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Hlaing, Lwin Mar
"Anak di bawah dua tahun berisiko tinggi untuk defisiensi zat gizi mikro khususnya defisiensi zat besi, sebagian dikarenakan praktek pemberian makanan tambahan yang salah. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas pemberian makanan tambahan, rekomendasi makanan tambahan (Complementary Feeding Recommendation - CFR) berbasis pangan lokal dibutuhkan. Suplementasi zat besi digunakan secara luas untuk menanggulangi defisiensi zat besi di negara berkembang; namun, efek dari suplementasi tersebut pada mikronutrien lain dan pertumbuhan menjadi perhatian tersendiri. Fortifikasi zat besi telah menunjukkan dampak negatif pada mikrobiota usus melalui peningkatan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen pada usus dikarenakan peningkatan besi yang diserap dan suplementasi zat besi mungkin memiliki dampak yang serupa pada mikrobiota usus tetapi masih belum pernah diteliti. Sebaliknya, jika suplementasi zat besi diberikan dengan optimalisasi diet menggunakan CFR, status gizi anak-anak akan meningkat dengan efek samping yang lebih kecil pada mikronutrien lain dan pertumbuhan.
Studi ini meneliti efek dari suplementasi zat besi; dengan atau tanpa diet optimal; pada status mikronutrien, mikrobiota usus dan pertumbuhan anak-anak Myanmar yang berusia di bawah 2 tahun. Sebuah percobaan acak terkontrol (NCT01758159) dilaksanakan selama 24 minggu pada anak usia 12-23 bulan di Ayeyarwady, Myanmar. Optimalisasi CFR berbasis pangan lokal dikembangkan dengan pendekatan Linear Programming. Pengacakan berdasarkan Desa untuk CFR dan non-CFR dan berdasarkan anak (n=433) untuk suplemen besi atau placebo, menghasilkan: 1. kelompok CFR+Fe (n=112); 2. kelompok CFR (n=112); 3. kelompok Fe (n=105); or 4. kelompok pembanding (plasebo) (n=104). Ibu dari kelompok CFR menerima pendidikan CFR dan anak-anak dari kelompok Fe menerima 15 mg Ferric NaEDTA setiap hari.
Serum Feritin, Transferin receptor (sTfR), Zinc, retinol-binding-protein (RBP), C-reactive protein dan α-1 acid glycoprotein; feces untuk melihat mikrobiota usus (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli, EPEC, EAEC dan ETEC) diukur pada awal dan akhir penelitian. Di awal penelitian, 88.4% anak mengalami anemia (Hb<110g/L); setelah dikontrol dengan infeksi, 74.4% mengalami defisiensi zat besi (SF<12μg/L dan/ atau sTfR>8.3mg/L) dan 68.9% mengalami anemia gizi besi (AGB) (Hb<110g/L and ID), 41.3% mempunyai kadar serum Send rendah (serum send <10.7µmol/L).
Suplementasi besi menurunkan anemia, defisiensi zat besi dan AGB dengan atau tanpa pemberian diet optimal. Namun, suplementasi besi meningkatkan risiko serum Send rendah dan pendek (stunting) bila diberikan tanpa penambahan diet optimal. Efek samping ini tidak terlihat saat suplementasi tablet besi diberikan bersama dengan diet yang optimal. Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata pada komposisi mikrobiota usus diantara semua kelompok. Suplementasi zat besi harus diberikan bersama dengan diet optimal untuk mengurangi efek samping baik pada kadar zat gizi mikro lainnya di dalam tubuh maupun pertumbuhan anak.

Children under 2-years of age are at high risk of micronutrient deficiencies especially iron deficiency (ID), partly due to poor complementary feeding practices. To improve feeding practices, local food-based complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) are needed. Iron supplementation is widely used to treat ID in developing countries; however, its potential effects on other micronutrients and growth are of concern. Iron fortification had shown negative impact on gut microbiota with increased growth of gut pathogens due to increased unabsorbed iron. It was assumed that iron supplementation may have similar impact on gut microbiota but has not yet been explored. On the other hand, if iron supplementation is given with optimized diet using CFRs, nutritional status of children would be improved with less adverse effects on other micronutrients status and growth.
The study investigated the effect of iron supplementation; given with or without optimized diet; on micronutrient status, gut microbiota and growth of under 2-year Myanmar children. A randomizedcontrolled trial (NCT01758159) was conducted for 24 weeks among 12-23 month old children from Ayeyarwady, Myanmar. Optimized CFRs based on locally available foods were developed by Linear Programming approach. Randomization by village for CFRs or non-CFRs and by child (n=433) for iron supplements or placebo, created: 1.CFR+Fe (n=112); 2.CFR-alone (n=112); 3.Fe-alone (n=105); or 4.Placebo (n=104) groups. Mothers from CFR-groups received education on CFRs and children from Fe groups received 15mg Ferric NaEDTA daily.
Serum for ferritin (SF), transferrinreceptor (sTfR), zinc, retinol-binding-protein (RBP), C-reactive protein and α-1 acid glycoprotein; stool for gut microbiota (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, E.coli, EPEC, EAEC and ETEC) were measured at baseline and endline. At baseline, 88.4% of children were anemic (Hb<110g/L); after adjusting for infection, 74.4% had ID (SF<12μg/L and/or sTfR>8.3mg/L) 68.9% had irondeficiency- anemia (IDA) (Hb<110g/L and ID), and 41.3% had low serum zinc status (serum zinc <10.7μmol/L).
Iron supplementation reduced anemia, ID and IDA whether or not it was given with optimized diet. However, iron supplementation increased the risk of low serum zinc and stunting when it is given without optimized diet. These adverse effects were not seen when iron supplementation was given with optimized diet. No significant difference was found in gut microbiota composition among groups. In conclusion, iron supplementation should be given together with optimized diet to reduce its adverse effect on other micronutrients status and growth to best improve nutritional status of these children.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Eva Jeumpa S
"Kejadian gizi kurang masih merupakan masalah di Indonesia. Gizi kurang bisa menyebabkan atrofi mukosa usus dengan akibat terjadi gangguan permeabilitas usus dan menimbulkan malabsorbsi nutrien. Suplementasi glutamin, zinc, prebiotik dan serat pangan sangat penting dalam regenerasi mukosa usus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti efikasi fortifikasi glutamin, zinc, prebiotik dan serat pangan pada suplemen biskuit berbasis Moringa oleifera terhadap perbaikan integritas mukosa usus pada anak usia 12–18 bulan dengan gizi kurang sebagai salah satu modalitas cara mengatasi masalah gizi anak di Indonesia.
Tahap pertama penelitian ini dimulai dengan formulasi biskuit berbasis Moringa oleifera dengan fortifikasi glutamin, zinc, prebiotik dan serat pangan. Setelah biskuit terbentuk lalu dianalisis kandungannya, kemudian dilakukan uji cita rasa. Selanjutnya tahap kedua berupa uji klinik dua kelompok paralel tersamar ganda untuk menguji efikasi fortifikasi glutamin, zinc, prebiotik dan serat pangan pada suplemen biskuit berbasis Moringa oleifera pada anak usia 12–18 bulan dengan gizi kurang dan efeknya pada integritas mukosa usus dengan mengukur IFABP urin, AAT tinja dan Kalprotektin tinja di Kecamatan Grogol Petamburan, Jakarta Barat.
Dari 57 subjek, terdiri dari dua kelompok yaitu 28 subjek kelompok intervensi dan 29 subjek kelompok kontrol. Dari 57 subjek, didapatkan 29 (50,8%) dengan kadar IFABP urin baseline lebih tinggi dari ambang batas normal (100 ng/mL). Nilai penurunan pemeriksaan IFABP urin pada kedua kelompok bermakna pada bulan ke-3 (p = 0,021) dan ke-6 (p < 0,001) dari baseline. Terdapat 28 (49,2%) dari 57 subjek memiliki nilai baseline AAT di atas nilai cut-off (26,8 mg/dL). Perbedaan penurunan yang bermakna pada kedua kelompok terjadi pada bulan ke-6 (p = 0,022). Pada AAT bulan ke-3 dan ke-6 setelah baseline bermakna baik pada kelompok intervensi (p < 0,001) maupun kelompok kontrol (p < 0,001). Nilai kalprotektin bulan ke-6 dan baseline terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok intervensi dan kontrol (p = 0,026). Jika dibandingkan pada masing-masing kelompok terdapat penurunan yang bermakna nilai kalprotektin bulan ke-3 (p = 0,010) dan ke-6 (p = 0,004) dari baseline baik antara kelompok intervensi dibandingkan kontrol.

Malnutrition can cause intestinal mucosal atrophy, resulting in permeability disorders and nutrient malabsorption. Fortification of glutamine, zinc, prebiotics, and dietary fiber is very important in the regeneration of the intestinal mucosa. This study aims to examine the efficacy supplementation of Moringa oleifera-based fortified biscuits for impaired intestinal mucosal integrity in children aged 12-18 months with malnutrition. This study began with fortified Moringa oleifera-based biscuits formulation. The ingredient is analyzed, then we conducted a taste test. A double-blind, parallel group clinical trial test the efficacy of fortified biscuit for six months in undernourished children aged 12 to 18 months on the intestinal mucosa integrity by measuring IFABP, AAT and Calprotectin in Grogol Petamburan District, West Jakarta. From 57 subjects, divided into two groups. The decrease of IFABP in both groups was significant at the 3rd month and 6th month from the baseline. At the 3rd and 6th month AAT decrease of the baseline were significant in both groups. When compared in each group there was a significant decrease of calprotectin 3rd and 6th month from the baseline of both groups. Moringa oleifera-based biscuit supplementation fortified with glutamine, zinc, prebiotics and dietary fiber for 6 months has been shown to improve intestinal mucosal integrity in undernourished children aged 12—18 months compared to biscuits without fortification."
Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2021
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nani Dharmasetiawani
"ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang
Bayi kurang bulan masih merupakan masalah karena mempunyai morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Selain morbiditas yang tinggi, bayi kurang bulan juga sering mengalami pertumbuhan yang kurang baik jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan. Gangguan yang berhubungan dengan saluran cerna ialah gagal tumbuh dan malnutrisi. Penyebab gagal tumbuh terbanyak pada bayi ialah masalah pada saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti, malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik. Bayi kurang bulan dengan imaturitas saluran cerna mempunyai aktivitas enzim yang rendah, yang akan menyebabkan digesti dan absorpsi nutrien yang rendah dan pada akhirnya akan mengganggu tumbuh kembangnya. Beberapa enzim pencernaan, yaitu laktase dan elastase 1 pankreas, akan diteliti. Laktase adalah enzim pencernaan yang terdapat di usus halus dan bekerja menghidrolisis laktosa yang merupakan karbohidrat utama pada susu. Elastase 1 pankreas dihasilkan oleh pankreas dan merupakan enzim pemecah protein.
Apakah aktivitas enzim bayi kurang bulan yang rendah pada saat lahir akan dapat mencapai perkembangan aktivitas enzim bayi cukup bulan? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.
Metodologi
Dilakukan studi prospektif observasional analitik pada 25 bayi kurang bulan dan 22 bayi cukup bulan di RSB Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta, dalam periode Agustus 2003 sampai dengan Juli 2004. Aktivitas laktase dilakukan pada bayi umur 1, 14, dan 28 hari, serta pemeriksaan kadar elastase 1 pankreas dilakukan pada umur 1, 7, dan 10 hari. Aktivitas laktase dinyatakan dalam rasio ekskresi laktulosa dan laktosa. Pemeriksaan aktivitas laktase dilakukan dengan cara memberi minum bayi dengan larutan laktulosa dan laktosa (1:1) setelah puasa 2 jam, kemudian urinenya ditampung. Penetapan kadar laktulosa dan laktosa dalam urine dilakukan dengan cara kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas dalam tinja diukur dengan cara Elisa.
Hasil Penelitian
Rerata aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 14 dan 28 hari, aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur yang sama. Rerata kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan secara bermakna lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan bayi cukup bulan pada saat lahir. Pada umur 7 dan 10 hari, kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan sudah tidak berbeda bermakna dengan perkembangan kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi cukup bulan.
Simpulan
Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa aktivitas laktase bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan aktivitas laktase bayi cukup bulan pada umur 14 hari. Kadar elastase 1 pankreas bayi kurang bulan yang relatif rendah pada saat lahir sudah mencapai perkembangan kadar elastase l pankreas bayi cukup bulan pada umur 7 hari.

ABSTRACT
Premature infants are problematic. As they have a high morbidity and mortality rate. In addition, the growth and development of premature infants is often also not as good as that of full term infants. Problems related to digestion can cause failure to thrive and malnutrition. The most common cause of failure to thrive are problems in the digestive system particularly maldigestion, malabsorption and chronic diarrhea. Premature infants with immature digestive systems have low enzyme activity which can cause low digestion and absorption of nutrients which will eventually inhibit their growth. Several digestive enzymes i.e. lactase and pancreatic elastase I will be studied. Lactase is a digestive enzyme that is found in the intestinal viii and it hydrolyzes lactose which is the main carbohydrate in milk. Pancreatic elastase 1 is produced by the pancreas and is the enzyme that breaks down protein.
Will the low enzyme activity of premature infants at birth be able to reach the level of activity of full term infants? This research tries to answer that question.
Methodology
A prospective observational analytical study was carried out on 25 premature infants and 22 full term infants in Budi Kemuliaan Maternity Hospital over the period August 2003 to July 2004. Lactase activity was examined at age 1, 14 and 28 days. An examination of the concentration of pancreatic elastase I was done at age 1, 7, and 10 days, Lactase activity is expressed in a ratio of excretion of lactulosa and lactose. The study of lactase activity was done by feeding the infants a solution of lactulose and lactose (1:1) after a 2-hour fasting period. Urine samples were then taken. The determination of the concentration of lactulose and lactose in the urine was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in the stool was measured using the Elisa method.
Results
The average lactase activity in premature infants is significantly lower compared to that of full-term infants at the time of birth. At age 14 and 28 days, the lactase activity of premature infants is not significantly different from that of full-term infants of the same age. The average concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 of premature infants is significantly lower than that of full-term infants at birth. However, at age 7 and 10 days, the difference in concentration of pancreatic elastase 1 in premature infants and that of full term infants is not significant any more.
Conclusion
This study shows that the activity of lactase in premature infants which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of lactase activity of full term infants of the same age at age 14 days. Whereas, the concentration of pancreatic Elastase 1 of premature infants, which is relatively low at birth, will reach the development of pancreatic elastase I concentration of full term infants of the same age at age 7 days.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2005
D596
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Widjajalaksmi Kusumaningsih
"ABSTRAK
Persepsi sensasi fantom yang timbul pasca amputasi anggota gerak, mengikuti arahan pola spesifik yang berkaitan dengan persepsi tubuh sendiri yang berkaitan dengan teori Neuromatriks dari Melzack dan Hukum Hebb. Nyeri fantom berhubungan dengan pengalaman nyeri pra-amputasi dimana terjadi disinhibisi memori nyeri pra-amputasi. Fenomena ini menganggu aktivitas sehari - hari bahkan dapat menciderakan penderita pasca amputasi anggota gerak. Fenomena ini dapat dideskripsikan sebagai adanya suatu persepsi berkelanjutan dari bagian tubuh dengan atau tanpa nyeri dalam suatu periode. Dalam perjalanan waktu terjadi perubahan karakteristik dari fenomena fantom (telescoping , sensasi fantom menjalar dan nyeri fantom) yang dimodulasi oleh berbagai substrat seperti kortisol, substansi P dan serotonin yang berfluktuasi untuk menciptakan keseimbangan homeostasis. Guna memahami fenomena ini diperlukan pendekatan metoda kuantitatif (dengan mengukur fluktuasi neurohumoral dalam suatu periode dan melakukan evaluasi terhadap kondisi puntung) dan metoda kualitatif antara lain melalui pemetaan gejala sensasi fantom, guna memahami lokasi neuroanatomis. Terapi nonfarmakologis sederhana diberikan sesuai diagnosis berdasar lokasi neuroanatornis.
Tempat : Departemen Rehabilitasi Medik, Departemen Ortopedi, RSCM 1 FKUI, RSU Fatmawati, RSPAD, PusRehCat Bintaro, Laboratorium Makmal Terpadu FKUI, Panti Sosial Bina Daksa, Jakarta.
Populasi dan Sampel : Semua pasien laki-laki dan perempuan usia 17 -- 55 tahun pasca amputasi terminal tunggal anggota gerak atas dan bawah, dextra dan sinistra (transfemoral, transtibial, transhumoral dan transradial, dextra dan sinistra), stadium pasca amputasi pra prostetik tanpa nyeri puntung.
Subyek penelitian dialokasikan dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok pengguna prostesis (P) dan kelompok bukan pengguna prostesis (NP). Kedua kelompok dievaluasi tiga kali (tahap awal, tahap pertengahan, tahap akhir) selama kurun waktu 6 bulan. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar kortisol, serotonin dan substansi P antara jam 8.00 - 9.00 pagi (variasi diurnal) dilaboratorium Makmal FKUI pada tahap awal dan tahap akhir. Kadar kortisol menggunakan tehnik RIA (Radioimunoassay), serotonin dan substansi P menggunakan tehnik ELISA (Enzym Linked Imunno Sorbent Assay). Pengukuran lingkar otot puntung berdasarkan The International Standard Measurement for Limb Muscle Girth pada level amputasi transfemoral transtitibial, transhurneral dan transradial. Pengukuran sinyal listrik otot puntung dengan pressure biofeedback (Myomed 932). Penilaian tahapan telescoping dan penilaian sensasi fantom menjalar menggunakan modifikasi pengukuran imaginasi visual dan gerak. Penilaian nyeri fantom dengan VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) Studi kualitatif meliputi pemetaan sensasi fantom menjalar, pemetaan tahapan telescoping, kuesioner mengenai gejala fenomena fantom termasuk pengalaman nyeri pra amputasi.
Dilakukan perbandingan antara kedua kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang aktif menggunakan prostesis fungsional secara kontinu dengan kelompok yang tidak menggunakan prostesis. Jumlah subyek dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki jauh lebih besar dibanding perempuan, yaitu laki-laki sebanyak 22 (52,4%) pada kelompok P dan 20 (47,6%) pada kelompok NP. Sebaran berdasar jenis kelamin pada kelompok adalah homogen dimana jumlah laki-laki mendominasi pada tiap kelompok. Hal ini sesuai dengan data amputasi anggota gerak akibat trauma yang lebih banyak menimpa laki-laki. Distribusi usia menunjukkan pada kelompok NP rerata usia 29,8 (SD 10,27), dan 29,52 (SD 6,51) adalah rerata usia pada kelompok P. Berdasarkan usia kedua kelompok adalah homogen, (p=0,909). Berdasarkan jenis pekerjaan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok (p = 0,038) dimana buruh mendominasi kelompok NP yaitu 12 (66,7%) dan TNI mendominasi kelompok P yaitu 15 (78,9%). Dari berbagai jenis amputasi, terlihat amputasi anggota gerak bawah (transfemoral dan transtibial, baik dextra dan sinistra) mendominasi pada masing-masing kelompok yaitu sebanyak 14 (56%) pads kelompok NP dan 22 (88%) pada kelompok P. Sebaran berdasar jenis amputasi pada kedua kelompok adalah homogen (p = 0,221). Dalam perjalanan waktu selama enam bulan pasta amputasi, didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara peningkatan derajat telescoping (PS) dan peningkatan sensasi fantom menjalar (RPLS) pada tiap tahap. Path tahap evaluasi akhir didapatkan korelasi positif bermakna dengan bentuk hubungan kuat (korelasi Pearson, r =0,999 , p < 0,0001). Dengan regresi linear didapatkan adanya peningkatan hubungan antara derajat telescoping dengan sensasi fantom menjalar dalam masa enam bulan, dan Rsq () 0,8440 yang berarti bahwa 84% variasi peningkatan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar berhubungan dengan peningkatan derajat telescoping dalam masa enam bulan pasca amputasi anggota gerak. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa selain terjadi peningkatan derajat telescoping akan diikuti perubahan sensasi fantom menjalar yang berbeda bermakna (p < 0,0001), sebagai konsekuensi reorganisasi area kortikal somatosensori, yang juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang kuat diantara keduanya (r = 0,999, p < 0,0001). Proses ini dipicu penggunaan aktif prostesis fungsional. Kondisi puntung pengguna prostesis berbeda dengan kondisi puntung bukan pengguna prostesis. Terjadi peningkatan bermakna dari rerata sinyal elektrik otot puntung (EA) baik kelompok NP maupun kelompok P (p <0,0001). Dengan korelasi Pearson, ditemukan korelasi negatif bermakna dengan bentuk hubungan berkekuatan sedang, antara perubahan tahapan telescoping (PS) dan peningkatan sinyal elektrik otot puntung J EA (r = 0,444 , p = 0,001). Dengan regresi linear didapatkan adanya peningkatan hubungan antara derajat telescoping dan sinyal listrik otot puntung dalam masa enam bulan pasca amputasi, regresi linear dengan Rsq (r2) 0,1974 yang berarti bahwa 19% variasi peningkatan derajat telescoping berhubungan dengan atau ditentukan oleh peningkatan sinyal listrik otot puntung enam bulan pasca amputasi. Dengan terjadinya perubahan pada tahapan telescoping dan sensasi fantom menjalar dalam kurun waktu enam bulan, terjadi juga penurunan nilai rerata intensitas nyeri fantom yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok (p < 0,0001). Dengan korelasi Pearson terdapat korelasi negatif yang bermakna antara peningkatan telescoping (PS) dan penurunan nyeri fantom (PP) dalam masa enam bulan (r = - 0,676 , p < 0,0001) dengan sifat hubungan kuat. Juga ditemukan korelasi negatif dengan sifat hubungan sedang, yang bermakna dalam masa observasi enam bulan antara RPLS dan PP (r = 0,693 , p < 0,0001). Dengan korelasi Pearson didapati hubungan berkekuatan sedang antara peningkatan telescoping dengan penurunan intensitas nyeri fantom pada tahap pertengahan masa observasi 6 bulan (r = - 0,503 , p < 0,0001). Dan pada akhir masa observasi sifat hubungan kuat (r = - 0,676 , p < 0,0001). Regresi linear menunjukkan hubungan yang kuat antara penurunan nilai nyeri fantom dan peningkatan derajat telescoping. Regresi linear dengan Rsq (r2) 0,4572 berarti bahwa 45% variasi penurunan nyeri fantom berhubungan dengan peningkatan derajat telescoping enam bulan pasta amputasi. Demikian pula regresi linear dengan Rsq (r) 0,4808 berarti bahwa 48% variasi penurunan nyeri fantom berhubungan dengan peningkatan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar dalam masa enam bulan pasta amputasi. Enam bulan pasca amputasi anggota gerak terjadi penurunan nyeri fantom yang berbeda bermakna antara kelompok NP dan P (p = 0,002). Didapatkan nyeri fantom awal sebanyak 31 (62%) dan melalui uji independen didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok NP dan P (p < 0,0001) dalam hal sebaran adanya pengalaman nyeri praamputasi dan terjadinya nyeri fantom awal. Enam bulan pasca amputasi didapatkan peningkatan kadar serotonin dan penurunan substansi P pada kelompok P dan NP. Didapatkan penurunan bermakna kortisol enam bulan pasca amputasi antara kelompok P dan kelompok NP (p =0,047). Dengan ditemukan Korelasi Pearson korelasi positif bermakna antara penurunan kadar kortisol dan penurunan nilai nyeri fantom selama enam bulan pasca amputasi anggota gerak (r = 0,390 , p = 0,005). Terdapat pula korelasi negatif bermakna antara penurunan kadar kortisol dan peningkatan derajat telescoping selama 6 bulan pasca amputasi (r = - 0,331 , p = 0,01 9 ). Terdapat korelasi negatif bermakna antara penurunan kadar kortisol dan peningkatan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar enam bulan pasca amputasi (r = -0,377, p = 0,007). Hubungan antara penurunan kadar kortisol dengan peningkatan derajat telescoping, penurunan nyeri fantom dan perubahan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar (konsekuensi proses neuroplastisitas) diperlihatkan dengan analisis regresi. Regresi kuadratik sederhana dengan Rsq (r2) 0,1456 yang berarti 14% variasi perubahan derajat telescoping berhubungan dengan atau ditentukan oleh perubahan kadar kortisol enam bulan pasca amputasi. Regresi kuadratik sederhana Rsq (r) 0,1520 berarti 15% variasi penurunan nilai nyeri fantom berhubungan dengan perubahan kadar kortisol enam bulan pasca amputasi. Regresi kuadratik sederhana Rsq (r) 0,1998 berarti bahwa 19% variasi perubahan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar berhubungan dengan atau ditentukan oleh perubahan kadar kortisol enam bulan pasca amputasi.
Kesimpulan : (1) Enam bulan pasca amputasi anggota gerak terjadi perubahan peta somatotopik, pada subyek pasca amputasi anggota gerak yang merupakan konsekuensi proses neuroplastisitas pada area korteks somatosensori. (2) Perubahan karakteristik tersebut berkaitan dengan fluktuasi tiga substrat panting yaitu kortisol, serotonin, dan substansi P, yang mempengaruhi proses neuroplastisitas, memori dan nyeri. (3) Perubahan karakteristik, peningkatan tahapan telescoping, peningkatan nilai sensasi fantom menjalar dan penurunan intensitas nyeri fantom berbeda bermakna diantara kedua kelompok (NP dan P). (4) Pengalaman nyeri pra amputasi menimbulkan nyeri fantom. (5) Kehilangan anggota gerak tidak berarti kehilangan representasinya di otak, teori Neuromatriks dari Melzack mengenai adanya engram pada fenomena fantom yang menyatakan tubuh sebagai kesatuan bagian dari diri sendiri. Persepsinya tidak akan hilang dan pada kondisi tertentu akan dimunculkan kembali ke perrnukaan.
Terjadi perubahan signifikan pada karakteristik fenomena fantom dalam perjalanan waktu, pasca amputasi anggota gerak pada manusia dewasa akibat trauma, yang merupakan konsekuensi neuroplastisitas sentral. Adaptasi sentral berkaitan dengan adaptasi perifer yang diikuti penumnan kadar kortisol, substansi P dan peningkatan serotonim dalam masa 6 bulan pasca amputasi. Berbagai perubahan karakteristik dipercepat dengan penggunaan aktif prostesis fungsional. Ditemukan perubahan signifikan menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara berbagai faktor fisik maupun kimiawi. Dapat disimpulkan peran prostesis tidak hanya terbatas untuk aktifitas sehari-hari tapi terutama mempercepat perubahan karakteristik fenomena fantom.

ABSTRACT
Phantom limb sensation always occurs after sudden traumatic limb amputation whether by accident or surgery. It follows a spesific pattern that is related with body image (Neuromatrix and Neurosignature theory by Melzack). Phantom pains are highly variable, very individual and have a correlation with the experience of pain in the same limb before amputation. It was proposed that there is a reactivation of pre-amputation pain memory (engrain). Phantom limb phenomenon can be described as continuing memory with or without pain of self body perception/image that is not there anymore, modulated by neurohormon and neurotransmitters to reach homeostasis balance. The changing characteristic of phantom phenomen characteristic was modulated neurohumorally which will show in the fluctuation of cortisol, serotonin and substance P levels in circulation. Two methods will be used, quantitative and qualitative. To analyze the study outcome by comparison between two groups, groups that are using prosthesis (group P) and groups that do not use prosthesis or use cosmetic prosthesis (group NP). Study on the changing characteristics of phantom phenomenon and the relation with the effect of cortisol, serotonin and substance P fluctuation in circulation.
Place and time : Department Orthopedics Surgery and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Makrnal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia, the Department of Orthopedics Surgery and the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gatot Subroto Army Hospital, Department of Orthopedics Surgery and the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fatmawati Hospital, Center for the Disabled (Pusrehcat) Bintaro and Panti Sosial Bina Daksa, all in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Population and sample : All male and female patients, age between 17 - 55 years of age, post traumatic limb amputation, upper limb and lower limb, dextra and sinistra (transfemoral, transtibial, transhumeral and transradial). In preprosthetic stage will be observed for six months.
Method : Subjects are allocated witihin 2 groups, subjects using a functional definite prosthetic (P group) and subjects that do not use prosthetic (NP group). Within six months 3 evaluation will be done on the first, second and third phase. Serotonin, cortisol and substance P in circulation will be taken twice on the first and third phase, between 8.00 AM - 09.00 AM. The level of cortisol will be examined by RIA, serotonin and substance P level will be examined by ELISA. Stump circumference will be measured by the International Standard Measurement for Limb Muscle Girth. Stump electrical activity will be measured by Myomed 932 1 Electromyography Biofeedback. Telescoping degree (PS) and Referred Phantom Limb Sensation (RPLS) will be measured by using the modification of Visual and Movement Imagination Score. Phantom pain measured by VAS. Qualitative study used the sensory mapping of telescoping degree, in depth questioner also for pre-amputation experience.
Subjects were allocated in two groups, group using prosthetic (group P) and the other group that do not use prosthetic (group NP). Based on gender, men dominate in each group, NP and P. The distributions based on gender are homogenous (chi --- square test, p 0,445). Distribution based on age in each group, NP and P are homogenous (p = 0,909). It shows that both workers and military personnel dominate the whole sample. Worker dominate the NP group 12 (66,7%) and military personnel dominate the P group 15 (78,9%). Within six months after amputation, it shows that the use of continuing definite prosthetic will accelerate telescoping process, referred phantom limb sensation and lower phantom pain intensity significantly (p < 0,0001). At the end of six months observation with Pearson correlation there is a positive, strong correlation between an increase in telescoping degree (PS) and an increase in the score of referred phantom limb sensation (RPLS) (r = 0,999, p < 0,0001). Linear regression with Rsq (r2) = 0,8440 means that 84% variation in the increase of telescoping degree is related with the increase of referred phantom limb sensation six months after limb traumatic amputation. This shows that an increase in telescoping degree will be followed with an increase score in RPLS, this is a consequence of neuroplasticity process. By Anova repeated measurement there is a significant difference in the increase of electrical sigryil isometric muscle stump contraction in each group (p < 0,0001). Pearson correlation at the end of the observation (six month after traumatic limb amputation) shows a positive correlation with average relation between increase in telescoping degree (PS) and an increase in electrical stump muscle isometric contraction (EA) (r = 0,444 , p = 0,00 1). Linear regression with Rsq [r2) = 0,1974 which means that 19 % variation of an increase in electrical signal of isometric muscle stump contraction (EA) is related with an increase in telescoping degree (PS) after six months. In both groups (NP and P) there is a significance difference in the decrease of phantom pain intensity within six month from phase 1 through phase 3. Between group NP and P the difference in lower phantom pain intensity, decrease significantly on the second and third evaluation (p < 0,0001). With Pearson correlation at the end of six month observation shows a significance negative correlation with strong relation between the increase in telescoping degree and the decrease in phantom pain intensity (PP) (r = 0,676 , p < 0,0001). There is a negative correlation with strong relation (r = 0,693 , p < 0,0001) between the increase in referred phantom limb sensation (RPLS) and the decrease in phantom pain intensity (PP). Linear regression with Rsq (r2) = 0,4572 which means that 45 % variation in the decrease of phantom pain intensity (PP) is related with the increase in telescoping degree (PS) after six months observation. All this show a strong relationship between lower phantom pain intensity and increase in telescoping process within six months after amputation. There is also a significance difference decrease in phantom pain intensity (PP) within six months in group NP (p = 0,02). The decrease in phantom pain intensity (p < 0,05) within six months in group P. By using independent t test there is a significance difference in both group (p < 0,0001) in the distribution of pre-amputation pain experience (PNPA }) and the incidence of phantom pain (PP1) with score above 0 (zero). The mean score of PP1 are 6,16 (SD 1,96) in group NP and 5,26 (SD 1,47) in group P The same occur on those without pre-amputation pain experience (PNPA -) and no phantom pain incidence or the score of PP1 = O. There is a significance negative correlation between the decrease in cortisol level and the increase in telescoping grade (r = - 0,331, p =0,019). There is a significant positive correlation between decrease in cortisol level and decrease in phantom pain intensity (r = 0,390 , p = 0,005). There is a significance negative correlation level between the decrease in cortisol level and increase in referred phantom limb sensation (r= - 0,377 , p = 0,007). With simple quadratic regression, with Rsq (r) = 0,1456, which means that 14% difference of variation in telescoping degree is correlated with the fluctuation in cortisol level within six months, or can be predicted by cortisol fluctuation. Linear regression Rsq (?) = 0,1520, it means that 15% variation in the decrease of phantom pain intensity are correlated to the decrease in cortisol level within six months. Simple quadratic regression with Rsq (r2) = 0,1998, mean 19 % variation of referred phantom limb sensation is related with the fluctuation of cortisol level within six months.
The changes in the somatotopics map of post traumatic limb amputee subjects are the consequences of neuroplasticity rearrangement in the somatosensory cortical area. Changing characteristics, telescoping process, referred phantom limb sensation and phantom pain differ significantly between group NP and P. The changing pattern of phantom phenomenon is also influenced by three important substrates such as substance P, serotonin and cortisol that also influenced the neuroplasticity process, memory and phantom pain mechanism. Pre amputation pain experience will lead to the occurrence of phantom pain. A loss of a body part (limb) does not mean that the representations on brain surface are also loss. The body image are never erased or loss (Neuromatrix Theory of Melzack), exspecially those part which has the biggest area and the most dense representation in the homunculus. There is an engram that states that the body is our selves, those perception will never be erased (Neuromatrix Theory). The use of functional prosthetic continually that cause some effect on stump muscle condition, will hasten the characteristics of phantom phenomenon that is a consequence of central neuroplasticity proces, which is an increase in telescoping degree (PS), increase in referred phantom limb perception score (RPLS) and decrease in phantom pain intensity (PP), which also show a relation with neurohumoral fluctuation in circulation in which is a decrease in cortisol and substance P levels , and an increase in serotonin levels. The changing characteristic is accelerated by the use of definite functional prosthetics. There is a significant correlation between physical behavior and neurochemistry. Apart from daily use, the use of prosthetics is very important to lead the acceleration in the changing pattern of phantom phenomenon.
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2004
D590
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Yudianita Kesuma
"

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) merupakan penyakit terbanyak pada anak dan remaja pada gangguan saluran cerna fungsional dengan subtipe diare, konstipasi, campuran dan unclassified. Mekanisme patofisiologi belum jelas dan memerlukan pembuktian adanya keterlibatan organik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui epidemiologi IBS, peran infestasi Blastocystis hominis dan integritas mukosa usus dalam etiopatogenesis IBS, dampak IBS terhadap kualitas hidup, serta membuat sistem model prediksi IBS pada remaja.

Penelitian ini berbasis komunitas dengan pendekatan potong lintang komparatif dua kelompok pada remaja dari enam SMA di Palembang. Kriteria Roma III digunakan untuk menegakkan diagnosis IBS beserta kuesioner untuk menentukan faktor risiko. Secara multistage random sampling dibandingkan 70 subjek IBS dan 70 subjek nonIBS. Dilakukan pencatatan riwayat medis, pemeriksaan fisis, pemeriksaan parasit dan biomarker tinja serta kuesioner IBSQOL. Pemeriksaan tinja segar dengan mikroskop untuk mengetahui infestasi Blastocystis hominis. Pemeriksaan kadar alfa-1 antitripsin dan kalprotektin tinja dengan ELISA untuk melihat adanya gangguan integritas mukosa usus. Dampak IBS terhadap kualitas hidup dinilai dengan kuesioner IBSQOL.

Terdapat  454 subjek dengan prevalens IBS 30,2%, terdiri dari subtipe terbanyak yaitu subtipe diare 36,5%, dan yang paling sedikit subtipe konstipasi 18,9%. Uji regresi logistik mendapatkan faktor risiko utama IBS adalah dibully, perempuan, usia 14–16 tahun, riwayat konstipasi, makan tiga jenis kacang, minuman kemasan, dan riwayat diare (kisaran OR 2,86–1,81). Blastocystis hominis ditemukan pada masing-masing grup sebesar 51,4 vs. 28,6%, dengan perbedaan bermakna (p = 0,006). Tidak ada hubungan bermakna untuk kerusakan mukosa (p = 0,734), tetapi bermakna dengan inflamasi usus (p = 0,039). Terbukti IBS secara bermakna menyebabkan rendahnya kualitas hidup (p = 0,001). Didapatkan 2 model prediksi skoring, yaitu model 1 yang dapat diaplikasikan pada layanan kesehatan primer yang bertujuan sebagai uji tapis dengan menilai faktor risiko. Model 2 diperuntukkan sebagai layanan terapi terkait infestasi Blastocystis pada layanan kesehatan tersier.

Simpulan, prevalens IBS pada remaja di Palembang tinggi dan memiliki faktor risiko utama dibully, perempuan, usia 14–16 tahun, riwayat konstipasi, makan 3 jenis kacang, minuman kemasan, riwayat diare. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara Blastocystis hominis dan inflamasi usus dengan kejadian IBS pada remaja, serta dampaknya terhadap kualitas hidup membutuhkan penanganan yang komprehensif.

Kata kunci: Blastocystis hominis, integritas mukosa usus, irritable bowel syndrome, kualitas hidup, remaja


Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder and commonly present in children and adolescences, presented as diarrhoea, constipation, mixed or unclassified type. The pathophysiological mechanisms of  IBS are unclear, and still challenging to determine organic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of IBS, the role of Blastocystis hominis infestation and intestinal mucosal integrity in the etiopathogenesis of IBS, the impact of quality of lifes, and apply a scoring system to predict the occurrence of IBS among adolescences.

A community-based survey with comparative cross sectional approach was done from six high schools in Palembang. Subjects were recruited using the multistage random sampling divided into two groups (70 subjects IBS and 70 subjects nonIBS). The Rome III criteria were used to establish a diagnosis of IBS along with a questionnaire to determine risk factors,  analyzed for association with Blastocystis hominis infestation, intestinal mucosal integrity, and its impact on quality of life. Direct microscopic stool examination to identify single Blastocystis infection was performed, followed by culture in Jones’ medium, PCR and Sequencing of 18S rRNA to determine Blastocystis subtype. Examination of antitrypsin alpha-1 and fecal calprotectin levels by ELISA was done  to determine impaired intestinal mucosal integrity. Impact of IBS on quality of life was done with the IBSQOL questionnaire.

Of the 454 subjects, the prevalence of IBS was 30.2%, consisting of diarrhea subtypes 36.5%, 21.9% mixed, 22.6% Unclassified and 18.9% constipation. The major risk factors for IBS were bullying, girls, ages 14–16 years, history of constipation, eat three kinds of nuts, drink beverages, and history of diarrhea (range OR 2.86–1.81). Blastocystis hominis was detected in each group of 51.4 vs. 28.6% (p = 0.006). There was no significant association for intestinal mucosal permeability (p = 0.734), but it was significant with intestinal inflammation (p = 0.039). Significant impairment of quality of life among IBS adolescences was found (p = 0.001). The IBS prediction score model had 2 models. Model 1 is more applicable in primary health care for sreening IBS based on risk factors. Model 2 only usable for tertiary health care, as management of Blastocystis infestation.

Conclusion, the prevalence IBS among adolescence was high with major risk factors to IBS consisted of bullying, female gender, age between 14–16 years, previous illness of constipation, diet three nuts, drink beverages, previous illness diarrhoea. Significant association with Blastocystis hominis infestation, intestinal inflammation were found, comphrehensive management is needed as for its impact on quality of life.

Keywords. Blastocystis hominis, intestinal integrity, irritable bowel syndrome,   quality of life, Adolescences

 

"
2018
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Iskandar Rahardjo Budianto
"Latar Belakang. Penyakit Hirschsprung (PH) adalah suatu penyakit kongenital akibat tidak terbentuknya sel ganglion Meissner dan Auerbach pada lapisan sub mukosa dan lapisan intermuskularis usus. Komplikasi dari PH yang umum terjadi adalah Hirschsprung associated Enterocolitis (HAEC) yang dapat mengancam nyawa, biasa terjadi karena keterlambatan diagnosis PH, namun masih dijumpai pasca operasi definitif PH. Banyak faktor yang diduga menjadi penyebab HAEC, mulai dari gangguan elektrolit dan air, disbiosis kuman usus maupun gangguan homeostasis mukosa dinding usus, seperti berkurangnya musin yang dihasilkan oleh sel goblet dan sel neuroendokrin yang berperan pada motilitas dan sekresi usus, namun sampai saat ini belum ditemukan penyebab pasti dari HAEC. Sel Paneth, salah satu sel epitel pembentuk dinding mukosa usus yang berfungsi sebagai sel pertahanan yang menghasilkan beberapa protein dan peptide antimikroba, salah satunya α-defensin. Dalam keadaan normal sel paneth tidak ditemukan di kolon, namun pada penyakit radang usus seperti Penyakit Crohn dan kolitis ulserativa, ditemukan metaplasia sel Paneth akibat inflamasi yang terjadi. Peran sel paneth yang berfungsi sebagai sel pertahanan terhadap mikroba blm diteliti dalam terjadinya HAEC. IL-β adalah sitokin proinflamasi yang berperan pada peradangan dan kerusakan jaringan usus dan pada penyakit Crohn, peningkatan derajat keparahan peradangan mukosa terlihat sejalan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi protein IL-1β. Indikator inflamasi lainnya yaitu calprotectin, suatu protein penanda biologis yang ditemukan pada tinja ketika terjadi inflamasi di usus dimana konsentrasinya akan meningkat 4-6 kali dari konsentrasinya di plasma. Penelitian ini berfokus pada peran dan fungsi sel Paneth pada patogenesis HAEC dan diharapkan dapat menjawab permasalahan pada HAEC dan dapat menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas PH di masa yang akan datang.
Tujuan. Mengetahui peran sel Paneth, α-defensin, IL-β dan calprotectin pada patogenesis HAEC
Metode Penelitian. Penelitian menggunakan hewan coba tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley. Kelompok sampel dibagi menjadi 11 kelompok yang terdiri dari 10 kelompok perlakuan BAC 0.1% dan 1 kelompok kontrol. Jumlah masing–masing kelompok adalah 5 ekor. Pengambilan sampel dan sacrifice dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 dan 21 hari setelah 7 hari diberi perlakuan BAC. Jaringan usus kolon sigmoid dan serum diambil untuk pemeriksaan histologi (derajat enterokolitis dan metaplasia sel Paneth) menggunakan pewarnaan hematoxyllineosin serta pemeriksaan biokimia menggunakan teknik ELISA untuk menentukan konsentrasi α- defensin, IL-β dan calprotectin. Analisis statistik data numerik menggunakan uji Anova, uji Mann–Whitney dan uji korelasi Spearman.
Hasil. Enterokolitis mulai terjadi pada kelompok PH+7 dengan derajat yang makin meningkat sejalan dengan waktu. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada metaplasia sel Paneth antara kelompok PH+0 dan PH+7 serta PH+0 dan PH+18, namun tidak didapati perbedaan bermakna pada konsentrasi α-defensin jaringan, α-defensin serum, IL-β dan calprotectin terhadap kelompok PH+0. Tidak terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara konsentrasi α-defensin dengan jumlah metaplasia sel Paneth, α-defensin serum, IL-β dan calprotectin.
Simpulan. Derajat enterokolitis meningkat sejalan dengan berjalannya waktu pada PH yang tidak dilakukan intervensi dan terjadi metaplasia sel Paneth yang tidak diikuti dengan peningkatan konsentrasi konsentrasi protein α-defensin.

Background. Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a congenital disease, characterized by absence of Meissner and Auerbach ganglion cells in the submucosal and intermuscularis layer of the gut. Hirschsprung Associated Enterocolitis (HAEC) is a common and sometimes life threatening complication of HD, presenting either before operation due to delayed in diagnosis or after definitive surgery for HD. Variety of HAEC causes has been thought, such as electrolyte and water metabolism defect, infection caused by dysbiosis of gut microflora, and various dysfunction of intestinal homeostasis like disordered intestinal motility by neuroendocrine cells, mucosal immunity defect and abnormal mucin production by goblet cells. Despite the advancement of HD management therapy, HAEC etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood and unconfirmed. Paneth cell, one of the principle cell type of the epithelium of the intestinal mucosal wall, an innate antimicrobial peptides that contribute to mucosal host defence by producing antimicrobial peptides and protein, including α-defensin. Normally, Paneth cell is not found in the adult colon, but in intestinal bowel disease (IBD) like Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, paneth cells metaplasia due to inflammation was found. The role of paneth cell as mucosal host defence has not been investigated in the pathophysiology of HAEC. Pro inflammation cytokine IL-β known to be involve in the inflammation and tissue defective in Crohn disease, where increasement of the inflammation degree was followed by IL-β increasement respectively. Other inflammation indicator, calprotectin, a biomarker protein, found in the feces when inflammation occurred in the intestine, would increased 4-6 fold from the plasma concentration. This study is to investigate the role of paneth cell in the pathogenesis of HAEC so that morbidity and mortality of HD could be lowered in the future.
Aim. To investigate the role of Paneth cell, α-defensin, IL-β and calprotectin in HAEC patogenesis.
Method. Male Sprague Dawley rat was used in this study, divided into 11 groups, one control group and 10 Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) 0.1% intervention groups, each group consisted of r rats. Sacrifice and sample harvesting done on day 0, 3, 5 ,7 10,12, 14, 16, 18 and 21; 7 days after BAC 0.1% intervention was done. Sigmoid colon and blood serum harvested for histological examination (aganglionosis segmen, HAEC degree and Paneth cell metaplasia) with hematoxyllin-eosin staining and biochemical examination with ELISA technique to measure α-defensin, IL-β and calprotectin concentration. Statistic analisys using Anova, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman test.
Result. HAEC occurred on the 7th day after 14 days application of BAC, analog to 7 days after HD, with increasement of enterocolitis degree along with the time of scarifice. In term of paneth cell metapasia, there is a significant differences between HD+0 and HD+7, and between HD+0 and HD+18, but there is no significant differences for tissue and plasma α-defensin concentration, IL-β and calprotectin concentration compare to HD+0. There are no significant correlation between tissue α-defensin concentration compare to paneth cell metaplasia, plasma α-defensin concentration, IL-β and calprotectin respectively. There are also no significant correlation between degree of Enterocolitis compare to paneth cell metaplasia, tissue and plasma α-defensin concentration, IL-β and calprotectin.
Conclusion. HAEC degree increase alongside with time in HD without intervention, Paneth cell metaplasia occurred in HAEC but not followed by increasement of α-defensin concentration.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Pramita Gayatri Dwipoerwantoro
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009
D1745
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Pulungan, Aman Bhakti
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Tinggi badan/ perawakan tubuh merupakan parameter penting tingkat kesejahteraan suatu populasi. Perawakan tubuh dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik, endokrin dan lingkungan. Faktor lingkungan yang saat ini paling sering ditemukan adalah faktor nutrisi. Populasi pigmi adalah suatu populasi terisolasi yang seluruh anggotanya pendek dan ditemukan di berbagai belahan dunia termasuk Indonesia, yaitu di Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang disebut komunitas pigmi Rampasasa. Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian yang dapat menemukan penyebab perawakan pendek komunitas pigmi tersebut.
Tujuan: Mengetahui profil antropometri manusia pigmi Rampasasa dan mencari berbagai faktor (genetik, endokrin, dan nutrisi) yang berperan dalam perawakan pendek komunitas pigmi tersebut sehingga diharapkan dapat berkontribusi dalam tatalaksana perawakan pendek pada umumnya.
Metode: Penelitian merupakan studi deskriptif analitik yang dilakukan pada periode Desember 2011-April 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang untuk mengetahui profil genetik dan non genetik (endokrin dan nutrisi) yang berperan dalam perawakan pendek manusia pigmi Rampasasa. Dilakukan pengukuran antropometri pada subjek dan pengambilan sampel darah. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan post hoc analysis. Analisis genetik dilakukan dengan mengirimkan isolasi DNA ke Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome Analysis (LDGA), Leiden, Belanda.
Hasil: Didapatkan data dari 58 subjek yang dikelompokkan menjadi pigmi murni (n=8), pigmi campuran (n=40), dan non pigmi (n=10). Seluruh subjek memiliki proposi tubuh yang normal. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna untuk status nutrisi antara ketiga kelompok, yang dinyatakan dengan kadar kalsium (p=0,19), vitamin D (p=0,96), dan hemoglobin (p=0,147). Namun didapatkan perbedaan bermakna untuk kadar hormon IGF-1 antara ketiga kelompok (p=0,037), yang setelah dilakukan analisis posthoc menunjukkan perbedaan hanya pada kelompok non pigmi vs. pigmi murni (p=0,012). Kadar hormon IGFBP-3 tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara ketiga kelompok (p=0,772). Analisis DNA menggunakan SNP array mengidentifikasi 10 regio homozigot pada sampel pigmi yang tidak didapatkan pada kontrol.
Simpulan: Perawakan pendek manusia pigmi Rampasasa memiliki proporsi tubuh yang normal. Faktor nutrisi tidak berhubungan dengan perawakan pendek komunitas pigmi Rampasasa. Faktor hormonal tidak dapat menjelaskan perawakan pendek populasi tersebut. Temuan regio homozigot mengindikasikan pengaruh faktor genetik meskipun kandidat gen belum dapat diidentifikasi.;

ABSTRACT
Background: Height / stature of the body is an important parameter of one?s population wellbeing. Height is influenced by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. Nutritional factor is one of the most common environmental factors found. Pygmy population is an isolated population whose all members have short stature. They are found in various parts of the world including Indonesia, namely Rampasasa pygmies community in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Up until this date, there are no studies about the etiology of Rampasasa pygmies short stature.
Objective: To learn about anthrophometric profiles in Rampasasa Pygmies and factors involved in the short stature of that pygmy community, as a contribution to the management of short stature in general, as well as to provide scientific asset about Rampasasa pygmies.
Keywords: calsium, genetic factors, height, IGFBP-3, IGF-I, nutrition, Rampasasa pygmies, short stature, vitamin D.
Methods: This research is a descriptive analytic study conducted from December 2011 to
April 2014. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the genetic and non-
genetic profile (endocrine and nutrition) that play role in Rampasasa pygmies short
stature. Anthropometric measurements and blood sampling were performed. Statistical
analysis was performed by using ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis. Genetic
analysis is done by sending DNA isolation to Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome
Analysis (LDGA), Leiden, The Netherlands.
Results: Data obtained from 58 subjects were grouped into pure pygmies (n = 8), mixed
pygmy (n = 40), and non- pygmies (n = 10). All subjects had normal body proportions.
There were no significant difference in nutritional status between three groups, which is
expressed by calcium level (p = 0.19) , vitamin D (p = 0.96), and hemoglobin (p = 0.147).
Significant difference of IGF-1 hormone were found between the three groups (p =
0.037), which after posthoc analysis showed differences only between non-pygmies vs.
pure pygmies (p = 0.012). IGFBP-3 hormone level showed no significant difference
among the three groups (p = 0.772). We obtained evidence of homozygous regions in
DNA analysis using SNP arrays method, which are not found in control group.
Conclusion: Rampasasa pygmies have short stature with normal body proportion.
Nutritional factors are not associated with short stature of Rampasasa pygmy
communities. Hormonal factors can not explain the cause of the population short stature.
The discovery of homozygous regions indicates the role of genetic cause even though
there were no specific genes to be identified in this study.;Background: Height / stature of the body is an important parameter of one?s population wellbeing. Height is influenced by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. Nutritional factor is one of the most common environmental factors found. Pygmy population is an isolated population whose all members have short stature. They are found in various parts of the world including Indonesia, namely Rampasasa pygmies community in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Up until this date, there are no studies about the etiology of Rampasasa pygmies short stature.
Objective: To learn about anthrophometric profiles in Rampasasa Pygmies and factors involved in the short stature of that pygmy community, as a contribution to the management of short stature in general, as well as to provide scientific asset about Rampasasa pygmies.
Keywords: calsium, genetic factors, height, IGFBP-3, IGF-I, nutrition, Rampasasa pygmies, short stature, vitamin D.
Methods: This research is a descriptive analytic study conducted from December 2011 to
April 2014. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the genetic and non-
genetic profile (endocrine and nutrition) that play role in Rampasasa pygmies short
stature. Anthropometric measurements and blood sampling were performed. Statistical
analysis was performed by using ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis. Genetic
analysis is done by sending DNA isolation to Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome
Analysis (LDGA), Leiden, The Netherlands.
Results: Data obtained from 58 subjects were grouped into pure pygmies (n = 8), mixed
pygmy (n = 40), and non- pygmies (n = 10). All subjects had normal body proportions.
There were no significant difference in nutritional status between three groups, which is
expressed by calcium level (p = 0.19) , vitamin D (p = 0.96), and hemoglobin (p = 0.147).
Significant difference of IGF-1 hormone were found between the three groups (p =
0.037), which after posthoc analysis showed differences only between non-pygmies vs.
pure pygmies (p = 0.012). IGFBP-3 hormone level showed no significant difference
among the three groups (p = 0.772). We obtained evidence of homozygous regions in
DNA analysis using SNP arrays method, which are not found in control group.
Conclusion: Rampasasa pygmies have short stature with normal body proportion.
Nutritional factors are not associated with short stature of Rampasasa pygmy
communities. Hormonal factors can not explain the cause of the population short stature.
The discovery of homozygous regions indicates the role of genetic cause even though
there were no specific genes to be identified in this study., Background: Height / stature of the body is an important parameter of one’s population wellbeing. Height is influenced by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. Nutritional factor is one of the most common environmental factors found. Pygmy population is an isolated population whose all members have short stature. They are found in various parts of the world including Indonesia, namely Rampasasa pygmies community in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. Up until this date, there are no studies about the etiology of Rampasasa pygmies short stature.
Objective: To learn about anthrophometric profiles in Rampasasa Pygmies and factors involved in the short stature of that pygmy community, as a contribution to the management of short stature in general, as well as to provide scientific asset about Rampasasa pygmies.
Keywords: calsium, genetic factors, height, IGFBP-3, IGF-I, nutrition, Rampasasa pygmies, short stature, vitamin D.
Methods: This research is a descriptive analytic study conducted from December 2011 to
April 2014. This study used a cross-sectional design to determine the genetic and non-
genetic profile (endocrine and nutrition) that play role in Rampasasa pygmies short
stature. Anthropometric measurements and blood sampling were performed. Statistical
analysis was performed by using ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis. Genetic
analysis is done by sending DNA isolation to Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome
Analysis (LDGA), Leiden, The Netherlands.
Results: Data obtained from 58 subjects were grouped into pure pygmies (n = 8), mixed
pygmy (n = 40), and non- pygmies (n = 10). All subjects had normal body proportions.
There were no significant difference in nutritional status between three groups, which is
expressed by calcium level (p = 0.19) , vitamin D (p = 0.96), and hemoglobin (p = 0.147).
Significant difference of IGF-1 hormone were found between the three groups (p =
0.037), which after posthoc analysis showed differences only between non-pygmies vs.
pure pygmies (p = 0.012). IGFBP-3 hormone level showed no significant difference
among the three groups (p = 0.772). We obtained evidence of homozygous regions in
DNA analysis using SNP arrays method, which are not found in control group.
Conclusion: Rampasasa pygmies have short stature with normal body proportion.
Nutritional factors are not associated with short stature of Rampasasa pygmy
communities. Hormonal factors can not explain the cause of the population short stature.
The discovery of homozygous regions indicates the role of genetic cause even though
there were no specific genes to be identified in this study.]"
2015
D-Pdf
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rustadi Sosrosumihardjo
"ABSTRAK
Bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) dan retardasi perkembangan
intrauterin (IUGR) masih merupakan masalah, khususnya di Indonesia, karena
menunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi dan pertu diturunkan. Malnutrisi pada
anak kurang dan 1 tahun terbanyak pada bayi BBLR. Penyebab gagal tumbuh
terbanyak pada bayi adalah masalah saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti,
malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik.
Pada penelitian dengan menggunakan hewan coba, didapatkan mukosa
usus halus hipotrofi dan normoplasi pada tikus malnutrisi. Keadaan normoplasi
tercermin dari kandungan DNA mukosa usus halus yang menetap pada
malnutrisi. Keadaan ini selain memperlihatkan bahwa usus halus dapat
mempertahankan jumlah selnya dalam menghadapi pembatasan nutrien, juga
memberi petunjuk bahwa akan dapat berkembang apabila mendapatkan
masukan nutrien yang cukup.
Apakah reatimentasi dapat memulihkan mukosa yang hipotrofi normoplasi
menjadi normotroti normoplasi? Apabila keadaan tersebut terjadi, apakah respon
pemulihan itu berbeda antara tikus yang diinduksi pada masa pranatal dan yang
diinduksi malnutrisi pada masa pascasapih? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab
pertanyaan tersebut.
Metodologi
Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post test-control group dilakukan
dengan menggunakan anak tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley, dalam kurun
waktu April 2003 - Desember 2004. Delapan puluh ekor anak tikus jantan yang
dilahirkan dari 10 induk tikus berumur 8 minggu dengan berat badan antara 250-
300 gram, diberikan makanan baku yang lazim digunakan untuk penelitian.
Penelitian dibagi dalam 2 tahap : (1) induksi malnutrisi pranatal yaitu 3 minggu
pada masa gestasi, 3 minggu masa laktasi dan 3 minggu pascalaktasi, dan
induksi malnutrisi pascasapih selama 9 minggu dimulai segra setelah disapih;
dilanjutkan dengan tahap (2) Realimentasi selama 8 minggu. Pada setiap akhir
tahapan dilakukan nekropsi untuk memperoteh data. Data tersebut adalah (1)
kadar albumin serum, (2) ukuran badan (berat badan, panjang badan, Iingkar
dada), (3) ukuran usus (berat usus, panjang usus, diameter usus dan berat
mukosa), (4) morfologi usus halus (tebat mukosa, tinggi vilus, kedalaman kripta,
nisbah vitus/kripta, jumlah virus, kandungan protein, kandungan DNA, dan nisbah
protein/DNA), dan (5) aktivitas disakaridase (laktase, maltase, sukrase).
Hasil Penelitian
Berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih
tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi Iebih rendah dari tikus
kontrol. Semua parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai morfologi pada tikus
malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus
malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dibandingkan tikus
kontrol. Aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang
direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi
lebih rendah dari nilai kontro. Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada
tlkus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih rendah dari tikus malnutrisi
yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih tinggi dari nilai kontrol. Persentase
peningkatan beberapa parameter terhadap kontrol yaitu berat usus, berat
mukosa, dan kandungan protein mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pascasapih
yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi.
Kesimpulan
Malnutrisi tidak mengurangi populasi enterosit usus halus tikus. Realimentasi
dapat meningkatkan berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih, tetapi
tidak mencapai berat badan tikus normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi
pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki hipotrotl mukosa usus halus tetapi
tidak mencapai nonnotroti Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapat
meningkatkan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tidak mencapai nilai normal.
Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapin dapat me-ngaklbatkan perubahan
aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tldak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus
malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki maturitas mukosa usus
halus, tetapi tidak mencapai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi
pascasapih memberikan respon yang lebih baik daripada tikus malnutrisi
pranatal.

Abstract
Background
Low birth-weight infant and intrauterine growth retardation (lUGR) are still a
health problem, especially in Indonesia due to high prevalence and need to be
reduced. Malnutrition in infants are most common occur in low birth-weight
infants. The most common etiology of failure to thrive in infants is due to
gastrointestinal origin, particularly nutrient maldigestion and malabsorption, and
chronic diarrhea.
Malnutrition in rats resulted in hypotrophic and norrnoplastic mucosa of the
small intestine. The nomioplasia was reflected from persistent DNA content of
the intestinal mucosa in malnutrition. The finding was not only showed that small
intestine was able to maintain its cell number in condition with restriction nutrient,
however also suggested the posibility of epithelial regeneration if given the
adequate nutrient intake.
Did realimentation recover the hypotrophic normoplastic mucosa to
nonnotrophic normoplastic? lf so, will the recovery response be different between
rats with malnutrition induced in prenatal period and post-weaning period. The
study aim to answer the above question.
Methodology
Experimental animal study with post test-control group design was perfomied
using male litter of Sprague-Dawley rats, from April 2003 to December 2004.
Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats bom from 10 female rats which were 8 week
old and body weight of 250-300 grams, was fed standard chow. The study was
divided into 2 phases: (1) prenatally-induced malnutrition, i.e. 3 weeks gestation
period, 3 weeks lactation period, and 3 weeks post-weaning period, and post-
weaning-induced malnutrition for 9 weeks starting right after weaning, continued
with phases (2) realimentation for 8 weeks. At the end of each phase, the rats
were sacrilied to obtain data. The data include (1) serum albumin level, (2)
physical parameters (body weight, body length, chest cirouimstance), (3) small
intestinal parameters (intestinal weight, length, diameter, and mucosal weight),
(4) small intestinal morphology (mucosal thickness, villus height, cryptus depth,
ratio of villus/crypt, number of villi, protein content, DNA content, ratio of
protein/DNA), and (5) disaocharidases (lactase, maltase, sucrase) activities.
Results
Both in pranatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, the body weight of rats
in realimentation group was higher than non-realimentation group, but lower than
control group. All parameters to evaluate the morphology of rats with prenatally
and postweanlng-induced malnutrition in realimentation group were higher than
those of non-realimentation, but lower than control group. Specihc activity of
disaocharidases in rats with prenatally-induced malnutrition in realimentation
group was higher than those without realimentation, but lower than control. While
specific activity of disaccharidases in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats in
realimentation group was lower than those without realimentation, but higher
than control. After relimentation, percentage of increase from control values in
some parameters in realimentation rats (intestinal and mucosal weight, protein
content of intestinal mucosa) in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats was
higher compared to prenatally-induced malnutrition rats.
Conclusions
Malnutrition did not reduced the population of small intestinal enterocytes.
Realimentation was able to increase the body weight of rats in prenatally and
post-weaning-induced malnutrition, but the increase did not reach the nom1al
body weight. Realimentation in rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced
malnutrition was able to improve the hypotrophy of small intestinal mucosa but
not fully recover to nomiotrophic state. Realimentation in rats in prenatally-
induced malnutrition was able to increase the disacxsharidases activities but not
to the nom'|al values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition
was able to decrease the disaccharidases activities, but not to nom1al values.
Realimentation was able to improve the maturity of small intestinal mucosa of
rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, but did not reach the
nomtal values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition
showed better responses than rats of prenatally-induced malnutrition."
2005
D715
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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