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"Penelitian ini mernbahas pengaruh sonikasi pada dua frekuensi gelombang suara audiosonik, yaitu 7 kHz dan 17 kHz, terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang dikultur dalam medium Bovine Heart Infusion (BHI) dan Plate Count Agar (PCA). Bakteri yang sudah terpapar gelombang suara dikultur dalam agar nutrisi dan diinkubasi selarna 24 jam. Kemudian pertumbuhan koloni dihitung menggunakan colony counter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertumbuhan koloni P.aeruginosa dipengaruhi gelombang suara pada frekuensi berbeda setelah dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Semakin tinggi frekuensi suara, semakin kuat efek inhibisi terhadap pertumbuhan, dengan efek inhibisi frekuensi 17 kHz sebesar 24,16% dan frekuensi 7 kHz sebesar 11,52%.

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This research discusses the effect of sonication using two different frequencies, 7 and 17 kHz, on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was cultured in Bovine Heart Infusion (BHI) medium and Plate Count Agar (PCA). After exposure, bacteria was recultured in nutrient agar and incubated for 24 hours. Then the growth of bacteria colonies was measured using colony counter.

The result showed that different sound frequencies have effects on the growth of P. aeruginosa. Higher sound frequency at 17 kHz had stronger growth inhibition by 24.16% as compared to control group, while sound frequency at 7 kHz only showed 11.52% growth inhibition."

"Escherichia coli (E.coli) merupakan bakteri yang paling sering menyebabkan diare. Kemampuan hidup E.coli sangat mudah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai rangsangan. Akan tetapi, rangsangan bunyi, terutama dalam rentang audiosonik (20-20.000Hz), belum banyak diteliti. Peneliti menduga bahwa efek dari pemaparan frekuensi bunyi audiosonik secara berseling akan menstimulasi viabilitas Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan sonikator sebagai sumber bunyi. Frekuensi yang digunakan adalah 7 kHz dan 17 kHz selama 10 detik. Setelah itu, jumlah koloni E.coli dihitung dengan metode total plate count setelah sediaan diinkubasi. Untuk menjamin validitas, tiap perlakuan dilakukan dua kali. Penghitungan bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan colony counter. Jumlah E.coli yang dihitung adalah E.coli pada pengenceran dengan jumlah 30-300 koloni. Terjadi penurunan viabilitas pada pemaparan frekuensi bunyi dalam rentang audiosonik secara berseling. Penurunan viabilitas tersebut lebih besar pada frekuensi 7 KHz daripada 17 KHz. Rata-rata jumlah E.coli pada kontrol dan pajanan frekuensi 7 kHz dan 17 kHz berturut-turut sebesar 2,84 x 109 koloni, 4,05 x 107 koloni, dan 5,05 x 108 koloni. Jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada setiap perlakuan [7 kHz (p=0.032); 17 kHz (p=0.023)] dengan uji T berpasangan. Frekuensi bunyi dalam rentang audiosonik secara berseling menurunkan viabilitas E.coli . Penurunan viabilitas lebih besar dialami oleh bakteri pada pajanan dengan frekuensi 7kHz daripada 17 kHz. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, suara dalam rentang audiosonik secara berseling dapat menurunkan viablitas E.coli.

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Escherichia coli is one of the most common bacteria causing diarrhea. Its life is easily influenced by physical and chemical stimulation. However, sound stimulation, especially in audiosonic range (20-20.000 Hz) alternately, have not been explored much. Researcher hypotesized that it would stimulate E.coli growth. This research is categorized as experimental research by using sonication tools as the sound source. Researcher used frequency on 7 and 17 KHz for 10 seconds By total plate count, the media contain colony of E.coli would be counted for analysis. In order to guarantee the validity, each action would be done twice.

Counting would be done only those diluted preparation with 30-300 colonies. E.coli got its viability decreased by audible frequency sound alternately. Average of the E.coli count in control, 7 kHz, and 17 kHz is respectively 2,84 x 109 ; 4,05 x 107; and 5,05 x 108 colonies. Relation between each intervention and control are significant [7 kHz (p=0.032); 17 kHz (p=0.023)] by paired T-test. Audible sound frequency which is given alternately against E.coli would decrease E.coli viability. Its decreasing effect is greater in 7kHz stimulation than 17 kHz. In conclusion, sound in audiosonic range, alternately, may decrease E.coli viability. "

"Keberadaan Candida pada vagina ibu hamil dapat menjadi sumber infeksi bagi bayi yang dilahirkannya saat melalui jalan lahir atau selama masa perawatan bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil Candida spp pada vagina ibu hamil yang mengalami persalinan preterm dan neonatus yang dilahirkannya. Penelitian berdesain potong lintang ini menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling pada ibu hamil trimester III dengan persalinan preterm yang datang ke RSCM serta neonatus yang dilahirkannya. Terdapat 38 ibu hamil dengan persalinan preterm yang mengikuti penelitian sehingga diperoleh 38 bahan klinik cairan vagina ibu, serta 22 usap mulut dan 10 usap perianal neonatus. Pada bahan klinik tersebut dilakukan pemeriksaan mikologi untuk mengetahui frekuensi dan spektrum spesies Candida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan frekuensi keberadaan Candida spp pada vagina ibu hamil yang mengalami persalinan preterm sebesar 47,4 %. Profil Candida spp dari cairan vagina ibu terdiri atas: Candida albicans 12 isolat (66,7%), Candida tropicalis 3 isolat (16,7%), Candida glabrata 2 isolat (11,1%) dan Candida parapsilopsis 1 isolat (5,5%). Frekuensi keberadaan Candida pada usap mulut neonatus sebesar 13,6% sedangkan pada usap perianal ditemukan Candida pada 2 dari 10 neonatus. Profil Candida spp pada neonatus terdiri atas: Candida albicans dan Candida parapsilopsis. Hubungan antara keberadaan Candida spp pada vagina ibu hamil yang mengalami persalinan preterm dengan Candida spp pada neonatus belum dapat diketahui karena keterbatasan penelitian.

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The presence of Candida in vagina of pregnant women can be a source of infection in their neonates when pass birth canal or during baby care. The aim of this study is to determine the profile of Candida spp in vagina of pregnant women with preterm labor and their neonates. This cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive sampling techniques on third-trimester pregnant women with preterm labor who come to Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and their neonates. There were 38 pregnant women with preterm labor, and obtained 38 vaginal swab of the mothers, 22 oral swab and 10 perianal swab of their neonates. Mycological examination was conducted to determine the frequency and spectrum of Candida species.

The results showed frequency of Candida spp in the vagina of pregnant women with preterm labor was 47.4%. The spectrum of Candida spp from 38 vaginal swab of the mothers consists of Candida albicans 12 isolates (66.7%), Candida tropicalis 3 isolates (16.7%), Candida glabrata 2 isolates (11.1%), and Candida parapsilopsis 1 isolate (5.5%). The frequency of Candida spp of 22 oral swab was 13.6% and 2 of 10 of perianal swab. The spectrum of Candida spp in neonates consists of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilopsis. The relationship between the presence of Candida spp in vagina of the mothers and their neonates could not be known yet due to the limitation of this study."

"Corynebacterium diphtheriae penyebab utama penyakit difteri, ditandai dengan peradangan pada saluran pernapasan atas yang menyebabkan kesulitan bernapas, pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening di sekitar leher dan dapat berujung kematian. Faktor virulensi paling utama penyebab infeksi ini adalah toksin. Subunit toksin B (toxB) berperan dalam memfasilitasi perlekatan subunit toksin A ke sel inang. Perubahan struktur pada toxB menyulitkan terjadinya pengenalan terhadap antibodi, ditambah faktor virulensi lain sehingga infeksi difteri tetap terjadi walaupun sudah dilakukan imunisasi. Analisa mutasi sekuen toxB diperoleh melalui DNA sekuensing kemudian dianalisis dengan SeqScape 7.0 dan Bioedit. Selanjutnya untuk analisis level mRNA toksin digunakan Real-time PCR dan analisis toksisitas toksin menggunakan kultur sel vero kemudian hasil dibandingkan dengan isolat standar ATCC 13812. Gen toxB memiliki satu mutasi pada sembilan isolat, tetapi mutasi tersebut tidak mengubah asam amino. Peningkatan level ekspresi dan toksisitas toksin, ditemukan pada pasien yang mengalami gejala klinis berat dan kematian. Silent mutation yang terjadi pada gen toxB tidak berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kasus difteri. Walaupun efek toksisitas lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan peningkatan level ekspresi toksin, tetapi sinergi keduanya akan memperberat gejala yang dialami pasien dan berpotensi meningkatkan risiko penularan dan kematian pada pasien

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae was the main cause of diphtheria, indicated with upper respiratory tract inflammation which cause difficulty breathing, swollen lymph nodes around neck, and deadly. The main virulence factor causing infection is toxin. Toxin B subunit (toxB) contributes in facillitating the adhesion between toxin A and the host cell. The structure alteration of toxB complicates antibody recognition, paired with other virulance factors thus diphtearea infection still occurs even after immunization. toxB mutation sequence analysis obtained through DNA sequencing which analyzed with SeqScape 7.0 and Bioedit. Furthermore, Real-time PCR was used to analyze mRNA toxin levels and vero cell culture was used to analyze the toxin toxicity, then the result were compared with standard isolate ATCC 13812. toxB gene had one mutation in nine isolates, but the mutation did not change the amino acid. Increased toxin expression and toxicity levels were found in patients with severe clinical symptoms and death. Silent mutation that occured in toxB gene did not affect diphtheria case increase. Although the toxicity effect is lower than toxin expression level increase, their synergy will exacerbate patient symptoms and potentially increase the risk of transmission and death."

"Tuberkulosis (TBC) masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian akibat penyakit menular oleh adanya infeksi. Rifampisin dan isoniazid adalah obat lini pertama yang paling efektif melawan infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Deteksi resistansi OAT yang tepat, akurat, dan komprehensif, serta pemilihan sampel diperlukan untuk memastikan diagnosis penyakit tuberkulosis pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan hasil targeted drug sequencing dari hasil dekontaminasi sputum dengan isolat Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan mengetahui kesesuaian DST fenotipik MGIT, genotipik GeneXpert dalam mendeteksi resistansi rifampisin dan isoniazid. Sampel penelitian ini adalah sampel sputum yang sudah ada hasil GeneXpert positif dan isolate kultur dengan hasil DST MGIT. Hasil dekontaminasi sputum langsung dan kultur positif dari sampel yang sama dilakukan targeted drug sequencing dengan Oxford Nanopore technology menggunakan flowcell MinION Mk1B. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada target gen rpoB pada 5 dari 6 sampel isolat kultur memberikan hasil gen resistan rpoB dan 1 undetermined. Pada sebagian besar dekontaminasi sputum yaitu 5 dari 6 sampel juga memberikan hasil resistan terhadap rpoB dan 1 dekontaminasi sputum yang undetermined. Hasil resistansi obat isoniazid didapatkan pada target gen inhA sebanyak 5 dari 6 isolat kultur memberikan hasil sensitif pada inhA dan 1 isolat undetermined. Sedangkan pada dekontaminasi sputum 4 dari 6 sampel memberikan hasil sensitif pada inhA dan 2 undetermined. Lalu, pada target gen katG terdapat 3 dari 6 isolat kultur memberikan hasil sensitif, 2 isolat resistan, dan 1 undetermined. Sedangkan pada dekontaminasi sputum memberikan 2 hasil sensitif, 2 hasil resistan, dan 2 hasil undetermined. Metode targeted drug sequencing dapat dilakukan dari sampel hasil dekontaminasi sputum dan isolat. Keberhasilan banyak didapatkan dari hasil kultur dibandingkan dekontaminasi sputum. Pemeriksaan dengan targeted drug sequencing memberikan hasil yang sesuai dengan hasil DST MGIT dan GeneXpert untuk deteksi gen resisten Rifampisin (rpoB) dan Isoniazid (inhA dan katG).

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Tuberculosis (TBC) is still the main cause of death due to infectious diseases. Rifampicin and isoniazid are the most effective first-line drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precise, accurate and comprehensive detection of OAT resistance, as well as sample selection are needed to confirm the patient's diagnosis of tuberculosis. This study aims to compare the results of targeted drug sequencing from sputum decontamination results with Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and determine the suitability of MGIT phenotypic and GeneXpert genotypic DST in detecting rifampicin and isoniazid resistance. The samples for this study were sputum samples that had positive GeneXpert results and culture isolates with DST MGIT results. The results of direct sputum decontamination and positive culture from the same sample were subjected to targeted drug sequencing with Oxford Nanopore technology using a MinION Mk1B flowcell. The results showed that for the rpoB gene target, the majority of culture isolates from 5 of the 6 culture isolate samples gave rpoB resistance gene results and 1 was undetermined. In the majority of sputum decontamination, 5 out of 6 samples also gave resistance to rpoB and 1 sputum decontamination was undetermined. Isoniazid drug resistance results were obtained for the inhA gene target, 5 of the 6 culture isolates gave sensitive results for inhA and 1 isolate was undetermined. Meanwhile, in sputum decontamination, 4 of the 6 samples gave sensitive results for inhA and 2 were undetermined. Then, for the katG gene target, 3 of the 6 culture isolates gave sensitive results, 2 isolates were resistant, and 1 was undetermined. Meanwhile, sputum decontamination gave 2 sensitive results, 2 resistant results, and 2 undetermined results. The targeted drug sequencing method can be carried out from samples resulting from decontamination of sputum and isolates. Much success comes from culture results rather than sputum decontamination. Examination with targeted drug sequencing provided results that were in accordance with the results of DST MGIT and GeneXpert for the detection of Rifampicin (rpoB) and Isoniazid (inhA, and katG) resistance genes."

"Madu memiliki berbagai efek positif bagi tubuh manusia dan telah digunakan sebagai obat selama berabad-abad. Madu Manuka dan MedihoneyTM di Indonesia masih sulit dilakukan karena harganya yang mahal dan ketersediaannya. Penelitian sebelumnya telah mengevaluasi aktivitas fisika kimia antara madu Nusantara (madu lokal) dan Madu Manuka. Namun dalam penelitian ini kami menambahkan lebih banyak variasi madu lokal dan komponen kimiawi yang bermanfaat untuk aktivitas antimikroba, antara madu lokal dibandingkan dengan madu Manuka. Namun dalam penelitian ini kami menambahkan lebih banyak variasi madu lokal dan komponen pemeriksaan kimia yang bermanfaat sebagai indikator untuk melihat aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri K. pneumonia ATCC 13883, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 dan S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. cloacae ATCC 23355, E. coli ATCC 25922 pada setiap sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa madu manuka memiliki pH lebih rendah, keasaman lebih tinggi, viskositas lebih tinggi dan kadar gula lebih tinggi dibandingkan madu lokal Indonesia, madu manuka memiliki kandungan MGO dan NPA lebih tinggi dibandingkan madu lokal Indonesia, tetapi madu nusantara memiliki tingkat MGO yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan madu Jawa. Madu Manuka memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang sebanding pada bakteri P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923, K. pneumonia ATCC 13883, E. coli ATCC 25922, and E. cloacae ATCC 23355 dibandingkan dengan madu lokal Indonesia.

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Honey has various positive effect human body, and has been used as medicine for centuries Manuka honey and Medihoney™ has been accepted widely used by medical honey. Research has been conducted for these honeys and shown to have in vivo activity and are suitable for the treatment of ulcers, infected wounds and burns. But using Manuka honey and MediHoney™ in Indonesia is still difficult due to its high cost and availability. The previous study had evaluated in physiochemical activity between Nusantara honey (local honey) and Manuka Honey. However, in this study we added more variety of local honey and chemical components that was beneficial for antimicrobial activity, between the local honey compared Manuka Honey. More extensive research was needed especially the physicochemical and antibacterial effect of Indonesian local honey, The purpose of this study is as a baseline data to produce our own medical grade honey that was equal compared to the international medical grade honey. This is a descriptive analytical study using samples of Indonesian local honey and Manuka honey, and check each samples for physical chemical characteristic, Unique Manuka Factor, and antimicrobial effect for K. pneumonia ATCC 13883, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. cloacae ATCC 23355, E. coli ATCC 25922 in every honey samples. The results of the study shows that New Zealand manuka honey has lower pH, higher acidity, higher viscosity, and higher sugar content compared to Indonesian local honey, New Zealand manuka honey has higher MGO content and NPA compared to Indonesian local honey, but Nusantara honey shows has higher MGO level, compared to Java honey. New Zealand manuka honey has lower pH, higher acidity, higher viscosity, and higher sugar content compared to Indonesian local honey. New Zealand manuka honey showed comparable antibacterial effect for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923, K. pneumoniaATCC 13883, E. coli ATCC 25922, and E. cloacae ATCC 23355 compared with Indonesian local honey."