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"Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) terutama Pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi dan anak balita di negara berkembang, sekitar 4 juta kematian disebabkan oleh penyakit ISPA terutama Pneumonia. Di kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Sumatera Selatan penyakit Pneumonia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat dimana pneumonia menempati urutan teratas dalam sepuluh penyebab kesakitan yang mempunyai kontribusi sebesar 53,42 %. Sementara angka cakupan imunisasi campak masih relatif rendah (70 %, tahun 1998). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan imunisasi campak dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita dan faktor risiko lainnya di kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu, Sumatera Selatan tahun 2000. Studi ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, dengan 141 sampel dimana kasus adalah balita umur 9-59 bulan, menderita pnemonia yang datang ke Puskesmas, sedangkan kontrol adalah balita umur 9-59 bulan yang datang ke Puskesmas, tetapi tidak menderita pnemonia ataupun ISPA. Data diperoleh dari basil wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada responden ibu balita dan dianalisa dengan analisis univariat, bivariat (Chi Square) dan multivariate (Logislic Regression). Hasil akhir uji multivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara imunisasi campak dengan kejadian pnemonia pada balita umur 9-59 bulan (DR= 2,307; p~,003 ). Dapat dikatakan bahwa risiko terkena pneumonia pada balita umur 9-59 bulan yang tidak diimunisasi campak 2,3 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan balita umur 9-59 bulan yang telah diimunisasi campak. Disamping variabel imunisasi campak ada 5 variabel lain yang mempengaruhi kejadian pneumonia di kabupaten OKU, sebagai berikut: Pendidikan ibu (OR=2,037; p=0,013), pengetahuan ibu (OR=2,364: p=0,005), polusi asap dapur (OR=2,99; p=0,002), kepadatan rumah (OR= 3,247; p= 0,0005) dan jarak ke sarana kesehatan (OR=0,43 1; p= 0,007). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disarankan kepada pengambil keputusan guna lebih memberi perhatian kepada keluarga balita (9-59 bulan) yang belum diimunisasi campak, berpendidikan rendah, berpengetahuan rendah, keadaan rumah yang jelek (polusi asap dapur), rumah yang padat huni dan yang jauh dari pelayanan kesehatan.

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The Relationship Between Measles Imunization and Pneumonia Insidens on Underfive Years Old Children in Ogan Komering Ulu (Oku) District, South Sumatera, in 2000.The Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) especially pneumonia is main cause of morbidity and mortality on infant and under five years old children in developing countries. There are 4 million death caused by ARI especially pneumonia. In Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) district, South Sumatera province, the pneumonia still became Community Health Problem. Pneumonia was the first rank of ten cause of morbidity that contributed 53,42 %, while the measles immunization coverage still low(70 %, year 1998).

This study was conducted to know the relationship between measles immunization and other risk factors with pneumonia on under five years old children in OKU district, South Sumatera province in 2000. The study design used in this study is Cases Control, with cases are 141 children age 9 - 59 month children suffered from pneumonia who attending health center. While the control was taken from age 9-59 month children without the diseases, who attending the some Health Center. The data was collected by interviewed from the children's mother using questioner. The analysis method of univariate, bivariate (Chi Square) and multivariate (logistic regression) was used in the study.

The result of the study show that a statistical significance association between measles immunization with pneumonia on 9-59 month children (p= 0,003 ; 0R=2,307). It can be said that pneumonia risk on under five years old children without measles immunization arc 2,3 time larger than that of under five years old children with measles immunization. Beside measles immunization, there are 5 other variables that also associated with pneumonia risk in OKU district such as: mothers education(UR=2,307; p=0,013), mothers knowledge (OR=2,364; p=0,005), kitchens smoke pollution (OR= 2.99: p=4.002). house density(OR=3,247;p= 0,000) and the house distance to health services(CR=0,431; p=O,OO7.

Based on the study result, it was suggested that the policy maker have to pay more attention to family with under five years old children who have not gotten yet the measles immunization, whose mother has low education, and low knowledge, who have bad condition and has high density of house, and whose house long far from health services."

"Dalam rangka upaya meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia yang optimal diperlukan pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas yang menjangkau semua lapisan (Depkes, 1999). Dimana salah satu masalah kesehatan yang dihadapi di Indonesia adalah masih tingginya kematian balita karena pneumonia, pada tahun 1990 sebanyak 150.000 kematian dan diharapkan tahun 2000 turun menjadi 50.000 kematian melalui pengobatan yang sesuai dengan standar kasus ISPA. Puskesmas adalah salah satu unit pelayanan kesehatan terdepan yang juga perlu meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan. Untuk itu semenjak tahun 1998 puskesmas Kota Padang sudah melaksanakan program jaminan mutu (Quality Assurance), yang salah satu kegiatannya adalah menerapkan kepatuhan petugas dalam menerapkan SOP ISPA pada balita. Setelah 6 (enam) bulan pelaksanaan kegiatan ini terlihat bahwa kepatuhan petugas sudah mencapai 70%-80% namun sesuai dengan hasil laporan puskesmas ternyata pada bulan Juni tahun 2000 kepatuhan petugas menerapkan SOP ISPA ini bahkan turun yaitu menjadi 40% yang seharusnya sudah mencapai 80%-100%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kepatuhan petugas dalam menerapkan SOP ISPA serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan petugas terhadap SOP. Faktor yang diteliti adalah faktor internal yang terdiri dari pelatihan, umur, lama kerja, pengetahuan, persepsi, sikap,dan motivasi sedangkan faktor eksternal yang diteliti adalah komitmen pimpinan dan sarana. Kedua faktor ini merupakan variabel bebas, sedangkan variabel terikat adalah kepatuhan petugas menerapkan SOP ISPA. Disain penelitian yang dipakai cross sectional. Data dianalisis dengan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Dari hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan hanya yang bermakna pengetahuan, motivasi yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan petugas menerapkan SOP ISPA. Dengan analisis multivariat didapatkan hubungan yang paling kuat antara pengetahuan dengan kepatuhan petugas terhadap SOP ISPA. Dengan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Padang dapat menyusun langkah yang akan diambil untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan petugas dalam menerapkan SOP ISPA membantu penyediaan buku pedoman P2ISPA untuk puskesmas pembantu, membuat kebijakan agar puskemas yang bertetangga saling menilai kepatuhan dan memberikan penghargaan pada puskesmas dan petugas yang patuh. Pimpinan puskesmas diharapkan memperhatikan hal-hal yang dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan petugas mengenai SOP ISPA misalnya dengan melakukan pelatihan, memberikan tugas baca pada petugas dan juga memperhatikan hal-hal yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi petugas. Dengan demikian dalam menerapkan SOP ISPA ini petugas akan masuk ke tahap kepatuhan internalisasi yaitu petugas memahami makna dari pemberian pelayanan yang berkualitas sehingga masyarakat puas menerima pelayanan yang diberikan yang akhirnya angka kematian balita karena pneumonia dapat diturunkan.

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Factors relate to compliance of health personnel to ARTI Standard Operating Procedure in Mother and Children Unit of Community Health Center in Padang, 2000High quality services that can be afford able by all community level in to increase the community health of the Indonesia people to its optimum level is needed. One of the health problems faced by Indonesia is high infant mortality rate due to pneumonia. In 1990 there were 150.000 deaths due to pneumonia to reduce to 50.000 in the year 2000 by applying standard important case management.

The community health center is one important service to increase the quality service. Therefore, since 1998 the community health center of Padang has performed Quality Assurance program, in which one of its activities to ensure the compliance of the health personnel in applying ARTI Standard Operating Procedure in infants. After 6 months of this activity it can be seen that the health personnel compliance has achieved 70-80%. However, according to the report of the community health in June 2000 the compliance of the health personnel declined to 40% while it should have achieved 80-100%.

The purpose of this research is to identify the health personnel compliance in applying the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure and factors related to the compliance towards the SOP. The factors studied are internal factors such as times enlarge from training, age, tenure, knowledge, perception, attitudes, and motivation while external factors are commitment of supervisor and availability of facilities. All of those factors are independent variables, while dependent variable is the health personnel compliance to apply the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure.

The research design used is cross-sectional. Data are analyzed in invariable bivariate and mulivariate analysis. Bivariate analysis reveals than only two rates of those independent variables, namely knowledge and motivation is related with health personnel compliance in applying the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure. The result of multivariate analysis reveals that the strongest relationship is between knowledge and compliance of health personnel towards the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure. Based on the result it is regicides than the Padang Health Office prepare steps to increase the compliance of the health personnel in applying the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure, by increasing than knowledge by providing guidance book for subsidiary Community Health Center, preparing the policy for the Neighboring Community Health Personnel to assess each other performance and giving rewards to the Community Health Center and personnel that are compliant.

It is expected that the Community Health Center forces theirs effort to matters that will increase the knowledge of health personnel regarding ARTI Standard Operating Procedure such as assigning reading to the health personnel and also find ways to increase their motivation. So in applying the ARTI Standard Operating Procedure the health personnel is expected to enter stage of internalization of compliance to understanding the meaning of giving high quality health service to the people that satisfy those receiving the provided service. In this way it is expected to decrease the mortality rate due to pneumonia in the future."

"ABSTRAKIntegrated Management of Childhood lllness (IMCI) approach is a new methodin treatment of childhood illnesses. In developing countries, the five common diseases inunder five children are pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and malnutrition, whereas In Indonesia, upper respiratory tract infection is the first rank. The most commondiseases cause of death in Indonesia is still dominantly by parasitic and infectiondiseases, respiratory tract infection, and diarrhea, respectively which followed bydiphtheria, pertusis and measles.As a new approach of illness management, this method is expected to having animprovement in quality of services as well as the output, compared to precedentapproaches. The quality improvement that predicted from this method is come formrational therapy which will be followed by decrement of cost of illness. In Indonesia,IMCI has been implemented since 1997 where firstly applied in Kabupaten (District of)Sidoarjo and KabupatenTulungagung as the pilot projects.Since there was no succeed criterion or standard for this approach in addition to be short of data on investment costing, it is hard to measure the effectiveness of the method, especially for diarrhea treatment in this study. Therefore, the economic evaluation of IMCI approach in this study used 'cost minimization' method, which try to find the lowest cost for diarrhea treatment in under five children from two kind approach those are IMCI as cases and Non-IMCI approach as control or comparison approach. Diarrhea treatment management for under five children is the unit analysis of study, whereas the cost analysis applied for operational cost in diarrhea iagnosis including its therapeutic cost. The result of study showed that treatment by case in IMCI health centers had higher cost compared to cost of treatment in Non-IMCI. On the other side, referred to cost oftherapy, the lowest cost was showed on IMCI method. Furthermore, according to rational therapy, better quality of services and customer (parenthood) satisfaction, IMCI method is more pre-eminence on services and treatment. As a lesson learned from this study, it is recommend that for realization or achievement asse&sment it should be perform economic evaluation through cost effectiveness analysis. Therefore, its all component of data should be available."

"Meningkatnya biaya kesehatan dapat mengakibatkan tidak teraksesnya pelayanan kesehatan oleh sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini terjadi karena sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia masih membayar biaya pelayanan kesehatan dengan cara pembayaran tunai (Out of pocket).Pembayaran secara out of pocket menyebabkan rumah sakit tidak kepastian tentang pendapatan dari pelayanan yang diberikan kepada pasien. Ketidakpastian tersebut disebabkan rumah sakit tidak bisa membuat proyeksi yang pasti tentang jumlah pasien yang akan dilayani.Prospective Payment System (PPS) atau Sistem pembiayaan praupaya merupakan sistem pembayaran pada pemberi pelayanan kesehatan baik rurnah sakit maupun dokter dalam jumlah yang ditetapkan sebelum suatu pelayanan medik dilaksanakan, tanpa memperhatikan tindakan medik atau lamanya perawatan di rumah sakit. Salah satu bentuk dari sistem pembiayaan praupaya adalah Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG's) yang mengelompokkan diagnosis terkait.Pengelompokkan penyakit berdasarkan DRG's yang menja.di objek penelitian ini adalah penyakit pneumonia yang berkontribusi cukup besar terhadap kematian anak dan balita dan ketertarikan untuk diteliti karena belum perah ada perhitungan unit cost biaya pengobatan penyakit pneumonia di RSUD. Kota Banjar berdasarkan DRG's.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui cost of treatment pneumonia berdasarkan Diagnosis Related Groups di RSUD.Kota Banjar tahun 2006. Metode penelian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif yang di1aksanakan pada bulan april sampai mei 2007 dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien rawat inap dengan diagnosa pneumonia tahun 2006 dan data primer dengan observasi serta wawancara dengan dokter spesialis, dokter umum, perawat, paramedik dan instalasi gizi serta bagian keuangan. Perhitungan unit cost dengan menggunakan Activity Based Costing.Pengelompokkan penyakit Pneumonia berdasarkan AR-DRGis di RSUD. Kota Banjar, yaitu : 1) Pneumonia dengan penyerta dan penyulit (E62A), 2) Pneumonia dengan penyerta atau penyulit (E62B) dan 3) Pneumonia murni (Eec). Untuk pneumonia yang meninggal tidak bisa diterapkan karena menurut AR-DRG's tidak ada pneumonia yang mengakibatkan meninggal, hal ini perlu dikembangkan sebagai model lisTA-DRG's.Clinical Pathway pnemonia di RSUD. Kota Banjar yang didapatkan terdiri atas 5 (lima) tahap, yaitu : pendaftaran, penegakan diagnosis, terapi, pulang dan rawat jalan. Diagnosis utama yang dipakai berdasarkan ICD-X merupakan hasil kesepakatan para dokter yaitu J18 terdiri atas J18.0 Bronchopneumonia dan J18.9 Pneumonia.Cost of treatment pneumonia path anak di RSUD. Kota Banjar tahun 2006 yaitu cost of treatment kelompok E62B di kelas III sampai kelas I dengan median hari rawat 4 hari biayanya antara Rp. 891971,- sampai dengan Rp. 944.429,- sedangkan cost of treatment kelompok E62C di kelas III sampai ke/as 1 dengan median hari rawat 3 hari biayanya antara Rp, 725,559,- sampai dengan Rp. 817.659,- Cost of treatment pneumonia path dewasa di RSUD. Kota Banjar tahun 2006 yaitu cost of treatment kelompok E62A di kelas III sampai kelas VIP dengan median hari rawat 8 hari biayanya antara Rp. 1.691.669,- sampai dengan Rp. 1,853.874,- cost of treatment pada kelompok E62B di kelas III sampai kelas VIP dengan median hari rawat 5 had biayanya antara 1.258.120,- sampai dengan Rp. 1.359.498,- sedangkan cost of treatment kelompok E62C di kelas III sampai kelas VIP dengan median hari rawat 5 hari biayanya antara Rp. 1120.411,- sampai dengan Rp. 1_221.789,-.Perlu ditetapkan cam perhitungan biaya perawatan pasien di rumah sakit secara nasional seperti perhitungan biaya berdasarkan Diagnosis Related Groups dan perlunya dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk penyakit lainnya dengan sampel dari berbagai rumah sakit sehingga diperoleh gambaran casemix setiap rumah sakit, yang diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap upaya pengembangan INA-DRG's

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Increasing of health cost is affecting health service become can not accessed by most of Indonesians. It happened because most of Indonesians still paying health service cost by cash (out of pocket).

Paying by out of pocket cause hospital does not have certainty toward income from given services to patients. It caused by inability of hospital making a certain projection toward total patients served.

Prospective Payment System (PPS) is payment system to health service giver whether hospital or doctor in decided amount before performed medical service, without concerning medical action or care length in hospital. One form of prospective payment system is Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG's) that group related diagnosis.

Disease grouping based on DRG's that become this research object is quite high contribution of pneumonia disease toward child death and toddlers and significance to research because no unit cost calculation of pneumonia disease medication at RSUD Banjar City based on DRWs.

This research purpose is to identify pneumonia cost of treatment based on Diagnosis Related Groups at RSUD Banjar City year 2006. This research method is descriptive research that performed in April to May 2007 by using secondary data from inpatient medical report with pneumonia diagnosis in 2006 and primary data with observation as well as interview with specialty doctor, public doctor, nurse, and paramedic and nutrition installation along with finance sector. Unit cost calculation is using Activity Based Costing.

Pneumonia disease grouping based on AR-DRG's at RSUD Banjar City, which are: 1). Pneumonia with accomplice and complication disease (E62A), 2). Pneumonia with accomplice or complication disease (E62B) and 3). Pure Pneumonia (E62C). For pneumonia, deaths not implemented because according to AR-DRG's there is no pneumonia caused death, it should improved as 11\IA-DRG's model.

Clinical Pathway of pneumonia disease at RSUD Bogor City obtained 5 steps, which are: registration, diagnosis maintenance, therapy, inpatient and outpatient. Used main diagnosis based on ICD-X is an agreed result of doctors that is J18 consist of J18.0 Bronchopneumonia and J18.9 Pneumonia.

Pneumonia cost of treatment in children at RSUD Banjar City year 2006 is E62B group cost of treatment in third class to first class with median of 4 days inpatient is Rp. 893,971 to Rp. 944.429 while E62C group cost of treatment in third class to first class with 4 days median is Rp. 725.559 to Rp. 817.659.

Pneumonia cost of treatment in adult at RSUD Banjar City year 2006 is E62A group cost of treatment in third class to VIP with median of 8 days inpatient is between Rp, 1.691.669 to Rp. 1.853.874, E62B group cost of treatment in third class to VIP with median of 5 days inpatient is Rp. 1.258.120 to RP. 1.359,498 while E62C group cost of treatment in third class to VIP with median of 5 days inpatient is Rp. 1.120.411 to Rp. 1.221.798.

Calculation of patient cost in hospital was need to be decided nationally as cost calculation based on Diagnosis Related Groups and require advanced research for other disease with samples from various hospital, so that obtained casernix description of every hospital, which expected to give contribution toward development effort of INA-DRG's. "

"Pneumonia termasuk Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) yang banyak menyerang pada balita. Insidens pneumonia balita di Indonesia diperkirakan 10%-20% per tahun. Di kabupaten Indramayu, jumlah kasus pneumonia yang dilaporkan puskesmas selama tahun 1997 s/d 2000 menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Air Susu Ibu (ASI) pada masa bayi merupakan nutrisi yang terbaik dan terpenting untuk mencapai tumbuh kembang yang optimal. Dewasa ini terdapat kecendungan menurunnya pemberian ASI ekslusif, padahal pemberian ASI tersebut akan memberikan perlindungan terhadap berbagai penyakit termasuk infeksi pernafasan dan infeksi usus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI terhadap terjadinya pneumonia pada anak umur 4-24 bulan di kabupaten Indramayu. Pada penelitian ini sebagai variabel independen utama adalah pemberian ASI. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan kasus kontrol tidak berpadanan (unmatched). Sampel kasus sebanyak 167 orang yaitu anak umur 4-24 bulan yang menderita pneumonia yang datang ke puskesmas di kabupaten Indramayu selama periode Juli-Agustus 2001, sedangkan kontrol juga sebanyak 167 orang yaitu anak umur 4-24 bulan yang merupakan tetangga kasus dan tidak menderita pneumonia, sehingga total sampel sebanyak 334 orang. Pengolahan data menggunakan analisis bivariat dan multivariat yakni multiple regression logistic dengan bantuan software statistik STATA versi 6.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bayi yang diberi ASI tidak eksklusif mempunyai risiko terjadinya pneumonia pada umur 4-24 bulan sebesar 4,89 kali (95% CI 2,86 - 8,36) dibandingkan dengan bayi yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif. Hubungan pemberian ASI terhadap terjadinya pneumonia tersebut sudah dilakukan pengendalian variabel independen lainnya. Disamping itu ada variabel lain yakni adanya perokok, adanya asap pembakaran, riwayat imunisasi campak dan jenis kelamin anak yang secara bermakna terdapat hubungan dengan terjadinya pneumonia pada anak umur 4-24 bulan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan adanya hubungan yang cukup kuat antara pemberian ASI tidak eksklusif terhadap terjadinya pneumonia pada anak umur 4-24 bulan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan Gerakan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif melalui pendidikan kesehatan dan promosi kesehatan bagi ibu-ibu balita rentang pentingnya pemberian ASI eksklusif dalam mencegah terjadinya pneumonia balita.

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Pneumonia is one the Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) which attacked to infant. The incident of infant pneumonia in Indonesia estimated 10-20% each year. In Indramayu district, the number of pneumonia cases that reported by Health Center during the year of 1997-2000 showed there was increasing. Breast-feeding on childhood is the best nutrition and important to achieve the optimal development of infant. Nowadays, there is tendency of the decreasing in giving exclusively breast-feeding; even it will give the protection to varieties of diseases, including lung and intestine infections.

The objective of this study was to identify the relationship of breast-feeding to pneumonia at infant age 4-24 months in Indramayu District. In this study, as Main dependent variable was the breast-feeding. The design.of this study using unmatched. The number of samples were 167 people, they were infants age 4-24 months whose suffering pneumonia that came to Health Center in Indramayu District during the period of July - August 2001. While the control were 167 infants age 4 - 24 months whose the neighbor of cases and *as not suffering pneumonia, so the total of samples were 334 people. The data management used for analysis were bivariate and multivariate, those were multiple regression logistic with supported software statistic STATA version 6.0.

The result of the study showed that the infant who gave the breast-feeding not exclusively had the risk to pneumonia 4,89 times (95% CI 2,86 - 8,36) at the of 4 - 24 months compared to infant whose gave the breast-feeding exclusively The relationship of breast-feeding to such pneumonia has been conducted to control the another independent variable_ Besides that, there were other variables, they - were: smoking, smoke of fire, history of measles immunization and the sex of infant that significantly had the relationship to pneumonia at infant age 4 - 24 months.

The conclusion of this study, there was relationship significantly between breast-feeding not exclusively to pneumonia at infant age 4 - 24 months. So that, it is needed to do the Breast-feeding Movement Exclusively through Health Education and Promotion to infants mothers on the important of breast-feeding in pre-venting to infant pneumonia."