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"Anemia merupakan penyakit yang penyebarannya cukup luas secara global. Indonesia merupakan salah satu Negara yang mempunyai angka kejadian anemia tinggi. Dari berbagai tipe anemia, hemoglobinopati adalah tipe anemia yang mengakibatkan beban penyakit yang berat, dan studi mengenai hemoglobinopati secara keseluruhan masih termasuk sedikit. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi hemoglobinopati pada pasien Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Selain proporsi, asosiasi antara jenis kelamin dan penyakit tersebut juga diselidiki. Dalam metode untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, metode cross sectional digunakan pada data sekunder pasien (n = 172) yang berasal dari Departemen Patologi Klinik Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proporsi dari hemoglobinopati pada pasien di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Januari dan Februari 2013 adalah 16.9%. Mengenai asosiasi hemoglobinopati dengan jenis kelamin, tidak ditemukan adanya hasil yang signifikan secara statistic pada analisis data.

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Anemia is a disease which affects the world globally. Indonesia is one of the country which has high occurrence of anemia. From various types of anemia, hemoglobinopathy is the type of anemia which causes the heavy burden of disease, and the studies about this particular disease as a whole are still quite few.

This study has the objectives to find about the proportion of hemoglobinopathy in patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Aside from the proportion, the association between gender and the disease was also explored. In order to achieve the objectives, cross sectional method was used with the patient's secondary data (n = 172) which collected from Clinical pathology Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

The results showed that the proportion of hemoglobinopathy in patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during January-February 2013 was 16.9 %. As for the association of hemoglobinopathy with patients? gender, the analysis showed that the result was not statistically significant."

"Kenaikan prevalensi anemia berdampak buruk bagi kualitas hidup seseorang. Beberapa faktor resiko yang berkaitan dengan anemia berhubungan dengan umur dan jenis kelamin. Penilitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara anemia dengan umur dan jenis kelamin. Penilitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder pasien rawat inap Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) selama bulan Maret tahun 2011 (n=3,200) yang memiliki informasi mengenai umur, jenis kelamin, dan kadar Hemoglobin (Hb). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proporsi anemia di RSCM selama bulan Maret tahun 2011 sebesar 83.5%. Hubungan antara anemia dengan kelompok umur menunjukan hasil yang tidak bermakna (Chi-Square p = 0.167). Namun, hubungan antara prevalensi anemia dan median umur menunjukkan bahwa median umur populasi dengan anemia (47 tahun) lebih tinggi dibanding populasi yang tidak anemia (43 tahun) (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara prevalensi anemia dengan jenis kelamin (Chi-Square p = 0.929). Walaupun hubungan antara jenis kelamin dan kadar Hb menunjukkan hasil yang bermakna dimana median kadar Hb pada perempuan lebih rendah (10,1 gr/dl) daripada laki-laki (10,3 gr/dl) (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001), namun hasil tersebut tidak bermakna secara klinis.

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The increasing prevalence of anemia has decreased the quality of life of the society. Some risk factors are associated with age and gender. This study is aimed to analyse the relation between anemia and age and gender. This research uses cross sectional study by taking the secondary data of patients at the in-patient ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in March 2011 (n=3,200) which has the information about age, gender, and Hemoglobin (Hb) level.

The result shows that the proportion of anemia at the in-patient ward RSCM in March 2011 was 83.5%. The association between anemia and age groups is not statistically significant (Chi-Square p = 0.167). The median age of people with anemia is higher (47 years) than people without anemia (43 years) (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001).

There is also no association between anemia and gender (Chi-Square p = 0.929). Although the median of Hb level is lower in female (10.1 g/dl) than male population (10.3 g/dl) (Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001), the result is not clinically significant."

"Anemia normositik normokromik adalah suatu kondisi di mana konsentrasi hemoglobin di darah menurun tanpa ditemukan kelainan pada sel darah merah. Prevalensi kondisi ini masih tinggi di semua pelosok dunia. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mencari tahu proporsi kondisi ini dalam ruang rawat inap RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan mendeteksi adanya pola penyebaran umur dan jenis kelamin pada kelopok pasien tersebut. Data pasien sebanyak 3,160 didapatkan dari Bagian Patologi Klinik pada bulan Maret 2011. Proporsi kondisi ini yang ditemukan adalah 42.2%. Sebagian besar pasien adalah orang dewasa, paling banyak antara umur 30 hingga 50 tahun. Perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik ditemukan antara jumlah wanita dan pria dengan kondisi ini, namun studi lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk mendeteksi adanya hubungan yang penting antara jenis kelamin dan anemia normositik normokromik. Berdasarkan studi ini, anemia normositik normokromik masih salah satu masalah besar di Indonesia.

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Normocytic normochromic anemia is a condition where level of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced, without any abnormalities in the erythrocytes itself. Literature has shown that the prevalence of this condition is high all around the world. This study aims to identify the proportion of normocytic normochromic anemia the in-patient ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and to investigate the presence of any pattern in the distribution of age and gender of those affected by this condition. A total of 3,160 patient records were obtained from the Clinical Pathology Department in March 2011. The proportion of this condition was found to be 42.2%. Majority of those affected were adults, highest at the third and fourth decades of life. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found between the number of males and females affected, though further studies would be required to investigate any possible associations. Based on this study, it may be deduced that normocytic normochromic anemia is still a major problem in Indonesia."

"Anemia makrositik merupakan salah satu jenis anemia yang masih sering dijumpai di Indonesia. Namun, masih sedikit penelitian yang membahas tentang prevalensi anemia makrositik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu proporsi anemia makrositik pada pasien rawat inap Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), Jakarta dan untuk mengidentifikasi pola penyebaran usia dan jenis kelamin pada kelompok pasien tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi deskriptif cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder pada pasien rawat inap di RSCM (n=3,688). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi makrositik anemia pada pasien rawat inap di RSCM selama bulan Maret tahun 2011 sebesar 7.2%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proporsi anemia makrositik pada populasi rendah. Selain itu, jumlah pria dengan kondisi ini lebih besar dibandingkan dengan wanita. Sebagian besar pasien adalah orang dewasa dengan usia median 47tahun, usia minimal 0 tahun dan usia maksimal 90 tahun.

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Macrocytic anemia is one of types of anemia which is common in Indonesia. However, there is a lack of studies that aimed at determining the prevalence of macrocytic anemia. This study is aimed to investigate the proportion ofmacrocytic anemia among patients at the in-patient ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. This study uses a cross sectional descriptive study by takingsecondary data of patients at the in-patient ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) (n=3,668).

The result shows that the proportion of macrocytic anemia at the in-patient ward RSCM in March 2011 was 7.2%. It indicates that the proportion of macrocytic anemia is considerably small within the population. In addition, there was difference between the number of males and females that suffered from macrocytic anemia. Male is slightly higher than female in this condition. Furthermore, majority of those affected were adults and the median age was 47 years with the minimum and maximum age of 0 and 90 years, respectively."

"Berdasarkan bentuk dari sel darah merah, mikrositik hipokromik anemia adalah tipe anemia yang paling sering dijumpai. Tipe ini bisa disebabkan oleh anemia dengan defisiensi besi atau beta thallasemia. Akan tetapi, tidak banyak literatur dan jurnal yang membahas tentang epidemiologi dari mikrositik hipokromik anemia. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengevaluasi proporsi dari mikrositik hipokromik anemia dan asosiasinya dengan umur dan jenis kelamin pada pasien rawat inap di RSUPN DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dan data seperti umur, jenis kelamin, hasil hemoglobin, MCV dan MCH, dari pasien diambil pada bulan Maret 2011. 3197 pasien diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini, 1674 perempuan (52.4%), 1523 lelaki (47.6%). Pasien dengan mikrositik hipokromik anemia berjumlah 674 (21.1%). Umur median dari pasien dengan mikrositik hipokromik anemia adalah 46.50 tahun, sedangkan pasien tanpa mikrositik hipokromik anemia adalah 46 tahun (p = 0.791). Ditemukan 387 perempuan dengan mikrositik hipokromik anemia (23.1%) dan 287 lelaki dengan mikrositik hipokromik anemia (18.8%) (p = 0.03). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tidak ada asosiasi antara umur dengan pasien yang mempunyai mikrositik hipokromik anemia. Akan tetapi, ditemukan asosiasi antara jenis kelamin dan mikrositik hipokromik anemia; jumlah wanita yang mempunyai mikrositik hipokromik anemia lebih banyak dibandingkan lelaki.

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Worldwide, iron deficiency is one of the most frequent and significant causes of anemia. The commonest form of anemia is microcytic hypochromic anemia which may be caused by iron deficiency. This study aims to evaluate the proportion of microcytic hypochromic anemia and analyze its correlation with age and gender in the in-patient ward of RSUPN DR. Cipto Mangunkusomo.

A cross-sectional study design was applied and the data on the patient?s age, gender, hemoglobin level, MCV and MCH level was taken on March 2011. 3197 subjects were included in this study, 1674 female (52.4%), 1523 male (47.6%). 674 subjects (21.1%) diagnosed with microcytic hypochromic anemia. The median age of patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia was 46.50 years old, while patients without microcytic hypochromic anemia was 46 years old (p = 0.791).

There were 387 women (23.1%) found with microcytic hypochromic anemia, whereas, 287 men (18.8%) with microcytic hypochromic anemia (p = 0.03). Overall, the occurrence of microcytic hypochromic anemia is not associated with age, but an increased occurrence of microcytic hypochromic anemia was found in female patients as compared to male patients."

"ABSTRAK Hipertensi merupakan kelainan yang umum dijumpai pada kehamilan.Sekitar 70% wanita hamil mengalami gestational hypertension dan preeklampsia.Disfungsi endotel pada preeklampsia menyebabkan permukaan endotel yangnontrombogenik menjadi trombogenik sehingga dapat terjadi aktivasi koagulasi.Preeklampsia meningkatkan keadaan hiperkoagulabel yang sudah ada padakehamilan normal. Gestational hypertension pada wanita hamil adalah hipertensiyang tidak memenuhi kriteria preeklampsia. Hampir setengah dari pasien dengangestational hypertension akan berkembang menjadi preeklampsia. Fibrinmonomer merupakan petanda aktivasi koagulasi yang digunakan pada keadaan pretrombotik oleh karena terbentuk terlebih dahulu pada keadaan hiperkoagulabel daripada D-dimer yang terbentuk setelah fibrinolisis. Tujuan penelitian adalahmendapatkan gambaran fibrin monomer pada gestational hypertension danpreeklampsia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang pada 30 wanitahamil gestational hypertension dan 30 wanita hamil preeklampsia yang dilakukanpada Oktober sampai November 2015. Pemeriksaan FM menggunakan reagenSTA-Liatest memakai koagulometer STA Compact Analyzer. Kadar fibrinmonomer pada gestational hypertension didapatkan mean 4,61 µg/mL denganstandar deviasi 0,86 µg/mL. Kadar fibrin monomer pada preeklampsia didapatkanmedian 10,5 µg/mL dengan mean 11.99 µg/mL dan rentang 6,12 ? 23,26 µg/mL.Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar fibrin monomer pada gestationalhypertension dan preeklampsia dengan nilai p<0,001.ABSTRACT Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001.;Hypertension is a common disorder in pregnancy. Approximately 70% ofpregnant women is gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Endothelialdysfunction in preeclampsia causes the endothelial surface of the nonthrombogenicbe thrombogenic so it can activated coagulation. Preeclampsiaincrease hypercoagulability state in normal pregnancy. Gestational hypertension isa hypertension in pregnancy who do not meet the criteria of preeclampsia. Nearlyhalf of patients with gestational hypertension develop into preeclampsia. Fibrinmonomers are used for coagulation activation marker on the prethrombotic statetherefore formed before on hypercoagulability state hiperkoagulabel than D-dimerformed after fibrinolysis. The objective of this study is to gain description offibrin monomer levels and it was a cross-sectional study 30 pregnant women withgestational hypertension and 30 pregnant women with preeclampsia. The studywas conducted in October and November 2015. Examination of fibrin monomerusing the reagent STA-Liatest and analyzer STA Compact. Mean of fibrinmonomer in gestational hypertension was 4.61 µg/mL with standard deviationwas 0.86 µg/mL. Median of fibrin monomer in preeclampsia was 10.5 µg / mLwith range was 6.12 to 23.26 µg/mL. Fibrin monomer levels found significantdifferences in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with p <0.001."

"Toluena dijumpai tersebar di lingkungan kita. Manusia terpapar logam ini dari berbagai sumber seperti udara, air, tanah dan makanan yang terkontaminasi. Terdapat beberapa penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa toluena menyebabkan stres oksidatif dengan meningkatkan pembentukan reactive oxygen species dan menurunkan sistem anti-oksidan. Peroksidasi lipid meningkat karena terganggunya keseimbangan oksidan dan anti-oksidan, yang diukur dengan kadar malondialdehyde. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian berbagai pajanan toluena terhadap peroksidasi lipid. Tiga puluh ekor tikus wistar jantan dengan berat badan 200-250 gram dibagi dalam lima kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol, kelompok II sampai V berturut-turut mendapat toluena secara inhalasi, dosis 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm, yang dipajan selama 4 jam/hari. Setelah 14 hari berturut-turut, dilakukan pengukuran kadar malondialdehyde plasma dan darah tepi. Peningkatan kadar malondialdehyde pada kelompok IV, secara statistik tidak bermakna (p=0,118). Peningkatan tersebut sejalan dengan peningkatan pajanan toluena yang diberikan, kecuali kelompok V. Beberapa hasil darah tepi, yang tidak bermakna secara statistik yaitu HB, Hematokrit, leukosit, neutrofil, limfosit dan monosit. Sedangkan eritrosit, VER, HER, KHER, trombosit, dan eosinofil secara statistic menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna.

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Toulene can be found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metal from various sources such as air, water, soil, and contaminated food. There are several studies that show that toluene causes oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and decreasing the anti-oxidant system. Increased lipid peroxidation are due to the disruption of the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, as measured by levels of malondialdehyde. This study aims to determine the effect of various exposure of toluene towards lipid peroxidation. Thirty male wistar rats weighing 200-250 grams are divided into five groups. Group I as a control variable, group II to group V each gets toluene through inhalaton, with 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm doses, which are exposed for 4 hours/day. After 14 consecutive days, a measurement of the levels of malondialdehyde plasma and peripheral blood is done. Increase in levels of malondialdehyde in group IV is not statistically significant (p=0,118). This increase is in line with the increase of given toluene exposure, except for group V. Some of the results of peripheral blood, which was not statistically significant HB, hematocrit, leukocytes, neutrophil, lymphocytes and monocytes. While erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets and eosinophils statically shows significant difference."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Penggunaan media kontras pada pemeriksaan radiologi dengan kondisi pasien mengalami insufisiensi fungsi ginjal dapat menyebabkan resiko terjadinya CIN pada kontras iodine dan NSF pada kontras paramagnetik. Oleh karena itu, penilaian fungsi ginjal penting dilakukan sebelum pemeriksaan radiologi kontras. Permasalahannya untuk menilai fungsi ginjal dengan baku emas sulit dilakukan sehingga digunakan formula MDRD dan CKD-EPI untuk menghitung eGFR. Faktor ras menjadi salah satu variabel dalam formula penghitungan eGFR, belum ada untuk populasi Indonesia yang termasuk ras Melanesia dan Malayan-Mongoloid. Tujuan: Menilai apakah terdapat korelasi antara pengukuran eGFR metode MDRD dan CKD-EPI dengan pengukuran GFR 99mTc-DTPA metode Gates pada pasien CKD. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder pasien yang menjalani pemeriksaan skintigrafi renal di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo serta pemeriksaan kreatinin serum bulan Februari 2012-Januari 2015. Data kasar dinilai ulang GFR skintigrafi renal menggunakan metode Gates dari pesawat Siemens Symbia T2 dan dihitung nilai eGFR menggunakan formula MDRD dan CKD-EPI. Analisa data dilakukan untuk mendapatkan nilai korelasi eGFR formula MDRD dan CKD-EPI dengan GFR skintigrafi renal sebagai baku emas. Hasil: Jumlah subjek penelitian 47 orang, dengan hasil terdapat korelasi positif, kekuatan korelasi baik antara nilai eGFR MDRD dengan GFR skintigrafi renal dengan persamaan:nilai GFR skintigrafi renal=16,60+0,70xnilai eGFR MDRD. Terdapat korelasi positif, kekuatan korelasi baik antara nilai eGFR CKD-EPI dengan GFR skintigrafi renal dengan persamaan:nilai GFR skintigrafi renal=12,74+0,78xnilai eGFR CKD-EPI; nilai GFR dalam ml/menit/1,73m2. Kesimpulan : Formula persamaan eGFR MDRD dan CKD-EPI dapat digunakan dalam klinis untuk memperkirakan nilai GFR skintigrafi renal.

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ABSTRACTBackground: The use of contrast media for radiology examination in patients with renal function insufficiency can lead to the risk of CIN (Contrast Induced Nephropathy) on contrast iodine and NSF (Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis) on paramagnetic contrast. Therefore, assessment of renal function is important to be done prior to contrast radiology. The problem is assessing renal function with a gold standard, clinically difficult, therefor using MDRD and CKD-EPI formula to calculate eGFR. Factors race became one of the variables in the formula calculating eGFR, yet for Indonesian population included in the Melanesian and Malayan-Mongoloid race.Objective. To evaluate correlation value between eGFR measurement using MDRD and CKD-EPI methods with GFR Gates methods using 99mTc-DTPA in patients with CKD.Method: Cross sectional research using secondary data of patients who underwent renal scintigraphy in Cipto Mangunkusumo and serum creatinine examination in February 2012 to January 2015. The raw data then reassessed GFR renal scintigraphy using the Gates of Siemens Symbia T2 machine and eGFR values calculated using the formula MDRD and CKD-EPI. Data analysis was used to obtain a correlation value formula MDRD eGFR and CKD-EPI with GFR renal scintigraphy as the gold standard. Result: Total subject is 47 people. There is a positive correlation with good correlation value between MDRD eGFR value and renal scintigraphy GFR using this approach:renal scintigraphy GFR value=16,60+0,70xMDRD eGFR value. There is also a positive correlation with good correlation value between MDRD eGFR value and renal scintigraphy GFR value using this approach:renal scintigraphy GFR value=12,74+0,78xCKD=EPI eGFR value. Conclusion : Formula equation MDRD and CKD-EPI eGFR can be used clinically to estimate renal scintigraphy GFR, Background: The use of contrast media for radiology examination in patients with renal function insufficiency can lead to the risk of CIN (Contrast Induced Nephropathy) on contrast iodine and NSF (Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis) on paramagnetic contrast. Therefore, assessment of renal function is important to be done prior to contrast radiology. The problem is assessing renal function with a gold standard, clinically difficult, therefor using MDRD and CKD-EPI formula to calculate eGFR. Factors race became one of the variables in the formula calculating eGFR, yet for Indonesian population included in the Melanesian and Malayan-Mongoloid race.Objective. To evaluate correlation value between eGFR measurement using MDRD and CKD-EPI methods with GFR Gates methods using 99mTc-DTPA in patients with CKD.Method: Cross sectional research using secondary data of patients who underwent renal scintigraphy in Cipto Mangunkusumo and serum creatinine examination in February 2012 to January 2015. The raw data then reassessed GFR renal scintigraphy using the Gates of Siemens Symbia T2 machine and eGFR values calculated using the formula MDRD and CKD-EPI. Data analysis was used to obtain a correlation value formula MDRD eGFR and CKD-EPI with GFR renal scintigraphy as the gold standard. Result: Total subject is 47 people. There is a positive correlation with good correlation value between MDRD eGFR value and renal scintigraphy GFR using this approach:renal scintigraphy GFR value=16,60+0,70xMDRD eGFR value. There is also a positive correlation with good correlation value between MDRD eGFR value and renal scintigraphy GFR value using this approach:renal scintigraphy GFR value=12,74+0,78xCKD=EPI eGFR value. Conclusion : Formula equation MDRD and CKD-EPI eGFR can be used clinically to estimate renal scintigraphy GFR]"

"ABSTRAKPemeriksaan koagulasi rutin PT dan APTT sangat dipengaruhi oleh variabel pra analitik yaitu perbandingan darah dengan antikoagulan sitrat 0,109 M adalah 9:1. Kurangnya volume darah dalam tabung menyebabkan rasio berubah sehingga terjadi pengenceran sampel disebut underfilling. Underfilling pada tabung sitrat 0.109 M menyebabkan nilai PT dan APTT memanjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan underfilling menyebabkan pemanjangan PT dan APTT, melihat adakah perbedaan rerata PT dan APTT antar berbagai volume dalam tabung, sekaligus menentukan volume minimal spesimen dalam tabung sitrat yang direkomendasikan untuk pemeriksaan PT dan APTT. Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan 38 subjek sehat dan 38 pasien dengan warfarin. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa underfilling menyebabkan pemanjangan PT dan APTT. Terdapat perbedaan rerata PT dan APTT pada berbagai volume spesimen, dan volume minimal spesimen dalam tabung sitrat yang direkomendasikan untuk pemeriksaan PT dan APTT adalah 90 untuk subjek sehat dan 100 untuk pasien dengan warfarin.Kata kunci: pra analitik; pemeriksaan koagulasi; underfilling; pemanjangan PT dan APTT; volume minimal spesimen

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ABSTRACTThe routine coagulation measurement PT and APTT are highly influenced by pre analytical variables, one of which is the ratio of 9 1 between blood and citrate 0.109 M as anticoagulant. Lesser than minimum amount of blood volume in sample tube causes sample dilution known as underfilling. Underfilling of citrate 0.109 M tube results in prolonged PT and APTT. This study aims to prove that underfilling leads to prolonged PT and APTT by comparing mean PT and APTT value between sample tubes with different volume of blood. Furthermore, the recommended minimal volume of specimen in citrated tube would be sought. The study design was cross sectional with 38 healthy subjects and 38 patients on warfarin. This study indeed found that underfilling causes prolonged PT and APTT. There were significant mean difference of each PT and APTT for various specimen volumes. The recommended minimum specimen volume in citrate tube for PT and APTT measurement was 90 for healthy subject and 100 for patients on warfarin.Keywords pra analytic, coagulation measurement, underfilling, prolonged PT APTT, minimum specimen volume."

"ABSTRAKHemolisis merupakan masalah yang umum dijumpai dalam praktik laboratorium dengan prevalensi 3,3 dari total spesimen yang diterima di laboratorium. Hemolisis memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda pada pemeriksaan PT dan APTT pada subyek sehat dan pasien Sysmex CS2100i merupakan alat koagulometer yang menggunakan prinsip deteksi koagulasi dengan transmisi cahaya foto-optikal yang dilengkapi dengan detektor hemolisis ikterik dan lipemik HIL dan multiple wavelength detector. Aspek terpenting dalam praktik laboratorium terkait hemolisis adalah mengetahui batasan indeks hemolisis yang dapat menimbulkan bias bermakna di dalam suatu pemeriksaan dalam hal ini PT dan APTT. Jumlah subyek penelitian sebesar 70 orang yang dibagi dua yaitu, kelompok sehat sebesar 35 orang dan kelompok sakit dengan warfarin sebesar 35 orang. Pembuatan hemolisat dilakukan dengan metode trauma mekanik menggunakan syringe insulin dengan jarum 30G. Pada hasil PT dan APTT subyek sehat didapatkan uji repeated measures ANOVA bermakna, p=0,001 dan subyek sakit dengan warfarin didapatkan uji Friedman bermakna, p=0,001. Uji post-hoc Dunnett subyek sehat untuk hasil PT didapatkan nilai bermakna pada konsentrasi hemolisis 150, 200, 250, 330 dan 500 mg/dL, sedangkan hasil APTT didapatkan hasil bermakna pada konsentrasi hemolisis 250, 330, dan 500 mg/dL. Uji post-hoc Wilcoxon subyek sakit untuk hasil PT didapatkan nilai bermakna pada konsentrasi hemolisis 100, 150, 200, 250, 330 dan 500 mg/dL, sedangkan hasil APTT didapatkan nilai bermakna pada konsentrasi hemolisis 250, 330 dan 500 mg/dL.Bias hemolisis maksimal yang masih dapat diterima dengan kriteria Ricos dkk untuk PT dan APTT subyek sehat masing-masing adalah 100 mg/dL, sedangkan subyek sakit dengan warfarin adalah 50 mg/dL dan 200 mg/dL. Batasan dengan kriteria CLIA untuk PT dan APTT subyek sehat adalah 330 mg/dL dan 250 mg/dL, sedangkan subyek sakit dengan warfarin adalah 330 mg/dL baik untuk PT maupun APTT. Dari grafik scatter didapatkan tren pemanjangan hasil PT dan APTT subyek sehat, sedangkan pada subyek sakit dengan warfarin didapatkan tren pemanjangan hasil PT dan pemendekan hasil APTT. Penerapan batasan bias hemolisis maksimal memungkinkan praktisi laboratorium untuk tetap menerima spesimen dengan interferensi hemolisis pada pemeriksaan PT dan APTT, memastikan hasil yang dikeluarkan tetap akurat, tanpa menunda penatalaksanaan terhadap pasien dan mengurangi biaya dan ketidaknyamanan yang timbul akibat pengambilan kembali spesimen.

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ABSTRACTHemolysis is a common problem in laboratory practice with a prevalence of 3.3 of the total specimens received in the laboratory. Haemolysis have a different influence on the examination of the PT and APTT in healthy and patients subjects. Sysmex CS2100i is a coagulometer with the photo optical method, equipped with hemolysis, icteric and lipemic detector HIL and multiple wavelength. The most important aspect in laboratory practice is to know the limits associated with haemolysis that can cause significant bias in PT and APTT assay. The total number of research subjects are 70 people, divided into 35 healthy subjects and 35 patient subject undergoing warfarin therapy. Hemolysate was conducted using a mechanical trauma using insulin syringe with 30G needle.. Repeated measures ANOVA test of PT and APTT on healthy subjects obtained a significant statistical result, p 0.001. The warfarin users also had a significant statistical result with Friedman test, p 0.001. Post hoc Dunnett test on PT values of healthy subjects, obtained a statisticaly significant results in hemolysis concentration of 150, 200, 250, 330 and 500 mg dL, while the APTT results obtained significant statistical results in haemolysis concentration of 250, 330, and 500 mg dL. Wilcoxon post hoc test of PT on patient subjects obtained significant result in the haemolysis concentration of 100, 150, 200, 250, 330 and 500 mg dL, while the APTT values obtained significant results in hemolysis concentration 250, 330 and 500 mg dL. The maximum bias that still could acceptable by Ricos et al criteria for PT and APTT on healthy subjects for both were 100 mg dL, whereas patient subjects undergoing warfarin therapy was 50 mg dL and 330 mg dL. Using CLIA criteria for PT and APTT on healthy subjects resulted maximum bias was 330 mg dL and 250 mg dL, whereas warfarin users was 330 mg dL for PT and APTT. There was a trend of increase in the readings of PT and APTT on healthy subjects, while on patient subjects undergoing warfarin there was a trend of increase in PT and decrease of APTT results. The application of acceptable hemolysis bias limit, enable laboratory practitioners to process hemolysis specimens in PT and APTT assays, ensuring the results is still accurate without delaying clinical decision and to reduce the cost and inconvenience arising from the specimen recollection. "