research found that there is a relationship between iron supplementation during pregnancy is 30-59 days with the incidence of neonatal death. Mothers who took iron 30-59 days during pregnancy increases neonatal mortality by 2.56 times compared to mothers who consumed ≥ 120 days (95% CI = 1.12 to 5.81) after controlled by variable age when birth, occupation, type of birth, father's education, birth weight, antenatal care, and complications. The government should at least increase the standard iron consumption during pregnancy more than 90 days to reduce the anemia in pregnant women."

"Anemia akibat kekurangan zat besi merupakan masalah global yang perlu penanganan serius karena dampaknya yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Defisisensi zat besi dapat disebabkan oleh kurangnya asupan zat besi pada makanan yang dikonsumsi, serta daya serap zat besi yang rendah. Telah diketahui bahwa, peptida yang diperoleh dari hidrolisat protein dapat berperan sebagai pengkhelat besi. Peptida dapat meningkatkan kelarutan dan bioavailabilitas zat besi. Peptida dari hidrolisat protein memiliki efek membantu penyerapan zat besi melalui kemampuannya dalam mengkelat zat besi. BPPT atau Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi telah mengembangkan hidrolisat protein kedelai yang diperoleh secara hidrolisis termal dan enzimatis, dan telah diuji dapat meningkatkan penyerapan zat besi secara in vivo dan juga melalui uji efikasi pada remaja putri. Namun, untuk itu perlu diketahui peptida apa yang berperan dalam aktivitas penyerapan zat besi tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan karakterisasi dan identifikasi peptida dari hidrolisat protein kedelai yang berperan dalam meningkatkan penyerapan zat besi. Penelitian ini melakukan 2 tahap pemisahan, yaitu menggunakan membran ultrafiltasi Molecular Weight Cut Off 10 kD dan kromatografi kolom filtrasi gel menggunakan kolom superdex 30 untuk mengetahui peptida pada fraksi mana yang aktif berperan dalam pengikatan zat besi. Selanjutnya, untuk mengetahui karakter dari peptida yang berperan sebagai promotor penyerapan zat besi, maka dari setiap tahap pemisahan dilakukan analisis bobot molekul protein dengan SDS-PAGE dan analisis komposisi asam amino menggunakan HPLC. Sedangkan identifikasi peptida pengikat zat besi menggunakan LCMS/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peptida dari hidrolisat protein kedelai yang berperan sebagai promotor (membantu) pengikatan zat besi memiliki karakter bobot molekul sekitar 10 kDa, dengan komposisi asam amino terbesar adalah arginin, asam aspartat dan asam glutamat. Hasil analisis LCMS/MS terdeteksi 15 sekuen peptida yang berasal dari 4 protein yang terdapat pada kedelai. Dua diantaranya berasal dari protein kedelai yang belum terkarakterisasi, dan dua lainnya adalah protein kedelai yang sudah terkarakterisasi, yaitu berasal dari protein lipoxygenase dan β-konglisinin subunit β.

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Anemia due to iron deficiency is a global problem that needs serious treatment because its effects are harmful to health. Iron deficiency can be caused by a lack of iron intake in food consumed, and a low absorption of iron. It is well known that, peptides obtained from protein hydrolysates can be known as iron chelating. Peptides can increase iron solubility, bioavailability, absorption and stability. Peptides from protein hydrolysates have the effect of helping to absorb iron through its ability to chelate iron. BPPT (Agency of Assessment and Application of Technology) has developed soybean protein hydrolysates obtained by thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis, and has been tested to increase iron absorption in vivo and also through clinical trials. For this reason, it is necessary to know what peptides play a role in the absorption of iron. The purpose of this study is to characterize and identify peptides from soybean protein hydrolyzates which play a role in increasing iron absorption. This study conducted two stages of separation, using a 10 kD Molecular Weight Cut Off ultrafiltration membrane and gel column filtration chromatography using a superdex 30 column to determine which peptides in which fraction were actively involved in iron binding. Furthermore, to determine the character of the peptide which acts as an iron absorption promoter, then from each phase of separation an analysis of molecular weight of protein with SDS-PAGE is carried out and analysis of amino acid composition using HPLC. Whereas identification of iron binding peptides using LCMS/MS. The results showed that the peptide of soybean protein hydrolyzate which acts as promoter (helps) iron binding has a molecular weight of about 10 kDa, with the largest amino acid composition being arginine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. LCMS/MS analysis detected 15 sequences of peptides from 4 proteins in soybeans. Two of them come from soybean protein that has not been characterized, and the other two are soybean proteins that have been characterized, which are derived from the lipoxygenase protein and the β-conglisinin β subunit."

"Anemia gizi merupakan salah satu dari 4 masalah gizi utama di Indonesia yang harus mendapatkan perhatian dan penanggulangan secara serius. Laporan hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) (2007) menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi anemia pada tahun 2007 di Jawa Barat untuk perempuan dewasa sebesar 13,4% dan laki-laki dewasa sebesar 7,4% melebihi rata-rata prevalensi nasional 11,9%. Hasil penelitian pada kelompok dewasa di Depok menunjukkan angka anemia yang cukup tinggi yaitu pada wanita dewasa sebesar 16,9%, dan laki-laki sebesar 7,8%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik individu, asupan zat gizi dengan status hemoglobin, menggunakan data sekunder dari penelitian Riset Unggulan UI. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada kelompok usia dewasa di wilayah kota dan desa Depok, desain penelitiannya adalah cross sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata- rata kadar hemoglobin (Hb) pada orang dewasa di Depok untuk wilayah urban (kota) adalah 14,1 gr/dl dan di rural (desa) 13,7 gr/dl. Untuk wilayah urban (kota) terdapat korelasi negatif antara frekuensi konsumsi pepaya ( r = -0,23 dan p = 0,04) dengan kadar Hb. Korelasi positif antara frekuensi konsumsi suplemen vitamin C ( r = 0,32 dan p = 0,004) dan kopi ( r = 0,23 dan p = 0,041) dengan kadar Hb. Sedangkan wilayah rural (desa) terdapat korelasi negatif antara umur (r= -0,23 dan p = 0,037) dengan kadar Hb. Korelasi positif antara frekuensi konsumsi daging sapi (r = 0,22 dan p = 0,048) dan tomat ( r = -0,252 dan p = 0,023) dengan kadar Hb. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa frekuensi konsumsi makanan pemicu dan penghambat absorbsi zat besi berhubungan dengan kadar hemoglobin baik di kota maupun di desa.

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Nutritional anemia is one of the four major nutrition problems in Indonesia that should get serious attention and response. Report of Health Research Association (RISKESDAS) (2007) showed that the prevalence of anemia in 2007 in West Java for 13,4% of adult women and men of 7,4% exceeds the average national prevalence of 11,9%. The results of research on adult groups in Depok indicate a fairly high rates of anemia in adult women is 16,9%, and males by 7,8%. This study aims to determine the relationship between individual characteristics and nutrient intake with the status of hemoglobin, using secondary data from Competitive research studies UI. The research was conducted on adult age groups in urban and rural in Depok, the research design is cross sectional.

The results showed that average levels of hemoglobin (Hb) in adults in Depok to urban areas (cities) was 14.1 g / dl and in the rural (village) 13.7 g / dL. For urban areas (cities) there is a negative correlation between the frequency of consumption of papaya with Hb (r = -0.23 and p = 0.04). Positive correlation between frequency of consumption of vitamin C supplement (r = 0.32 and p = 0.004) and coffee (r = 0.23 and p = 0.041) with Hb. While for the rural areas (villages) there is a negative correlation between age (r = -0.23 and p = 0.037) with Hb. Positive correlation between frequency of consumption of beef (r = 0.22 and p = 0.048) and tomato (r = -0.252 and p = 0.023) with Hb. So it can be concluded that the frequency of consumption of food enhancer and inhibiting the absorption of iron associated with hemoglobin levels in both urban and rural."

"Although iron is the most abundant element ¡n the universe , anemia is still the most prevalent nutritional disorders worldwide including in Indonesia. Among other approaches of combating iron deficiency anemia, iron supplementation is known to be the simplest and most effective way in improving iron status. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation given during menstruation as compared with weekly administration using the same dosage and number of iron tablets. The findings of this study are reported in three parts. Part I contains introduction which consists of background, problem statement and rationale, literature review, causal model, hypotheses, objectives, variables and indicators. This part supports the idea of the study. Manuscript for publication that covers main methods and findings of this study ¡s presented in part Il. The last part is appendices which comprise questionnaires, detailed methodology, detailed results, informed consent and ethical approval, references, Asia Pacific Journal of Chnical Nutrition?s guidelines for contributors, and curriculum vitae."