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Abstrak :
Letter of Credit (LC) yang merupakan primadonna dalam pembayaran transaksi ekspor-impor Indonesia ternyata terhadap pelaksanaannya adakalanya menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat di antara para pihak terkait. Perbedaan pendapat timbul karena di Indonesia belum terdapat keseragaman pemahaman masalah-masalah L/C. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 1 Tahun 1982 yang merupakan dasar hukum LC di Indonesia tidak dapat dijadikan pedoman pelaksanaan L/C karena Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut tidak memuat aturan rinci mengenai L/C. Demikian juga peraturan Bank Indonesia yang berfungsi sebagai peraturan pelaksanaan atas Peraturan Pemerintah dimaksud belum mengatur rinci L/C. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, maka tujuan pokok dan kegunaan utama penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: a. Meneliti bagaimana hubungan antara UCP dan hukum nasional dalam pelaksanaan L/C. b. Meneliti bagaimana kedudukan L/C terhadap kontrak dasarnya. c. Meneliti bagaimana keberadaan L/C sebagai kontrak baku. d. Meneliti bagaimana terciptanya L/C sebagai kontrak internasional. e. Meneliti kapan L/C sebagai alat pembayaran dapat dilaksanakan. f. Meneliti bagaimana fungsi L/C sebagai alat penjamin. g. Meneliti bagaimana keterkaitan antara L/C yang berlaku internasional dan L/C yang berlaku nasional. h. Meneliti bagaimana dampak ketiadaan ketentuan pilihan hukum dalam UCP terhadap penyelesaian kasus-kasus L/C. i. Meneliti bagaimana peranan L/C dalam meningkatkan ekspor. j. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat merupakan: (a) masukan bagi para pelaku L/C, para abdi hukum, para ahli, para akademisi, instansi pemerintah dan lembaga swasta yang mempunyai kepentingan dalam transaksi L/C khususnya segi-segi hukumnya, (b) masukan bagi Bank Indonesia atau instansi Iainnya jika ingin merumuskan hukum L/C yang rinci sebagai peraturan pelaksanaan dari Peraturan Pemerintah No. 1 Tahun 1982, dan (c) pelengkap terhadap kepustakaan L/C yang masih relatif terbatas ditulis oleh putra-putra Indonesia.

Abstrak :
The purpose of development rs to reach justice and prospenty in all aspects of lite by establishing amongst others small and medium companies both private and state companies. Therefore, certainty of law and adequate protection are needed to support their activities and consequently law must be obeyed by all stakeholders. Establishing a company needs capital for all its business activities. The opportunity to get capital for small and medium companies differ from/that of big companies. Since, the bigger ones have many sources to obtain capital, the smaller ones have not many options to enlarge their capital. This condition brings in balance and thus unfairness when small companies are dealing with big ones. Venture capital is one of the altematives to help small and medium companies to get proper sources of capital. The development of venture capital in indonesia is meant to open new opportunities to all business stakeholders for enlarge their companies, as they usually face many obstacles when borrow from a bank. Therefore, the existence of venture capital should be supported especially by government and business stakeholders as well as society at fast better the venture capital is growing the more small and medium companies can be helped by preserving capital for them. The system of finance order of the venture capital can be done by depositing capital into an investee company so that investment law and banking law will apply on those activities. The venture capital is based on the future prospect of the company rather than the collaterals. Consequently the venture capital has greater risk that ordinary loans, but also opens new market opportunities for the investor/lender. Administrative law has regulated the venture capital as a financing institution by enacting President's Decree No. 61/1988. However, the substantive law still uses the KUH Perdata (Civil Code). On the other hand venture capital agreements usually use standard contract which has not yet been regulated by the civil code, eventhough the regulation No. 8/1999 concern Consumers Protection has been regulated in a simple way. Therefore both our contract law as well as our corporate law need improvement. Cooperation agreement between the venture capital (venture capitalist) and the investee company is a mutual agreement, whereby the bargaining position of both the parties are not equal. The venture capitalist who has capital has a stronger position than the investee company who is the borrower whereas freedom of contract can only be applied properly when both parties have equal positions. The venture capitalist, however, tends to protect his interest (capital) by special clauses, inciuding his/her responsibilities thereby disturbing the equilibrium even further. Therefore, our laws should protect the weaker party but the govemment should also supervise and guard for such unscrupulous practices, like providing a ?black list" or "grey list" of such speciai clauses, condemning them nuii and void or voidabie (as the case may be) such as is done by the New Civil Code of the Netheriands on ?Algemene Voorwaarden".