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"ABSTRAKPenggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya di laboratorium pengujian kimia seperti Laboratorium X terkadang tak terhindarkan. Sementara itu, penelitian sebelumnya menyimpulkan bahwa pekerja laboratorium yang telah bekerja lebih dari 20 tahun memiliki risiko lebih tinggi terkena kanker payudara, kanker ovarium, leukemia, melanoma, kanker prostat, dan kanker tiroid dibandingkan jenis pekerja lain di laboratorium. Oleh karena itu, penilaian risiko kesehatan dari penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya sangat penting dilakukan di Laboratorium X untuk memastikan kesehatan pekerja laboratorium di masa depan. Tujuan dari penilaian ini untuk mengevaluasi risiko yang timbul dari aktivitas di laboratorium dan untuk mengevaluasi tindakan pengendaliannya. Penilaian risiko kualitatif ini telah dilakukan di Laboratorium X yang diklasifikasikan sebagai berbahaya menurut lembar data keselamatannya dan telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat yang dikembangkan oleh Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaaan, Kementerian Sumber Manusia, Malaysia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat bahaya yang terdapat pada Laboratorium X sangat bervariasi sebagian besar bahaya yang ada pada bahan kimia yaitu bersifat iritan. Hasil evaluasi risiko menunjukkan bahwa pekerja laboratorium memiliki risiko kesehatan yang signifikan dari bahan kimia berbahaya yang digunakan baik pada pajanan inhalasi dan dermal juga langkah-langkah pengendaliannya yang diterapkan untuk mengontrol pajanan bahan kimia di laboratorium dapat ditingkatkan dan beberapa di antaranya sudah memadai.

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ABSTRACTThe use of hazardous chemicals in a chemical testing laboratory such as Laboratory X sometimes inevitable. Meanwhile, previous research concluded that laboratory workers who have worked more than 20 years have a higher risk of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer than other types of workers in the laboratory. Therefore, a health risk assessment from using hazardous chemicals is very important to be done in Laboratory X to ensure the health of laboratory workers in the future. The purpose of the assessment is to evaluate of risk arise from activity in the laboratory and to evaluate its control measures. This qualitative risk assessment has been conducted in Laboratory X that uses chemicals that are classified as hazardous according to its safety data sheets and has been done using the tool developed by the Department of Safety and Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia. The results show that the hazard levels found in Laboratory X vary greatly in the majority of the hazards present in chemicals which are irritants. From the risk evaluation results show that laboratory workers have significant health risks from hazardous chemicals used both in inhalation and dermal exposures also the control measures applied to control exposure to chemicals in the laboratory can be increased and some of them are adequate."

"Dalam Usaha Mikro, Kecil Dan Menengah Jumlah UMKM dan pekerja UMKM di Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan.Namun, perlindungan terhadap aspek K3 pada pekerja UMKM belum optimal.Dalam rangka menyusun model SMK3 yang efektif untuk UMKM, penelitian inimengekplorasi tentang faktor-faktor penting yang terkait dengan penerapanSMK3 di UMKM melalui review terhadap hasil penelitian yang ada. Daripencarian yang dilakukan terhadap database full open access dari library UI meliputi Google Scholar. Jstor, Science Direct, SpringerLink, Taylor and Francis,proQuest diperoleh 709.103 artikel. Melalui evaluasi uji inklusi dan ekplusi,dipilih 34 literatur. Dari 34 literatur tersebut diperoleh bahwa faktor-faktorpenting yang diperlukan dalam implementasi SMK3 di UMKM adalah faktorkomitmen, manajemen risiko, regulasi dan standar, keterlibatan pihak ketiga,faktor training dan sumber daya manusia, faktor ekonomi, informasi dankomunikasi, dukungan manajemen, faktor keterlibatan pengusaha dan karyawan,faktor lingkungan kerja dan karakter bisnis UMKM, dan faktor administrasi,konsultasi dan inspeksi dan intervensi.

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The number of SMEs and SMEs workers in Indonesia continues to increase.However, the frequency of aspects of OHS on SMEs workers has not beenoptimal. In order to develop an effective OHSMS model for SMEs, this researchexplores important faktors related to OHSMS implementation in UMKM througha review of existing research results. From the searches conducted on the full openaccess database of UI libraries including Google Scholar Jstor, Science Direct,SpringerLink, Taylor and Francis, proQuest obtained 709,103 articles. Throughinclusion and exploration evaluation, 34 literatures were selected. From 34literatures it is found that the important faktors needed in the implementation ofSMK3 in SMEs are faktors of commitment, management, regulations andstandards, risk faktors, training and human resources faktors, economic faktors,information dan communication, management, communication faktors andresponsibilities, occupational faktors and business characteristics, and faktors ofadministration, consultation and inspection dan intervention."

"Menciptakan Sekolah yang aman, nyaman, dan disiplin sangatlah penting agarsiswa dapat mencapai prestasi yang terbaik dan guru dapat menampilkan kinerjayang terbaik. Meningkatkan iklim keselamatan Sekolah memfasilitasi pencapaiankinerja akademik dengan menghilangkan bahaya yang dapat membebani prosesbelajar mengajar. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakandesain penelitian cross sectional, yaitu pengisian kuisioner oleh kepala Sekolah,guru, staff Sekolah dan siswa. Untuk data kecelakaan di peroleh dengan wawancaraterhadap kepala Sekolah atau guru di Sekolah.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaIklim keselamatan yang ada di Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Beji ndash; Depok tahun 2018memiliki kategori baik. Saat di petakan Sekolah Dasar Swasta Islam Terpadumendapatkan score tertinggi di bandingkan dengan Sekolah Dasar Swasta MI/MIS danSekolah Dasar Negeri. Data kecelakaan tertinggi terjadi karena terjatuh. Faktor-faktoryang menjingkatkan iklim keselamatan adalah komitmen managemen, lingkunganSekolah yang nyaman, fasilitas yang memadai, dan jumlah guru yang cukup.

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Having a school which is safe and comfortable is very important so that the students canget the best achievement and the teachers could give the best performance at school.Increasing the keselamatan climate at school and also decreasing any risk or danger thatcan burden the teaching and studying process can help to achieve it. This research isanalytic and descriptive and using cross sectional method, which is questionnaire for theheadmaster, teachers, school staffs, and the students. The data for accident is collected byhaving interviews with headmaster and teachers at school.

The result of this research showsthat the keselamatan climate of the elementary schools in Beji sub district, Depok in 2018has good category. Specifically, Islam Terpadu elementary school has the highest scorethan public school and MI MIS. The accident with the highest frequency is falling down.The factors that can increase the value of keselamatan climate are managementcommitment, good school environment, good facility, and adequate number of teacher."

"Penggunaan berbagai pelarut organik volatil di labotatorium pengujian menimbulkan risiko terhadap dampak kesehatan baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian risiko kesehatan. Chemical Health Risk assessment (CHRA) atau kajian risiko kesehatan yang dikembangkan oleh Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia (2018) digunakan dalam studi ini untuk menilai risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan inhalasi dan dermal dari 3 (tiga) pelarut organik volatil yaitu chloroform, dichlorometane, dan tetrachloroethylee. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 3 (tiga) karyawan laboratorium PT X yang bekerja di 3 (tiga) lokasi ruangan yang berbeda. Penilaian tingkat risiko atau risk rating (RR) pajanan bahan kimia melalui inhalasi dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitaif, sedangkan pajanan melalui dermal dinilai secara kualitatif saja. Diperoleh bahwa hasil penilain tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimiakimia melalui inhalasi secara kualitatif adalah chloroform (RR=16) dengan tingkat risiko tinggi, dichlorometane (RR=15) dengan tingkat risiko menengah, dan tetrachloroethylene (RR=12) dengan tingkat risiko menengah Hasil penilaian tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimia melalui inhalasi secara kuantitaif adalah chloroform (TWA pengukuran = 18,460 ppm) dengan tingkat risiko tinggi (RR=20), dichlorometane (TWA pengukuran = 0,362 ppm) dengan tingkat risiko rendah (RR=3), dan tetrachloroethylene (TWA pengukuran = 0,560) dengan tingkat risiko rendah (RR=3). Hasil penilaian tingkat risiko pajanan bahan kimia melalui dermal secara kualitatif dengan luas area kontak kecil dan durasi panjang adalah chloroform (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah, dichlorometane (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah dan tetrachloroethylene (M2) dengan tingkat risiko menengah. Pengendalian untuk menurunkan risiko pajanan chloroform melalui inhalasi (AP-3) direkomendasikan dalam penelitian ini.

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The use of various organic solvents in the laboratory test the risks to health risks in both the short and long term. Therefore a health risk assessment is needed. The Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) or health risk assessment developed by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia (2018) was used in this study to estimate health risks due to inhalation and dermal exposure of 3 (three ) volatile organic solvents namely chloroform, dichloromethane and tetrachloroethylee. The study was conducted on 3 (three) PT X laboratory employees who worked in 3 (three) different room locations. Assessment of the level of risk or risk rating (RR) exposure chemicals through inhalation is carried out qualitatively and quantitatively, while exposure through dermal through qualitative publications. Obtained from the results of the qualitative assessment of the risk of exposure to chemicals through inhalation were chloroform (RR = 16) with high risk levels, dichloromethane (RR = 15) with the level of moderate risk, and tetrachlorethylene (RR = 12) with a high risk of exposure risk chemicals through determination of chloroform levels (TWA = 18,460 ppm) with high risk levels (RR = 20), dichloromethane (measurement TWA = 0.362 ppm) with low risk levels (RR = 3), and tetrachlorethylene (TWA. = 0.560) with levels low risk (RR = 3). The qualitative progress of the level of exposure to chemicals through the skin with a large area of small contact and long duration is chloroform (M2) with an inflation rate, dichloromethane (M2) with a high risk level and tetrachlorethylene (M2) with a medium risk level. Control to reduce the risk of exposure to chloroform through inhalation (AP-3) was approved in this study."

"Tesis ini membahas studi kasus kecelakaan kerja akibat gas beracun di tambang bawah tanah PT Freeport Indonesia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian desain deskriptif dan analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa terdapat 3 kasus kecelakaan akibat gas beracun di seluruh blok penambangan bawah tanah PTFI selama periode 2019-2022 dengan faktor risiko berasal dari tindakan tidak aman yang dikategorikan dalam Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) yang terbagi menjadi empat yaitu organizational influences, unsafe leadership, precondition for unsafe acts, dan unsafe acts. Pada penelitian didapatkan hasil kegagalan sistem pertahanan pada pengaruh organisasi dalam kasus keracunan gas beracun di dominasi kategori resource management berjumlah 7 kegagalan (57%), faktor-faktor penyumbang kegagalan sistem management antara lain SOP, safety sign, Planned Inspection, PJO, Kebijakan K3, Database incident management system dan komunikasi saat penyampaian instruksi kerja. Tingkat Unsafe Supervision dalam kasus keracunan gas beracun berjumlah 11 kegagalan (55%) dengan dominasi oleh kategori Supervisory Violation, faktor-faktor penyumbang kegagalan sistem manajemen antara lain Neil George Checklist, Bulkhead Ventilation, Re-entry Checklist, Airlock Door, Vent bag, Supervisor Inspection, Alat Pelindung Diri, Pengawasan di lapangan, kelayakan sistem ventilasi di lokasi kerja, observasi pengawas ke pekerja terkait pengoperasian portable gas detector dan instruksi kerja. Tingkat Precondition for Unsafe Acts dalam kasus keracunan gas beracun didominasi kategori Personal Readiness berjumlah 8 kegagalan (38%), faktor-faktor penyumbang kegagalan sistem management antara lain peralatan blasting, PDA, pemahaman bahasa pengantar, emission test alat berat, ceklist stope vent dan ventilasi di area blasting, tidak mempedulikan alarm gas detector. Tingkat Unsafe Acts dalam kasus keracunan gas beracun berjumlah 11 kegagalan (46%) dari dominasi kategori Violation Routine, faktor-faktor penyumbang kegagalan sistem management antara lain chemical handling, prosedur yang tidak memadai, sign nilai ambang batas dalam satu bahasa, dumper vent terhalang lumpur dan vent bag rusak, fixed gas detector belum terkalibrasi dan tertutup lumpur, evaluasi pelatihan tidak konsisten dilakukan, barikade area, tidak mengikuti re-entry protocol. Perusahaan disarankan untuk melakukan evaluasi pada program penanganan kecelakaan akibat gas beracun.

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This thesis discusses case studies of work accidents due to toxic gas in PT Freeport Indonesia's underground mine. This research is a descriptive design research and the analysis was carried out using the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) method. The results of the study found that there were 3 cases of accidents due to toxic gas in all PTFI underground mining blocks during the 2019-2022 period with risk factors originating from unsafe actions which were categorized in the Human Factor Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), which was divided into four, namely organizational influences, unsafe leadership, precondition for unsafe acts, and unsafe acts. In the study, the results of the failure of the defense system on organizational influence in cases of poison gas poisoning were dominated by the category of resource management totaling 7 failures (57%), contributing factors to the failure of the management system including SOP, safety sign, Planned Inspection, PJO, K3 Policy, Database incident management system and communication when submitting work instructions. . The level of Unsafe Supervision in cases of poison gas poisoning amounted to 11 failures (55%) with dominance by the Supervisory Violation category, contributing factors to management system failure including the Neil George Checklist, Bulkhead Ventilation, Re-entry Checklist, Airlock Door, Vent bag, Supervisor Inspection, Personal Protective Equipment, Supervision in the field, feasibility of the ventilation system at the work site, supervisor's observation of workers regarding the operation of portable gas detectors and work instructions. The level of Precondition for Unsafe Acts in cases of poison gas poisoning was dominated by the Personal Readiness category with 8 failures (38%), contributing factors to management system failure including blasting equipment, PDA, understanding of the language of instruction, emission test of heavy equipment, stop vent checklist and ventilation in the blasting area, ignoring the gas detector alarm. The level of Unsafe Acts in cases of poison gas poisoning amounted to 11 failures (46%) from the dominance of the Violation Routine category, contributing factors to management system failure including chemical handling, inadequate procedures, sign threshold values ​​in one language, dumper vents blocked by mud and the vent bag is damaged, the fixed gas detector has not been calibrated and is covered in mud, inconsistent training evaluations are carried out, barricaded areas, do not follow the re-entry protocol. Companies are advised to evaluate the program for handling accidents caused by toxic gasses."