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Abstrak :
Bekatul merupakan produk samping penggilingan padi (Oryza sativa) yang umumnya digunakan sebagai pakan ternak. Bekatul telah diketahui mengandung vitamin E (tokoferol dan tokotrienol) dan γ-orizanol yang memiliki efek antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antioksidan ekstrak bekatul terhadap kadar GSH dalam paru tikus yang diinduksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4). Sebanyak 24 ekor tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok yaitu kontrol (K) dan perlakuan (P). Kelompok P1 dberikan bekatul 200 mg/kgBB, P2 bekatul 400 mg/kgBB, P3 bekatul 200 mg/kgBB dan CCl4 0,55 mg/kgBB, P4 bekatul 400 mg/kgBB dan CCl4 0,55 mg/kgBB, dan P5 CCl4 0,55 mg/kgBB. Hari ke-19, paru tikus diambil dan dilakukan pengukuran kadar GSH dengan metode Ellman. Kadar GSH meningkat pada P1 dan P2 dibandingkan Kontrol (p=0,021). Kadar GSH P2 lebih tinggi dari P1 (p=0,021). Kadar GSH meningkat pada P3 dan P4 dibandingkan P5 (p=0,021). Kadar GSH pada P3 lebih tinggi dari P4 (p=0,021). Kadar GSH P5 menurun dibandingkan Kontrol (p=0,149). Antioksidan dalam bekatul efektif dalam meningkatkan kadar GSH pada paru tikus. Dosis bekatul yang lebih tinggi berbanding lurus dengan kadar GSH yang lebih tinggi pula. Antioksidan dalam bekatul juga efektif dalam meningkatkan kadar GSH paru tikus sebelum diinduksi CCl4. Adanya fenomena khusus serta tingkat kualitas bekatul diduga berpengaruh terhadap hasil penelitian ini, dimana kadar GSH pada kelompok yang diberikan bekatul 200 mg/kgBB + CCl4 lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada kelompok bekatul 400 mg/kgBB + CCl4.

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Rice bran is a by-product of rice milling (Oryza sativa), which are commonly used as animal feed. Rice bran has been known to contain vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and γ-orizanol which have antioxidant effects. This research aims to know the effect of rice bran extract antioxidants against the levels of GSH in rat lung induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley were divided into 2 groups, the controls (K) and the treatment (P). Treatment group 1 (P1) is given 200 mg/kgBB rice bran, P2 400 mg/kg rice bran, P3 200 mg/kgBB rice bran and 0.55 mg/kgBB CCl4, P4 400 mg/kgBB rice bran and 0.55 mg/kgBB CCl4, and P5 0.55 mg/kgBB CCl4. At day 19th, the rat lung was taken and carried out measurements of the levels of GSH by Ellman method. GSH levels of P1 and P2 increased compared to Control (p=0.021). GSH levels of P2 higher than P1 (p=0.021). GSH levels of P3 and P4 increased compared to P5 (p=0.021). GSH levels of P3 higher than P4 (p=0.021). GSH levels of P5 decreased compared to Control (p=0.149). Antioxidants in rice bran is effective in increasing the levels of GSH in the rat lung. Higher dose of rice bran is directly proportional to the increasement of GSH levels. Antioxidants in rice bran is also effective in increasing the levels of GSH in the rat lung prior to CCl4-induced. A special phenomenon and the rice bran level of quality allegedly influence the results of this study, where the levels of GSH in group given 200 mg/kgBB rice bran + CCl4 higher than group of 400 mg/kgBB rice bran + CCl4 rice bran.

Abstrak :
Stres oksidatif yang diduga berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit kardiovaskular terjadi akibat sistem pertahanan tubuh yang tidak adekuat untuk mengatasi produksi radikal bebas yang meningkat. Bekatul merupakan produk samping padi (Oryza sativa) dengan kandungan antioksidan yang mampu mendukung sistem pertahanan tubuh melawan radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kandungan antioksidan pada bekatul terhadap kerusakan jantung tikus yang diinduksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4). Parameter yang diukur yaitu malondialdehid (MDA) dengan metode Wills. MDA merupakan produk peroksidasi lipid. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley usia 6-8 minggu dengan berat 100-200 gram. Tikus dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol normal (K1), bekatul 200 mg/kgBB (K2), bekatul 400 mg/kgBB (K3), CCl4 0,55 mg/gBB (K4), bekatul 200 mg/kgBB + CCl4 0,55 mg/gBB (K5), bekatul 400 mg/kgBB + CCl4 0,55 mg/gBB (K6). Setelah perlakuan dilakukan pengukuran kadar MDA. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan uji one-way ANOVA. Hasil uji one-way ANOVA menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna (p < 0,05). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kadar MDA pada K3 lebih rendah secara signifikan terhadap K1, kadar MDA pada K5 lebih rendah secara signifikan terhadap K4, kadar MDA pada K6 lebih rendah secara signifikan terhadap K4. Kadar MDA yang rendah secara signifikan pada pemberian bekatul tersebut mengindikasikan bekatul sebagai sumber antioksidan yang cukup poten dalam melawan radikal bebas

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Oxidative stress, which may contribute to pathogenesis of cadiovascular vents, is a result from inadequate body defense system against increased free radicals. Rice bran is byproduct of rice (Oryza sativa) milling which contains antioxidant component to support the body defense system. The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant component ability of rice bran against heart induced by CCl4. The biomarker measured was malondialdehyde (MDA). MDA is one of lipid peroxidation products. This experimental study used 24 white male Sprague-Dawley 6-8 week old rats, weighted between 100-200 g. These rats were divided into six groups. These groups were normal control (K1), 200 mg/kg BW rice bran (K2), 400 mg/kg BW rice bran (K3), 0.55 mg/g BW CCl4 (K4), 200 mg/kg BW rice bran + 0.55 mg/g BW CCl4 (K5), and 400 mg/kg BW rice bran + 0.55 mg/g BW CCl4 (K6). After obtaining the MDA levels, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. The result of one-way ANOVA test shows a mean difference (p < 0.05). This study shows lower levels of MDA in K3 compared to K1 significantly, K5 compared to K4 significantly, and K6 compared to K4 significantly. These significant low levels of MDA because of rice bran feeding indicated potent antioxidant content in rice bran

Abstrak :
Gagal Ginjal Kronik (GGK) merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. GGT (Gagal Ginjal Terminal) merupakan bentuk lanjut dari GGK GGT ditetapkan berdasarkan bersihan kreatinin dibawah 5 mL/menit. Salah satu gejala pada GGT adalah terjadinya osteodistrofi renal yang dihubungkan dengan masalah penurunan kadar Ca dan peningkatan kadar fosfat darah. Sehubungan dengan hal ini GGK pada umumnya diberikan terapi kalsitriol, diet rendah fosfat dan pengikat fosfat. GGT memerlukan terapi pengganti, seperti dialisis. Pengaturan homeostasis Ca dan fosfat darah dilakukan oleh hormon kalsitriol dan hormon paratiroid. Pada pasien GGK homeostasis tersebut terganggu oleh karena berkurangnya sintesis kalsitriol dan timbulnya retensi fosfat. Penurunan kadar kalsitriol menyebabkan penurunan absorbsi Ca dari usus. Retensi fosfat menimbulkan peningkatan kadar fosfat yang akan mengikat Ca. Kedua hal diatas menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kadar Ca darah. Pada penderita GGT kerusakan masa gnjal menyebabkan penurunan kadar kalsitriol sehingga tetjadi gangguan homeostasis Ca darah terutama kadar ion Ca. Hal iru menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kadar hormon paratiroid. Pada penelitian ini akan dibuktikan bahwa pemberian kalsitriol secara oral dapat menurunkan kadar hormon paratiroid (PTH) dan menormalkan kadar ion Ca darah. Dilakukan studi experimental pada pasien GGT yang mengikuti dialisis. Pasien yang diteliti adalah pasien yang tidal( mendapat pengobatan kalsitriol, tapi mengikuti diit rendah fosfat. Pasien GGT dengan hiperparatiroid sekunder diberikan kalsitriol 0,25 ug oral, tiap hari selama 2 minggu. Pada akhir pemberian kalsitriol diperiksa ulang kadar PTH, Ca, fosfat dan alkali fosfatase. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Setelah perlakuan terdapat penurunan kadar PTH secara bermakna p<0,015 dari 397 menjadi 149 pg/mL. Peningkatan kadar ion Ca secara bermakna p<0,020, dari 1,08 menjadi 1,16 mMoVL yang dihitung berdasarkan rumus. Penurunan fosfat bermakna dengan p<0,024, dari 4,18 mg/di, menjadi 3,65 mgldL serta penurunan alkali fosfatase bermakna dengan p<0,002, dari 250 menjadi 173 UIL.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Tiamin merupakan kelompok vitamin B yang dibutuhkan manusia namun harus diperoleh dari sumber luar. Tiamin memiliki banyak fungsi penting dalam tubuh, sehingga kekurangan tiamin dapat menyebabkan masalah serius. Pemeriksaan kadar tiamin dalam tubuh dengan metode yang tersedia saat ini membutuhkan biaya yang mahal. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, lahirlah ide untuk menggunakan prinsip ELISA dengan memanfaatkan protein pengikat tiamin dari sumber yang mudah diperoleh dan murah untuk skrining. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya protein pengikat tiamin pada ketan hitam (Oryza sativa L.). Metode: Isolasi protein pengikat tiamin dari ketan hitam (Oryza sativa L.) dilakukan dengan metode salting out, dialisis, dan dialisis kesetimbangan. Salting out menggunakan konsentrasi garam amonium sulfat 90%. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, konsentrasi protein total adalah 5.190,48 g/mL setelah tahap salting out. Adanya protein pengikat tiamin dalam protein total dapat dibuktikan dengan dialisis ekuilibrium. Protein pengikat tiamin dari ketan hitam (Oryza sativa L.) dapat mengikat tiamin pada dialisis kesetimbangan 0,479 g/gram tepung. Kesimpulan: Ketan hitam (Oryza sativa L.) mengandung protein pengikat tiamin.
ABSTRACT
Background: Thiamine is a group of B vitamins that humans need but must be obtained from external sources. Thiamine has many important functions in the body, so thiamine deficiency can cause serious problems. Examination of thiamine levels in the body with currently available methods is expensive. Based on this, the idea was born to use the ELISA principle by utilizing thiamine binding proteins from sources that are easily obtained and inexpensive for screening. This study aims to determine the presence of thiamine binding protein in black sticky rice (Oryza sativa L.). Methods: Isolation of thiamine binding protein from black sticky rice (Oryza sativa L.) was carried out by salting out, dialysis, and equilibrium dialysis methods. Salting out using a 90% concentration of ammonium sulfate salt. Results: In this study, the total protein concentration was 5,190.48 g/mL after the salting out stage. The presence of thiamine-binding protein in total protein can be demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis. Thiamine binding protein from black sticky rice (Oryza sativa L.) can bind thiamine at equilibrium dialysis of 0.479 g/gram flour. Conclusion: Black sticky rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains thiamine binding protein.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Bekatul merupakan bagian dari padi yang mengandung sumber antioksidan bermanfaat dalam perlindungan dari radikal bebas. Radikal bebas sendiri merupakan senyawa yang dapat menyebabkan stress oksidatif dan kerusakan pada organ tubuh.Terlepas akan manfaatnya, bekatul seringkali dibuang dalam proses penggilingan padi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi perlindungan minyak bekatul pada kerusakan jaringan hati yang diinduksi oleh CCl­4 melalui pengukuran ALT jaringan hati tikus Metode: Sebanyak 24 tikus wistar jantan dibagi acak dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok preventif yang diberikan minyak bekatul dosis 1 sebesar 0.5mL lalu diberikan CCl4 0.55g/KgBB,kelompok preventif yang diberikan minyak bekatul dosis 2 sebesar 1.5mL lalu diberikan CCl4 0.55g/KgBB,kelompok kontrol positif yang hanya diinduksi CCl4, kelompok kuratif yang diberikan CCl4 0.55g/KgBB lalu diberikan minyak bekatul dosis 1 sebesar 0.5mL, kelompok kuratif yang diberikan CCl4 0.55g/KgBB kemudian diberikan minyak bekatul dosis 2 sebesar 1.5mL. Pengukuran ALT dilakukan menggunakan Kit dengan sampel jaringan hati tersimpan. Hasil: Kelompok kontrol positif memiliki kadar ALT terrendah. Terdapat adanya peningkatan kadar ALT pada kelompok tikus preventif dan kuratif dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol positif,walaupun tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Minyak bekatul dosis 0.5mL dan 1.5mL pada kelompok preventif dan kuratif mampu meningkatkan kadar ALT dibandingkan kelompok kontrol positif walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistic. ......Introduction: Bran is part of rice that contains antioxidants that are useful in protecting against free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that can lead to oxidative stress and organ damage. Despite its advantages, bran is frequently discarded during the miling process. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential protection of rice bran oil against CCl4-induced liver tissue damage by measuring rat hepatic tissue ALT Method: Total of 24 wistar rats were randomly into 6 groups, namely the control group, the preventive group which was given the first dose of 0.5mL rice bran oil and then CCl4 0.55 g/KgBW, the preventive group which was given the second dose of 1.5mL rice bran oil and then CCl40.5g/KgBW, the positive control group which was only induced by CCl4, the curative group which was given CCl4 0.55g/KgBW and then the first dose of 0.5mL rice bran oil, the curative group which was given CCl4 0.55g/KgBW and then given a second dose of 1.5mL rice bran oil. ALT measurements were then performed using the Kit with the stored liver tissue samples Result: The positive control group had the lowest ALT levels compared to the other groups. There was an increase in ALT levels in both the preventive and curative groups compared to the positive control group, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Rice bran oil doses of 0.5mL and 1.5mL in the preventive and curative groups were able to increase ALT levels compared to the positive control group although not statiscally significant

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara stres oksidatif dan perkembangan DM tipe 2. Untuk mengatasi stres oksidatif, dibutuhkan antioksidan. Minyak bekatul memiliki kandungan antioksidan tinggi seperti vitamin E dan γ-oryzanol, serta minyak zaitun memiliki antioksidan utama berupa biofenol. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian minyak bekatul dan minyak zaitun secara oral terhadap kadar malondialdehid (MDA) sebagai parameter stres oksidatif. Metode: Sebanyak 10 serum darah tersimpan dari subjek DM tipe 2 yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan randomisasi blok. Kelompok pertama diberikan minyak bekatul secara oral pada dosis 15 mL/hari, sedangkan kelompok kedua diberikan minyak zaitun secara oral pada dosis 15 mL/hari yang dilakukan selama empat minggu. Kemudian dilakukan wash out selama dua minggu dan disilang (crossover). Kadar MDA diukur menggunakan metode Wills. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar MDA serum pada perlakuan minyak bekatul maupun minyak zaitun lebih rendah dibandingkan praperlakuan meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik dengan masing- masing P=0,377 dan P=0,357. Selain itu, tidak terdapat variasi dari efek perlakuan minyak bekatul dan minyak zaitun dengan P=0,568. Kesimpulan: Kadar MDA serum pada subjek DM tipe 2 setelah pemberian minyak bekatul dan minyak zaitun cenderung menurun namun tidak berbeda bermakna, serta tidak ada perbedaan variasi efek diantara keduanya. ......Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is one of the global health problems. There is a significant association between oxidative stress and the progression of DM type 2. To overcome oxidative stress, antioxidants are needed. Rice bran oil contains high antioxidant content such as vitamin E and γ-oryzanol, and olive oil has the main antioxidant in the form of biophenol. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of rice bran oil and olive oil on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a parameter of oxidative stress. Method: A total of 10 stored blood serum from DM type 2 subjects were divided into two groups with block randomization. The first group was administrated orally of rice bran oil at a dose of 15 mL/day, while the second group was given olive oil orally at a dose of 15 mL/day, both for 4 weeks. There is wash out period for 2 weeks, then cross them over. The level of MDA was measured using Wills method. Result: The results showed that the average of MDA serum level in the rice bran oil and olive oil group were lower than the pre-experiment group although they were not statistically significant with P=0.377 and P=0.357, respectively. Moreover, there is no significant variations in the effect of rice bran oil and olive oil consumption with P=0.568. Conclusion: MDA serum levels in DM type 2 subjects after administration of rice bran oil and olive oil decrease but not significantly different, also there is no significant variations effect between them.

Abstrak :
Bekatul umumnya digunakan sebagai pakan ternak atau dibuang. Padahal, bekatul dapat diekstraksi menjadi minyak bekatul yang mengandung antioksidan untuk melindungi diri dari radikal bebas yang menyebabkan stress oksidatif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan sampel tersimpan 24 tikus wistar terbagi dalam enam kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok diberikan CCl4 0,55g/kgBB kemudian dibedah 2 hari setelahnya, kelompok diberikan minyak bekatul 0,5mL/hari selama 52 hari kemudian diberikan CCl4 0,55g/kgBB kemudian dibedah 2 hari setelahnya, kelompok diberikan minyak bekatul 1,5 mL/hari selama 52 hari kemudian diberikan CCl4 0,55g/kgBB kemudian dibedah 2 hari setelahnya, kelompok diberikan CCl4 0,55g/kgBB kemudian 2 hari setelahnya diberi minyak bekatul 0,5mL/hari selama 59 hari kemudian dibedah esoknya, kelompok diberikan CCl4 0,55g/kgBB kemudian 2 hari setelahnya diberi minyak bekatul 1,5mL/hari selama 59 hari kemudian dibedah esoknya. Selanjutnya mengukur absorbansi lalu menghitung MDA plasma dengan membandingkan absorbansinya dengan standar MDA. Kelompok CCl4 0,55 g/kgBB memiliki MDA lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol secara signifikan. MDA kelompok minyak bekatul 0,5 ml dan 1,5 ml kemudian diinduksi CCl4 0,55 g/kgBB lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok CCl4 meskipun tidak signifikan. MDA kelompok CCl4 kemudian diberikan minyak bekatul lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok CCl4 meskipun tidak signifikan. Minyak bekatul 0,5 ml maupun 1,5 ml menurunkan MDA plasma dibandingkan kelompok CCl4 dalam preventif maupun kuratif meskipun tidak signifikan. MDA kelompok preventif lebih rendah dibandingkan kuratif meskipun tidak signifikan. Dosis 1,5 ml menurunkan MDA plebih besar dibandingkan 0,5 ml meskipun tidak signifikan. ......Rice bran used as animal feed or discarded. But, rice bran can be extracted into oil contains antioxidants to protect body from free radicals that cause oxidative stress. It is an experimental study using stored samples of 24 wistar rats divided into six groups: control group, group given CCl4 0.55g/kgBW then dissected 2 days later, group given rice bran oil 0.5mL/day for 52 days then given CCl4 0.55g/kgBW then operated 2 days later, group given rice bran oil 1.5 mL/day for 52 days then given CCl4 0,55g/kgBW then operated 2 days later, group given CCl4 0,55g/kgBW then 2 days later given rice bran oil 0.5mL/day for 59 days then operated next day, group given CCl4 0.55g/kgBB then 2 days later given rice bran oil 1.5mL/day for 59 days then operated tomorrow. Measuring absorbance and calculate plasma MDA by comparing absorbance with MDA standard. 0.55g/kgBW CCl4 group have significantly higher MDA than control group. MDA of 0.5ml and 1.5ml rice bran oil group then induced by CCl4 0.55 g/kgBW is lower than CCl4 group although not significant. MDA of CCl4 group then given rice bran oil is lower than CCl4 group although not significant. Rice bran oil 0.5ml and 1.5ml decreased plasma MDA compared to CCl4 group in both preventive and curative, although not significant. MDA of preventive group is lower than curative group, although not significant. 1.5ml dose decrease MDA more than 0.5ml, although not significant.

Abstrak :

ABSTRAK

Latar belakang: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh minyak zaitun dan minyak bekatul  terhadap kontrol glikemik dan profil lipid pada pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2.

Metode: 10 subjek menerima 15 ml / hari minyak zaitun dan minyak bekatul. Kadar glukosa darah puasa, glukosa postprandial, kolesterol total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), dan trigliserida (TG) diukur. Subjek dicross over setelah periode wash out. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t berpasangan atau uji Wilcoxon yang sesuai dalam kelompok minyak bekatul dan minyak zaitun.

Hasil: perubahan glukosa darah puasa, glukosa postprandial, kolesterol total, LDL, dan TG tidak berbeda secara signifikan pada kedua kelompok. Namun, secara signifikan menurunkan kadar HDL diamati pada dua kelompok.

Kesimpulan: Minyak bekatul dan minyak zaitun tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar glukosa darah puasa dan glukosa postprandial.

 

Kata kunci: DM tipe 2; minyak bekatul; minyak zaitun; kontrol glikemik; profil lipid

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ABSTRACT

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and rice bran oil (RBO) on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: 10 subjects received 15 ml/day of EVOO and RBO. Fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Subjects were cross-covered after wash out. Data were analyzed using paired t-test or Wilcoxon test as appropriate in the group RBO and EVOO.

Results: the changes of fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, and TG were not significantly different in the two groups. However, significantly decreased the levels of HDL were observed in two groups.

Conclusion: RBO and EVOO no significant influence on the levels of fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose.

 

Keywords: type 2 DM; EVOO; RBO; glycemic control; lipid profile

 

Abstrak :
Latihan fisik merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori. Latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan kadar serotonin pada otak, termasuk hipokampus, dengan cara meningkatkan transpor triptofan yang merupakan prekursor serotonin menuju otak. Serotonin merupakan neurotransmiter yang diketahui dapat mempengaruhi berbagai fungsi otak, termasuk proses belajar dan memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan terhadap kemampuan belajar dan memori serta kadar serotonin pada hipokampus. Latihan fisik dilakukan menggunakan treadmill pada kecepatan 15 m/menit selama empat minggu, dengan durasi latihan 15 menit untuk minggu ke-1 dan 25 menit untuk tiga minggu berikutnya. Pada akhir masa perlakuan, hewan coba didekapitasi, jaringan hipokampus diisolasi dan ditimbang. Kemudian serotonin dan triptofan diekstraksi dari jaringan hipokampus, pengukuran kadar serotonin dan triptofan dilakukan dengan menggunakan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latihan fisik aerobik intensitas ringan dapat meningkatkan performa hewan coba dalam menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori pada perangkat water-E maze. Pada kelompok perlakuan, penurunan waktu tempuh yang signifikan terlihat pada minggu ke-1, namun hal tersebut baru terlihat pada minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan terlihat pada minggu ke-2, tetapi penurunan jumlah kesalahan yang signifikan belum terlihat sampai dengan minggu ke-4 pada kelompok kontrol. Analisis statistik komparatif hasil belajar dan memori antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam hal waktu tempuh yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan uji belajar dan memori baik oleh kelompok kontrol maupun kelompok perlakuan. Jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh hewan coba pada kelompok perlakuan lebih sedikit secara signifikan pada uji belajar dan memori minggu ke-3 dan ke-4 (p<0,05). Berat total hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih berat secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar serotonin pada hipokampus kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05). Kadar triptofan lebih tinggi pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, namun perbedaan tersebut tidak signifikan secara statistik. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kadar serotonin pada hipokampus yang diinduksi oleh latihan fisik terlibat dalam meningkatkan fungsi dan struktur hipokampus sehingga berperan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar dan memori spasial. ...... Physical exercise is one of the most important factors that can improve learning and memory. Physical exercise can enhance serotonin level in the brain by increasing tryptophan (serotonin precursor) transport to the brain, including the hippocampus. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influencing many brain functions, including learning and memory. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of low intensity of aerobic exercise on learning and memory ability and serotonin level in adult male wistar rats hippocampus. Physical exercise was done for four weeks using animal treadmill at 15 m/min in speed, 15 minutes for 1st week and 25 minutes for the next three weeks in duration. At the end of the treatment period, animals were decapitated, the hippocampus tissues were isolated and weighed. Then serotonin and tryptophan extracted from hippocampal tissue, the measurements of hippocampal serotonin and tryptophan levels were done using HPLC. The results showed that low intensity of aerobic exercise can improve animal performance in completing the learning and memory tests on the water-E maze. The duration time to finish learning and memory test was significantly decrease at 1st week in exercised group, but it was seen at 4th week in the control group. The number of errors was significantly decrease at 2nd week in exercised group, but significant decrease in the number of errors have not been seen until the 4th week in the control group. Statistical comparative test of learning and memory between the control group and the exercised group showed that there was no significant difference in terms of duration time needed by both groups to complete learning and memory tests (p>0,05). Statistically significant difference of error numbers had ben shown by exercised group at 3rd and 4th week (p<0,05). The total weight of the hippocampus of exercised group was significantly heavier than the control group (p<0,05). Serotonin levels in the hippocampus of exercised group significantly higher than that in control group (p<0,05). Meanwhile, triptofan levels was also higher in the hippocampus of exercised group although not significantly different. These results indicate that the enhancement of serotonin levels in the hippocampus induced by low intensity of aerobic exercise was involved not only in improving the function and stucture of the hippocampus but also spatial learning and memory ability as well.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Individu dewasa di masyarakat menunjukkan perubahan pola makan dan kurang aktivitas sehingga berisiko untuk menderita hiperkolesterolemia dan obesitas. Hiperkolesterolemia dapat diatasi dengan terapi nutrisi. Minyak bekatul mengandung zat aktif yang bekerja secara sinergis dan telah terbukti dari penelitian sebelumnya berperan dalam pengendalian lipid yaitu gamma-oryzanol, fitosterol, dan derivat vitamin E (tokotrienol dan tokoferol). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai perbaikan profil lipid pada pemberian minyak bekatul dengan jumlah yang berbeda tanpa merubah pola makan subyek. Metode. Uji klinis, desain paralel, alokasi acak selama 4 minggu pada laki-laki usia 19-55 tahun, kolesterol total 200-300 mg/dl, dan IMT 20-30 kg/m2. Subyek diambil secara konsekutif dan dibagi menjadi kelompok 45 ml/hari dan kelompok 15 ml/hari minyak bekatul. Sebelum perlakuan dilakukan wawancara data demografi, aktifitas fisik dan pemeriksaan antropometri. Asupan makan dinilai sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Pemeriksaan laboratorium profil lipid dilakukan sebelum dan setelah perlakuan 4 minggu. Hasil. Dari total 20 subyek (10 subyek kelompok 45 ml/hari dan 10 subyek kelompok 15 ml/hari) didapatkan karakteristik yang setara antara kedua kelompok menurut usia, tingkat pendidikan, status gizi, aktivitas fisik, kebiasaan merokok, riwayat hiperkolesterolemia keluarga, antropometri dan profil lipid. Asupan makanan meliputi asupan energi, karbohidrat, protein, lemak dan serat sebelum perlakuan tidak berbeda bermakna antara kelompok. Asupan lemak setelah perlakuan berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok dikarenakan perbedaan pemberian jumlah minyak. Setelah perlakuan selama 4 minggu, didapatkan penurunan kolesterol total secara statistik berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok (p=0,049). Pada kelompok 45 ml/hari kadar kolesterol total turun sebanyak 14% dan pada kelompok 15 ml/hari terjadi penurunan kadar kolesterol total 7,8%. Penurunan LDL dan trigliserida serta peningkatan HDL secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna antara dua kelompok (p >0,05). Pada penelitian ini tidak terjadi perubahan berat badan yang bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Kesimpulan. Konsumsi minyak bekatul 45 ml/hari menyebabkan perbaikan profil lipid yang lebih baik dibandingkan konsumsi minyak bekatul 15 ml.hari.

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ABSTRACT
Background. Adult individuals in Indonesian society showed changes in diet pattern and lack of physical activity that increasing risk for hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Hypercholesterolemia would be treated with nutritional therapy. Rice bran oil contains active substances (gamma-oryzanol, phytosterols, and derivatives of vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols) that work in synergy and have been proven on previous research controlling lipid profil. This study aimed to assess the lipid profile improvement in intake of rice bran oil with different amounts without changing the eating patterns of the subjects. Methods. It was parallel and randomized clinical trial for 4 weeks in male with 19-55 years of age, total cholesterol level 200-300 mg/dl, and BMI of 20−30 kg/m2. All subjects were recruited consecutively and classified into two groups that received 45 ml/day or 15 ml/day rice bran oil for 4 weeks. The demographic data interviews, physical activity and anthropometric examination were taken before intervention. Food intake were assessed before and after intervention. Laboratory test of lipid profile performed before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results. A total of 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects with 45 ml/day rice bran oil and 10 subjects with 15 ml/day had obtained similar characteristics in age, education level, nutritional status, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypercholesterolemia, BMI and lipid profiles. Food intake includes intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber before treatment did not significantly difference between two groups. Fat intake after treatment was significantly different between the two groups due to differences in the amount of oil. After 4 weeks treatment, there was a decrease in total cholesterol significantly different between the two groups (p = 0,049). In the group that received 45 ml/ day of rice bran oil total cholesterol level decreased 14% and in the group of 15 ml/day total cholesterol level decreased 7,8%. The reduction of LDL and triglycerides and the increasing of HDL was not significantly different between the two groups (p >0,05). In this study, no changes in body weight were significant in both groups. Conclusion. Rice bran oil consumption 45 ml/day led to improvements in lipid profiles better than consumption 15 ml/day;Background. Adult individuals in Indonesian society showed changes in diet pattern and lack of physical activity that increasing risk for hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Hypercholesterolemia would be treated with nutritional therapy. Rice bran oil contains active substances (gamma-oryzanol, phytosterols, and derivatives of vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols) that work in synergy and have been proven on previous research controlling lipid profil. This study aimed to assess the lipid profile improvement in intake of rice bran oil with different amounts without changing the eating patterns of the subjects. Methods. It was parallel and randomized clinical trial for 4 weeks in male with 19-55 years of age, total cholesterol level 200-300 mg/dl, and BMI of 20−30 kg/m2. All subjects were recruited consecutively and classified into two groups that received 45 ml/day or 15 ml/day rice bran oil for 4 weeks. The demographic data interviews, physical activity and anthropometric examination were taken before intervention. Food intake were assessed before and after intervention. Laboratory test of lipid profile performed before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results. A total of 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects with 45 ml/day rice bran oil and 10 subjects with 15 ml/day had obtained similar characteristics in age, education level, nutritional status, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypercholesterolemia, BMI and lipid profiles. Food intake includes intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber before treatment did not significantly difference between two groups. Fat intake after treatment was significantly different between the two groups due to differences in the amount of oil. After 4 weeks treatment, there was a decrease in total cholesterol significantly different between the two groups (p = 0,049). In the group that received 45 ml/ day of rice bran oil total cholesterol level decreased 14% and in the group of 15 ml/day total cholesterol level decreased 7,8%. The reduction of LDL and triglycerides and the increasing of HDL was not significantly different between the two groups (p >0,05). In this study, no changes in body weight were significant in both groups. Conclusion. Rice bran oil consumption 45 ml/day led to improvements in lipid profiles better than consumption 15 ml/day, Background. Adult individuals in Indonesian society showed changes in diet pattern and lack of physical activity that increasing risk for hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Hypercholesterolemia would be treated with nutritional therapy. Rice bran oil contains active substances (gamma-oryzanol, phytosterols, and derivatives of vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols) that work in synergy and have been proven on previous research controlling lipid profil. This study aimed to assess the lipid profile improvement in intake of rice bran oil with different amounts without changing the eating patterns of the subjects. Methods. It was parallel and randomized clinical trial for 4 weeks in male with 19-55 years of age, total cholesterol level 200-300 mg/dl, and BMI of 20−30 kg/m2. All subjects were recruited consecutively and classified into two groups that received 45 ml/day or 15 ml/day rice bran oil for 4 weeks. The demographic data interviews, physical activity and anthropometric examination were taken before intervention. Food intake were assessed before and after intervention. Laboratory test of lipid profile performed before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results. A total of 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects with 45 ml/day rice bran oil and 10 subjects with 15 ml/day had obtained similar characteristics in age, education level, nutritional status, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypercholesterolemia, BMI and lipid profiles. Food intake includes intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber before treatment did not significantly difference between two groups. Fat intake after treatment was significantly different between the two groups due to differences in the amount of oil. After 4 weeks treatment, there was a decrease in total cholesterol significantly different between the two groups (p = 0,049). In the group that received 45 ml/ day of rice bran oil total cholesterol level decreased 14% and in the group of 15 ml/day total cholesterol level decreased 7,8%. The reduction of LDL and triglycerides and the increasing of HDL was not significantly different between the two groups (p >0,05). In this study, no changes in body weight were significant in both groups. Conclusion. Rice bran oil consumption 45 ml/day led to improvements in lipid profiles better than consumption 15 ml/day]